BTEC HND Assignment Cover Advanced Construction Training

Advanced Construction Training
Academy
BTEC HND in Quantity Surveying
Assignment
Name of the
Unit Building Services Engineering Technology
CODE 23054Z LEVEL H1
Name of the Student N.M. Athukorala

Student Center Ref. No.
EDEXCEL Registration No. BTEC/04/13
Semester Semester 03
Name of the Assessor Mr. P.S. Sameera Madushan

Assignment Submission Date 26 .03.2017
Assignment
Course Title: Pearson BTEC HND in Quantity Surveying Student Name: N.M. Athukorala
23054 Z
Unit No. & Title: Edexcel No.: BTEC/04/13
Building Services Engineering Technology
Semester/Batch No. Batch 04- Semester 04 Centre Ref. No.:
Learning Outcomes: Los 1, 2, 3,4,5 E-mail: nirodhaathukorala@ymail.com
Assignment Title: Assignment 01/02
Issued
Assessor Name: P. S. Sameera Madushan 03/03/2017 Submit Date: 19/03/2017
Date:
Assessment Feedback (Summative Comments*) Y/N
LO 01
LO 02
Pass
LO 03
LO 04
LO 05
M1
M2
Merit
M3
D1
Distinction
D2
D3
* The assessor has made sufficient formative comments within the work as summarized here.
Assessor Signature: IV Name : Final Grade :

Date: Signature: Date:
Student Agreement: Student Signature:

I understand the feedback given to me and agree to carry out the actions In Date:
future works as required and indicated.
To be filled by the Student: Unit:
Criteria P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P2.1 P2.2 P2.3 P2.4 P2.5 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P4.1 P4.2
Task
Page No
Criteria P4.3 P5.1 P5.2 P5.3 P5.4

Task
Page No
M1 M2 M3 D1 D2 D3
Task No Task No Tasks No Task No Tasks No Task No
Page. No. Page. No. Page. No. Page. No. Page. No. Page. No.
Declaration of Academic Honesty
Student's Full Name: Edexcel No. Centre Ref. No.
Declaration (Insert YES or NO)

1. I Confirm that this assignment is my own work:
2. I Confirm that where ever I have used someone else's words, concepts,
graphics or data in my work, I have clearly indicated exactly where I have
done so, using the Harvard referencing system.
3. I confirm that I have clearly indicated, by referencing, where I have used

someone else's words, concepts, graphics or data, irrespective of whether I
have quoted verbatim or I have paraphrased in my own words.
4. I have clearly indicated in my assignment any work that has been contributed
by another student.
5. I have clearly indicated in my assignment any work that has been carried out
collaboratively with another student/s.
Student Signature : Date:
Review dates Activities Assessor's Comments
Assignment review/clearing of any doubts
Complete Task 2,3,5 (Draft to be discussed with

