Advanced Construction Training

Academy
BTEC HND in Quantity Surveying
Assignment
Name of the
Unit
Design Principles

CODE LEVEL

Name of the Student L.B.S.Kalpani

Student Center Ref. No. BTEC – QS - 0414
EDEXCEL Registration No. HD39818

Semester Semester 4

Name of the Assessor Mr.D.N.Gunasekara

Assignment Submission Date

 Assignment 1/2

Pearson BTEC HND in Student

Course Title:
Quantity surveying Name:
23045 Z – Design Principles &
Unit No. & Title: Edexcel No.:
Application
Semester/ Centre Ref.
04
Batch No. No.:
Learning
01, 02(part), 03 E-mail:
Outcomes:
Assignment
Design and Planning Principles for Construction projects
Title:
Review
Issued Submit
Assessor Name: Mr. D.N Gunasekara 2017.11.13 2017.11.20
Date: Date:
Assessment Feedback (Summative Comments*) Y/N

P1
P2
P3
P4
Pass

P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13

M1
Merit

M2
Distinction

D1
D2
D3
* The assessor has made sufficient formative comments within the work as summarized here.
Assessor Signature: IV Name : Final Grade :
Signature:
Date:
Date:
Student Agreement: Student Signature:
I understand the feedback given to me and agree to carry out
the actions in future works as required and indicated. Date:

Criteria
P1 P2 P3 P4 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 M1 M2 D1 D2 D3
Assessed
Criteria
Achieved
Declaration of Academic Honesty

Student’s Full Name: Edexcel No. Centre Ref. No.

Declaration (Insert YES or NO)

1. I Confirm that this assignment is my own work:
2. I Confirm that where ever I have used someone else’s words, concepts,
graphics or data in my work, I have clearly indicated exactly where I have
done so, using the Harvard referencing system.
3. I confirm that I have clearly indicated, by referencing, where I have used
someone else’s words, concepts, graphics or data, irrespective of whether I
have quoted verbatim or I have paraphrased in my own words.
4. I have clearly indicated in my assignment any work that has been
contributed by another student.
5. I have clearly indicated in my assignment any work that has been carried
out collaboratively with another student/s.
Student Signature : Date:
Assessment Criteria

Page number To
Achieved Y/N
Assessment Criteria for Pass Task No be filled by the
To be filled by the assessor
learner

P1 Identify the planning processes for each type of project 1.1

Compare and contrast the design processes for building

P2 1.2
civil engineering and or building services projects

Describe the main stages of the production phase of the

P3 1.3
construction process

Compare the co-ordination and management of each

P4 1.4
phase of the design and construction process.

Evaluate the need for environmental efficiencies and in

P8 2.1
planning the selection use and recycling of materials

Identify environmentally safe methods for the disposal

P9 2.2 (a,b)
of waste materials

Assess the design factors that influence energy saving

P10 2.3
measures

Describe the roles of all the parties involved in the

P11 1.5
design and planning process
 Identify the responsibilities of all the parties involved in
P12 1.6
design and planning process
Assess the particular responsibilities and liabilities of all
P13 parties concerned in terms of health, safety and welfare 1.7
issues and CMD regulations
 Achieved
Page number Y/N
Grading Criteria for Merit Indicative characteristics / Possible Evidences Task No To be filled To be filled
by the learner by the
assessor

Effective judgements have been made in the comparison 1.2

Identify and apply strategies
M1
to find appropriate Solutions
Select/ design and apply
M2 appropriate methods and
techniques
of changes in the implementation of key elements of the
design stage for both projects Or
or
Effective judgements have been made in drawing a 1.4
suitable project structure
or Or
Effective judgements have been made in describing the
1.3
activities coming under construction phase
Appropriate learning methods/techniques have been 1.4
applied in drawing the project structure
or Or
Appropriate learning methods/techniques have been
applied in selecting an appropriate treatment method 2.2 (a,b)
 Achieved
Page number Y/N
Indicative characteristics /Possible
Grading Criteria for Distinction Task No To be filled To be filled
Evidences
by the learner by the
assessor

Self-criticism of approach has

Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and taken place in identifying a
D1 2.2 (a,b)
justify valid conclusion suitable waste water treatment
method.