the assessor)
Complete Task 1,4 (Draft to be discussed with

the assessor)
Complete/Submit the final Assignment (Task

1,2,3,4,5)
Feedback session
Assessment Criteria
Page number Achieved
Task No To be filled by Y/N
Learning Outcomes Assessment Criteria for Pass the learner To be filled by
the assessor
P1.1 1.1
LO 01 Explain the need to provide space and water
Describe the principles and techniques used to heating systems in buildings and analyze the
co-ordinate the planning, design and installation selection criteria for different forms of heating
of the plant and equipment used for space systems and equipment.
heating, ventilation and air-conditioning 1.2
P1.2
Assess the choice of energy and fuels and their
impact on the building and the environment and
describe how heating integrates with other
services within the building.
1.3 a,
P1.3
1.3 b,
Describe the need to provide ventilation and air -
1.3 c,
conditioning and analyze the selection criteria for
1.3 d
different forms of ventilation and air-conditioning
methods, systems and equipment.
P1.4 1.4
Describe how ventilation and air conditioning
integrates with other services within the building.
P 1.5
Determine the fire risks associated with 2.5
ventilation and air conditioning
P 2.1 2.1
LO 02 Describe the provision for the distribution of
Analyze the system used to distribute services services within buildings, and storage space
to a variety of buildings and describe their requirement
characteristics P 2.2 2.2
Analyze the selection criteria for different forms of
hot and cold water supply systems
P 2.3 2.3
Analyze the selection criteria for electrical
installations
P 2.4 2.4
Demonstrate an understanding of the safety
requirements for the distribution of services
P 2.5 2.5
Determine the fire risks associated with buildings
and the installations
P 3.1 3.1
Describe the requirements of providing sanitation
facilities to buildings
P 3.2 3.2
Analyze the design criteria for sanitary
compartments
LO 3
P 3.3 3.3
Analyze the systems used to provide disposal
Determine the choices of discharge pipework
systems for a variety of buildings and describe
systems and their design principles and practice
their characteristics
P 3.4 3.4
Describe methods used to dispose of foul and
surface water from city and rural locations
P3.5 4.4
Compare the methods of refuse removal and
disposal from buildings.
P4.1 4.1
Assess the need to provide mechanical circulation
for people and goods around buildings.
LO 4
P4.2 4.2 a,
Review the design and installation Analyze the design criteria and principles for lifts 4.2 b,
requirements for lifts and escalators in a range and escalators. 4.2 c,
4.2 d,
of buildings 4.2 e
P4.3 4.3
Evaluate the health and safety risks associated
with lifts and escalator installation and operation.
P 5.1 5.1
Evaluate the need to integrate the design of
buildings and their services as a ‘complete'
package
P 5.2 5.2
LO 5 Analyze the implications of health, safety and
Evaluate the problems associated with the welfare aspects in the design and construction
integration, accommodation and access for process CDM Safety Plan
maintenance of mechanical and electrical P 5.3 5.3
services into a variety of buildings Explain the need to commission all service
installations
P 5.4 5.4
Justice the need to include the provision for the
maintenance of the building throughout its life
To be filled by Y/N
Assessment Criteria for Merit Indicative characteristics
Task No the learner To be filled by
the assessor
M1 Identify and apply strategies to find An effective approach to study and research has Task 02 &
appropriate solutions been applied to analyze building requirements Task 03
and to demonstrate effective service provision
and disposal systems to any given building while
satisfying fire regulations and requirements
M2 Design and apply appropriate methods/ Relevant theories and techniques have been Task 4.2
techniques applied to understand design concepts to review
the design and installation requirements for lifts
and escalators in a variety of buildings.
M3 Present and communicate appropriate A variety of neat presentation method in a All tasks
findings technical language has been adopted and
necessary references have been cited where
necessary. Design report has been presented with
neat report skills comparing regulations and
sanitary requirements. Neat drawings have been
provided to demonstrate building parameters.
To be filled by Y/N
Assessment Criteria for Distinction Indicative characteristics Task No the learner To be filled by
the assessor
D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work Conclusions have been arrived at through Task 1.3
and justify valid conclusions synthesis of ideas and have been justified to
demonstrate space heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning in variety of buildings.
D2 Take responsibility for managing and Activities have been managed effectively to All tasks
organizing activities critically evaluate building services of any
given building and to timely complete the
assignment
D3 Demonstrate convergent/ lateral/ creative Effective thinking has taken place in Task 05
thinking evaluating unfamiliar contexts in Building
services technology in a logical manner
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege to release the feelings of my gratitude to all who helped me in
completing this assignment successfully. First of all, I would like to express my heart full
indebtedness and gratitude towards my lecturer, Mr. Sameera Madushan for his guidance and
inspiration.
Also, I would like to extend my gratitude towards my parents & friends for their
encouragement and kind co-operation which helps me in completing this assignment. Last
but not least I am thankful to ACTA for providing this great opportunity to carry out this
assignment which contributed to enhance my skill and knowledge in this unit.
INTRODUCTION
The primary function of the building is to provide shelter to its occupants but in these
modern days, all the buildings should be designed in a way to provide an environment where
living people able to feel comfortable, work, live and achieve. Simply “building services” is
what make the building comes to life, that is what makes the building work. It contributes
mostly to the sustainability of the building. There are several types of building services,
energy supply, heating and ventilation, water supply, fire safety systems are some of it. As
mentioned, each of these provide for a different function. For examples imagine a building
without lighting, power supply, heating and ventilation, the lifts and escalators, plumbing and
energy management systems, the security and safety systems in an emergency like fire... and
it will left with a cold, dark, uninhabitable shell. How will it be feeling? So building must
perform what it was designed to do, not just providing shelter but also function.
Table of Contents
Assignment Introduction .......................................................................................................... 15
Task 2 ................................................................................................................................... 17
Answer .............................................................................................................................. 19
Task 3 ................................................................................................................................... 84
Answer .............................................................................................................................. 86
Task 5 ................................................................................................................................. 103
Answer ............................................................................................................................ 105
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 122

List of Tables
Table 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 27
Table 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 72
Table 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 76
Table 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 98
BTEC HND in Quantity Surveying Building Services Engineering Technology
List of Figures
Figure 1 .................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 2 .................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 3 .................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 4 .................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 5 .................................................................................................................................... 73
Figure 6 .................................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 7 .................................................................................................................................... 79
Figure 8 .................................................................................................................................... 93
Figure 9 .................................................................................................................................... 96
Figure 10 ................................................................................................................................ 102
Figure 11 ................................................................................................................................ 115
Figure 12 ................................................................................................................................ 116
N.M. Athukorala Page | 14