Autonomy/independence has been

Take responsibility for managing and organizing demonstrated in drawing a suitable
D2 1.4
activities project structure for the road
project

Ideas have been generated and

D3 Demonstrate convergent/ lateral/ creative thinking decisions taken in describing the 1.3
activities coming under
construction phase
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................................
TASK NO.01 ...........................................................................................................................................
ANSWERS ..............................................................................................................................................
TASK NO.02 ...........................................................................................................................................
ANSWERS ..............................................................................................................................................
Reference .................................................................................................................................................
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am heartily thankful to our lecturer,Mr. D.N.Gunasekara who encouraged us and guided us to become
knowledgeable persons on the subject Design principles. Hope the knowledge I gathered from here
will be very much helpful to my future career in construction side. Finally, I’m also thankful my
parents and my sister. Because without their support and encouragement, I can’t submit this
assignment.
TASK NO.01
Task 1

From annual budgets, municipal council carryout minor development activities for the betterment of
the people in that area. Homagama municipal council, which is one of the prominent municipal
councils in Sri Lanka have identified two development priorities for the year 2017. First one is to
construct a 4-story health center in Diyagama Junction, Homagama to fulfill the health requirements
of the villagers. This facility covers 16000 sqfts (4000 sqfts per each floor), consist of 16 rooms (2rd
and 3th floor), consultancy and OPD facilities (ground and 1st floor). The second one is the
rehabilitation of a C class 2-way 2 lane road project which consists of 5 km stretch having a
carriageway width of 2.8 m per lane. The existing road consist lot of road defects (potholes, cracks,
rutting and raveling etc.). Under a project it has been decided to improve the road width to 3.3 m per
lane with required defect rectification. Initially the council decided to carry out the first priority as a
development project but later, due to the political influence, the council decided to carry out the second
priority.

1.1 Assuming, you have been appointed as the project manager to represent the client, at the
decision of first proposal, identify the key elements of the planning process in the above
project with respective to design and construction stage. (P1)
1.2 Compare the changes in the implementation of key elements of the design stage if the
statement of need changed to the road project. (P2)
1.3 Describe briefly the activities coming under main stages of the construction phase of the
above road project. (Description should be under pre-construction, construction, and post
construction stages from the contractor’s perspective) (P3)
1.4 Draw a suitable project organizational structure for the contractor, assuming the procurement
method is design and built. And appraise the co-ordination and management of construction
and design phase. (P4)
1.5 Describe the roles of key personals involved in the design and planning process of the above
project? (P11)
1.6 Identify the responsibilities of them in the design and planning process of the above project?
(P12)
1.7 Assess the responsibility of relevant parties /personals involved in the above road project
with respect to health safety and welfare. (P13)
ANSWERS
 Task 01

(1.1)
Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of
construction projects. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation
of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions
among the different work tasks. A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and
the schedule for work. Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of
construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally recorded. In addition to these
technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions
about the relationships between project participants and even which organizations to include in a
project. For example, the extent to which sub-contractors will be used on a project is often determined
during construction planning.

Figure 1: Alternative Emphases in Construction Planning

The Construction Process is composed of six distinct stages, which are:

 Concept
 Contracts and Bid Documents
 Bidding
 Construction
 Construction Payments
 Completion
(1.2)
Initiating the Planning Process
Project planning begins with the formation of a local project planning committee or group. Whenever
possible, tribes and organizations should use a team approach to plan new projects which involves
staff, community members, community or organizational leadership, and a grant writer or consultant
if necessary. The committee members play an important role in keeping the project planning process
on track while also ensuring everyone has the opportunity to participate. The committee can organize
meetings, conduct surveys, gather and analyze information, and meet with other agencies and
organizations. This team will develop the project plan and use it to write the different parts of the
application. Generally, you want to spend approximately 80% of your time planning your project and
20% of your time writing and packaging the grant application.
Once your team is in place, the planning process generally begins with an assessment of community
problems and issues involving various methods to gather community input. Based on information
gathered, project developers can identify problems and issues or interests common to all members of
the community to begin the process of setting community priorities.
Perhaps one of the most daunting aspects of project planning is ensuring community involvement,
because it requires the knowledge and skills necessary to set up and conduct or facilitate effective
planning sessions, large meetings, and presentations. Public meetings are essential to the development
of a project with broad grassroots support. Meetings should be held regularly throughout the planning
process. Properly facilitated meetings provide a great way to gather traditional, cultural, and local
knowledge. They also serve as a means to receive input on goals, objectives, and activities in order to
determine ways to best prioritize them.
(1.3)
Main stages of the construction phase

The following key activities typically occur during the Construction Phase of a PPP.

 The private partner must establish itself on site and obtain the necessary permits and clearances to
enable it to carry out the construction works;
 The private partner must finalize the design for the construction works;
 The construction works must be carried out; and
 The completed infrastructure must be commissioned and handed over to the operational team.

Project Site Set Up and Permits Clearance

In the majority of PPPs that involve construction of infrastructure, the government will make land
(sometimes with existing buildings and infrastructure located thereon) available to the private
partner. During the project term, the private partner will manage the operation and maintenance of
the land and infrastructure.

Project Design

The design phase of the project will inevitably go through the stages, from the conceptual design right
through to the final design, specified to carry out the construction works as per the PPP contract.

The responsibility of obtaining any consents relating to the design, construction, engineering,
technical, and installation specifications put forward by the private partner (such as any building
consent and any record of decision regarding Environmental Investigation Approvals [EIAs] required)
should be borne by the private party. Since the private partner bears the design and construction risks
in the project, it should also assume the responsibility for identifying and obtaining all design and
construction related consents. Otherwise, these risks will be transferred back to the government.

Project Construction

Construction, in general, can take many forms of delivering the final product. It is not uncommon for
the construction contractor to split the work into phases or smaller packages in order to achieve its
milestones. In this case, the construction contractor will often tender individual work packages out to
sub-contractors. However, the main contractor will retain responsibility for the quality of all work and
for coordination of sub-contractor activities.
Commissioning and Hand-Over to the Operations Team

Before the asset is formally handed over to the operations team, there are certain steps that need to be
carried out by the independent certifier or engineer (or construction inspector or engineer)) on behalf
of the government. These activities include the testing of an asset and issuing the completion
certificate.

When dealing with the testing of an asset, the PPP contract should set out the requirements for
notification that an asset is ready for inspection by the independent certifier. It should require the
private partner to give the independent certifier access to the site in order to observe the tests and
examine the asset, and it must include any documentation that will aid as evidence to the results of the
performance tests.

If the performance tests for the readiness of an asset fail, the private partner must remedy such defects
in order to obtain the completion certificate.
(1.4)
Objectives for an organization must be translated into objectives for each of the parts so that work
can be planned, output measured and corrective action taken. Thus detailed plans are formed against
which the progress of each part can be measured. The notion of “feedback“ refers to the measures
taken to make adjustments either to the plan or to the activity; and performance is continuously
evaluated. Therefore, “control“ requires observation, evaluation and correction.

Figure 2: Figure 1: Links with consultations

Figure 3: Links in teamwork

(1.5)

Project Manager

The Project Manager is responsible for carrying out the more detailed day-to-day management of
project activities. These responsibilities include:

 acting as the single point of contact during project delivery;

 managing Delivery Stage activities of the project in accordance with the NPMS. This includes:
o providing support to the Project Leader during the development of all Identification
Stage deliverables;
o preparing the Project Management Plan;
o initiating the request for a PRAC meeting and providing the related documents
o organizing the project using planning and analytical tools for work breakdown,
responsibility assignments, and schedule preparation;
o estimating the benefits and costs for project options;
o assessing risk and planning for risk mitigation;
o planning to phase the project where necessary or appropriate;
o entering project costs and maintaining accurate forecasts in the current PSPC corporate
business management systems (i.e. SIGMA, etc.);
o monitoring the project progress to ensure conformance to the Project Management Plan
and updating the Plan as necessary;
o monthly reporting of progress to internal management (Project Leader, Team and to
Treasury Board (TB) if required); and providing input to briefing notes, TB
submissions and other documentation as required to support the Project Leader; and
o identifying specific performance milestones in the Project Management Plan where
withdrawal from, or termination of the project would be practical, should the project
cease to be viable during execution.

Client

The PSPC Accommodation Manager normally represents the client in the Inception and Identification
stage. Client should be engaged for preliminary space plan sign-off and to provide detailed
requirements for cabling, security, and furniture throughout design review and project delivery stage.
(1.6)

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PRIVATE

PARTNER WITHIN CONTRACT MANAGEMENT

THE ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PRIVATE PARTNER

To enable the government to effectively manage the contract, certain roles and responsibilities must
be required of the private partner through the contract. It is very important that the reporting system
of the private partner complies with the government’s requirements. In this context, the government
will have clear policies and procedures with respect to private partner reporting. These requirements
must have been communicated in the Tender Phase to ensure that the private partner has been given
the opportunity to design and implement a reporting process, and to allow for time to ensure that
information management systems are compliant with the needs of the government.

Contract Management by the Government

The government will have a number of roles, possibly at different levels, in managing the contract. It
will have a strategic commercial contract management role in sharing policy and other strategic
developments with the private partner. It will also have a role in monitoring:

Roles of the Contract Management Team

The contract management team has a number of primary and secondary roles within the government
domain. The primary roles relate to the PPP contract itself and the oversight exercised over the private
partner in the achievement of the project objectives .The secondary roles relate to a broader role in
fulfilling public policy and communicating across a range of stakeholders to whom the private partner
is not accountable.

Primary roles include:

· To act as the contractual representative of the government (to protect governmental interests) in
performing obligations and enforcing the rights of the government in the PPP contract.

· To monitor the performance of the private partner in providing the services specified in the PPP
contract, and to enforce the payment or penalty mechanism associated with the performance
monitoring.
· To liaise with the private partner in achieving the project objectives.

· To ensure that financial instruments such as securities and insurances are properly maintained.

· To manage any disputes that arises under the PPP contract.

· To manage the changes (variations and amendments) to the PPP contract in accordance with public
policy and law, so as to achieve VfM through such changes.

· To oversee the management of the project assets and to ensure that these are correctly maintained,
accounted for, and reported on.

· To ensure that user charges are amended in accordance with the PPP contract and public policy and
law (if relevant).

· To report on the financial performance of the project in accordance with generally accepted
accounting practices applicable in the jurisdiction.

· To report on the contingent fiscal obligations accruing to the government from the project and any
changes thereto.

. To monitor, evaluate and report on the progress of the project, and identify lessons learned for the
project and for future PPPs.

Secondary roles include:

· To liaise with and promote cooperation between governmental structures in all spheres of
government in relation to the project.

· To monitor the policy and legislative environment of the project.

· To enhance the integration of the project with other public services, programs, and projects.
(1.7)

The ISO 9001:2015 standard talks about understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties
right at the beginning of the standard ,just after the requirements to understand the organization. The
justification for this is that interested parties will have an impact on the organization’s ability to provide
products and services that consistently meet customer needs and legal requirements.

 Customers: The people who use your product directly affect your ability to satisfy their needs.
You need to understand the needs, expectations, and requirements of these people, because
how they will use your product or service determines how your products or services need to be
created. These can be some of your most important interested parties.
 Governments & non-government organizations: Many industries have legal requirements that
their products and services need to meet, and there can be a great cost to not meeting these. In
addition, it’s important to understand the expectations of other organizations, such as industry
watchdog groups, which might identify what levels of performance and durability are expected
by your ultimate customers.
 Employees: Even if your employees are not purchasers of your product or service, they will
want to work in an environment that creates products and services that will meet the needs of
your end customers. Nobody wants to create faulty products or services.
 Shareholders: Since your financial bottom line is directly affected by the costs of your
products or services, your shareholders will be interested in how well your QMS performs. In
particular, the expectations around continual improvement could be extremely important for
this group of interested parties.
TASK NO.02
Task 2
A hotel project has been proposed by an entrepreneur in one of the preserved forest area facing Kalu
river. The Central Environmental Authority has recommended to do the construction under heavy
supervision doing minimum disturbance to the flora and fauna and Kalu river.

2.1 Explain the process of an environmental study by using a flow chart and evaluate the need of
doing a proper Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) for this project. (P8)
2.2
a) What are the techniques available to treat waste water?
b) Among them identify suitable method / methods for the above-mentioned project if there
is a policy decision to use recycled waste water for gardening and flushing toilets and
sludge as fertilizer. (P9)
2.3 Assess the design considerations that influence the energy saving of the building. (Explain
logically elaborating examples how those factors influence energy saving) (P10)
ANSWERS
 TASK 02

(2.1)
EIA Process

The EIA process makes sure that environmental issues are raised when a project or plan is first
discussed and that all concerns are addressed as a project gains momentum through to
implementation. Recommendations made by the EIA may necessitate the redesign of some project
components, require further studies, suggest changes which alter the economic viability of the
project or cause a delay in project implementation. To be of most benefit it is essential that an
environmental assessment is carried out to determine significant impacts early in the project cycle so
that recommendations can be built into the design and cost-benefit analysis without causing major
delays or increased design costs. To be effective once implementation has commenced, the EIA
should lead to a mechanism whereby adequate monitoring is undertaken to realize environmental
management. An important output from the EIA process should be the delineation of enabling
mechanisms for such effective management.

The way in which an EIA is carried out is not rigid: it is a process comprising a series of steps. These
steps are outlined below and the techniques more commonly used in EIA are described in some
detail in the section Techniques. The main steps in the EIA process are:

• screening
• scoping
• prediction and mitigation
• management and monitoring
• audit

Screening often results in a categorization of the project and from this a decision is made on whether
or not a full EIA is to be carried out.

• Scoping is the process of determining which are the most critical issues to study and will involve
community participation to some degree. It is at this early stage that EIA can most strongly influence
the outline proposal.

• Detailed prediction and mitigation studies follow scoping and are carried out in parallel with
feasibility studies.

• The main output report is called an Environmental Impact Statement, and contains a detailed plan
for managing and monitoring environmental impacts both during and after implementation.
• Finally, an audit of the EIA process is carried out some time after implementation. The audit
serves a useful feedback and learning function.

Figure 4 shows a general flow diagram of the EIA process, how it fits in with parallel technical and
economic studies and the role of public participation. In some cases, such as small-scale irrigation
schemes, the transition from identification through to detailed design may be rapid and some steps in
the EIA procedure may be omitted.
Figure 4: Flow diagram of the EIA process and parallel studies
(2.2)
The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and industrial effluents
to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment.
Irrigation with wastewater is both disposal and utilization and indeed is an effective form of
wastewater disposal (as in slow-rate land treatment). However, some degree of treatment must
normally be provided to raw municipal wastewater before it can be used for agricultural or landscape
irrigation or for aquaculture. The quality of treated effluent used in agriculture has a great influence
on the operation and performance of the wastewater-soil-plant or aquaculture system. In the case of
irrigation, the required quality of effluent will depend on the crop or crops to be irrigated, the soil
conditions and the system of effluent distribution adopted. Through crop restriction and selection of
irrigation systems which minimize health risk, the degree of pre-application wastewater treatment can
be reduced. A similar approach is not feasible in aquaculture systems and more reliance will have to
be placed on control through wastewater treatment.

Waste water treatment technologies

Relatively simple wastewater treatment technologies can be designed to provide low cost sanitation
and environmental protection while providing additional benefits from the reuse of water. These
technologies use natural aquatic and terrestrial systems.
These systems may be classified into three principal types, as shown in Figure 5. Mechanical treatment
systems, which use natural processes within a constructed environment, tend to be used when suitable
lands are unavailable for the implementation of natural system technologies. Aquatic systems are
represented by lagoons; facultative, aerated, and hydrograph controlled release (HCR) lagoons are
variations of this technology. Further, the lagoon-based treatment systems can be supplemented by
additional pre- or post-treatments using constructed wetlands, aquacultural production systems, and/or
sand filtration. They are used to treat a variety of wastewaters and function under a wide range of
weather conditions. Terrestrial systems make use of the nutrients contained in wastewaters; plant
growth and soil adsorption convert biologically available nutrients into less-available forms of
biomass, which is then harvested for a variety of uses, including methane gas production, alcohol
production, or cattle feed supplements.
 Figure 5: Summary of Wastewater Treatment Technologies

Mechanical Treatment Technologies

Mechanical systems utilize a combination of physical, biological, and chemical processes to achieve
the treatment objectives. Using essentially natural processes within an artificial environment,
mechanical treatment technologies use a series of tanks, along with pumps, blowers, screens, grinders,
and other mechanical components, to treat wastewaters. Flow of wastewater in the system is controlled
by various types of instrumentation. Sequencing batch reactors (SBR), oxidation ditches, and extended
aeration systems are all variations of the activated-sludge process, which is a suspended-growth
system. The trickling filter solids contact process (TF-SCP), in contrast, is an attached-growth system.
These treatment systems are effective where land is at a premium.

Aquatic Treatment Technologies

Facultative lagoons are the most common form of aquatic treatment-lagoon technology currently in
use. The water layer near the surface is aerobic while the bottom layer, which includes sludge deposits,
is anaerobic. The intermediate layer is aerobic near the top and anaerobic near the bottom, and
constitutes the facultative zone. Aerated lagoons are smaller and deeper than facultative lagoons. These
systems evolved from stabilization ponds when aeration devices were added to counteract odors
arising from septic conditions. The aeration devices can be mechanical or diffused air systems. The
chief disadvantage of lagoons is high effluent solids content, which can exceed 100 mg/l. To counteract
this, hydrograph controlled release (HCR) lagoons are a recent innovation. In this system, wastewater
is discharged only during periods when the stream flow is adequate to prevent water quality
degradation. When stream conditions prohibit discharge, wastewater is accumulated in a storage
lagoon.

Constructed wetlands, aquacultural operations, and sand filters are generally the most successful
methods of polishing the treated wastewater effluent from the lagoons. These systems have also been
used with more traditional, engineered primary treatment technologies such as Imhoff tanks, septic
tanks, and primary clarifiers. Their main advantage is to provide additional treatment beyond
secondary treatment where required. In recent years, constructed wetlands have been utilized in two
designs: systems using surface water flows and systems using subsurface flows. Both systems utilize
the roots of plants to provide substrate for the growth of attached bacteria which utilize the nutrients
present in the effluents and for the transfer of oxygen. Bacteria do the bulk of the work in these systems,
although there is some nitrogen uptake by the plants. The surface water system most closely
approximates a natural wetland. Typically, these systems are long, narrow basins, with depths of less
than 2 feet, that are planted with aquatic vegetation such as bulrush or cattails The shallow groundwater
systems use a gravel or sand medium, approximately eighteen inches deep, which provides a rooting
medium for the aquatic plants and through which the wastewater flows.
(2.3)

There are ways to measure how energy is efficiently or inefficiently used in, for example, a particular
factory, company or country. In this paper, such ways of generating certain indices to express those
efficiencies are called “measures of energy efficiency performance” (MEEPs).
Several MEEPs have been applied to industrial energy use. these indices include:
1) Thermal energy efficiency2 of equipment – energy value available for production/operation divided
by input energy value,
2) Energy consumption intensity – energy value divided by certain physical value,
3) Absolute amount of energy consumption – energy value
4) Diffusion rates of energy efficient facilities/types of equipment.

1) and 2) are traditionally presented as “energy efficiency”.

1) Thermal energy efficiency of equipment

The thermal efficiency of a piece of equipment is expressed by: energy output/energy input for end-
use technology and energy conversion technology. For example, the energy efficiency of a steam
boiler is energy amount as steam output divided by input heat to boil the water inside. In the case of
motors, it should be power output divided by input electricity.

2) Energy consumption intensity

In comparison to the application of thermal efficiency measurement, indices of energy consumption

can be used to assess and compare energy performance for a broader set of objects: processes, factories,
companies, and even countries.

3) Absolute amount of energy consumption – heat value

The absolute amount of energy consumption is sometimes used as MEEP, although the measure loses
its relevance from an energy efficiency perspective if it is not accompanied by an indication of
production volumes.

4) Diffusion rates of energy efficient facilities/types of equipment

The diffusion rate indicates the rate of deployment of a specific technology which has been identified
as being energy efficient. Individual technologies share some common features, including energy
performance, with slight variations from one location of use to the other. The rate of diffusion of well-
identified energy efficient technologies can therefore indicate progress towards enhanced energy
efficiency, assuming that installation implies actual use of the equipment.
Figure 6: Measures and indices of energy efficiency performance
 Reference
 Anon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/biens-property/sngp-
npms/bi-rp/conn-know/rh-hr/roles-eng.html [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
 Fao.org. (2017). Chapter 3: EIA process. [online] Available at:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/V8350E/v8350e06.htm [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
 Oas.org. (2017). 3.1 Wastewater treatment technologies. [online] Available at:
https://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea59e/ch25.htm [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
 Iea.org. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at:
https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/JPRG_Info_Paper.pdf
[Accessed 28 Nov. 2017].
 ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TRANING ACADEMY

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Batch No 04 Semester 04

Unit No Unit Title Design Principles

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