Assignment Introduction
Two assignments have been planned under Building Services Engineering Technology in
which Assignment 01/02 will be a Take home assignment and Assignment 02/02 will be a
Class Room Activity. Task 2, Task 3 and Task 5 which correlate respectively with LO2,
LO3, LO5 of Building Services Engineering Technology will be assessed under Take home
assignment and Task 1 and Task 4 which correlate respectively with LO1, LO4 will be
assessed under Class Room Activity.
Introduction to Take Home Assignment
This assignment is planned to assess the following tasks of Building Services Engineering
Technology.
 Describe the provision for the distribution of services within buildings, and storage
space requirements
 Analyze the selection criteria for different forms of hot and cold water supply systems
 Analyze the selection criteria for electrical installation
 Demonstrate an understanding of the safety requirements for distribution of services
 Determine the fire risks associated with buildings and installation, passive and active,
designed into buildings to control and prevent fire outbreak and spread
 Determine the fire risks associated with ventilation and air conditioning
 Describe the requirements of providing sanitation facilities to buildings
 Analyze the design criteria for sanitary compartments
 Determine the choices of discharge pipework systems and their design principles and
practice
 Assess the need to provide mechanical circulation for people and goods around
building
 Analyze the design criteria and principles for lifts and escalators
 Evaluate the health and safety risks associated with lifts and escalator installation and
operation
You are advised to illustrate fire risks associated with ventilation, air conditioning and other
building installations/ supply networks (Water and Electric) while proposing suitable
firefighting systems and special precautions taken for the fire under Task No: 2.5

Assignment Instructions
Assume reasonable values for any data not given in or with this assignment. Clearly state
such assumptions made on the assignment with reasons.
If you have any doubt as to the interpretation of wording of a question, make your own
decision, but clearly state it on the assignment.
ASSIGNMENT 01/02
It is proposed to construct a multi-storey office building within the Colombo city limits. This
will be constructed with a reinforced concrete structure.
The client intends to include many green features in this building. You are expected to design
the various building services for the building. You should select the relevant building
parameters based on your index number, referring to following table.
Index Number of bays Span Number of Floor to

X direction Y direction X direction Y direction floors floor
height
Batch 03
01-10 7 8 4m 5m 25 3.6m
10-20 6 8 4m 4m 30 4.0m
Batch 04
01-10 6 8 3m 5m 30 4.0m
10-20 6 6 4m 4m 30 3.6m
20-30 7 6 3m 5m 25 3.8m
30-40 8 7 4m 3m 25 4.0m
40-50 6 7 5m 4m 30 4.0m

Task 2

LO 02
Analyze the systems used to distribute services to a variety of buildings and describe their
characteristics
Assignment Preliminaries
 Design a suitable layout for the building using Index Number (IN) based on guidelines
given.
 Present the layout of the building with plans and elevations
Task 2
1.1. Design the capacity of the water sump and number of break pressure cistern required
to the building along with their capacities. (P2.1)
1.2. Design a suitable water supply system and select the pipe sizes. (P2.2)
1.3. Suggest the features of the electricity supply for uninterrupted supply. (P2.3)
1.4. Demonstrate the mandatory safety requirements that you must adopt when it is to
arrange distribution of services. (P2.4)
1.5. Propose suitable firefighting systems and special precautions taken for the fire safety.
(P1.5 & P2.5)

Answer

Task 2
2.1
30th floor
20th floor
10th floor
Figure 1

According to the index no,

 The building consist of 30 floors
 Floor – floor height = 3.6m
This is an office building which is located in Colombo area.

Floor area of the building = 24m x 24m
= 576m2
From whole building, 25% is considered as the service area and remaining 75% is considered
as the rentable area.
Usable floor area = 24m x 24m x 75%
=432m2
Population density = 9 – 10 m2/person

Selected population density = 10 m2/person
(This is an office building in Colombo city. So higher population can be expected)
No. of persons in the building = (432 / 10) x 30

= 1296 persons
Provision of cold water to cover 24 hour interruption of water supply

Dwelling houses / flats 91
Hostels per resident 136
Hostels per resident 91
Offices without canteen 37
Offices with canteen 45
Table 1
This office doesn‟t have a canteen.
Assume that a 6 hours water interruption was in the building.
Provision of cold water supply = 37 x 6 / 24
= 9.25 liters/ person/ day
Provision of cold water supply for the building = 9.25 x 1296

= 11988 liters/ day

Assuming main supply pressure = 300 KPa

(This amount is the sufficient pressure that needed in this floor)
Maximum available head,
P = hρg
300 x 103 Nm-2 = h x 1000 x 10
h = 30 m
Assume minimum available head = 6m

Head need to convey water = 30m – 6m
= 24m
No. of floors served by one tank = 24 / 3.6m
= 6.7
≈ 6 floors/ tank
No. of water tanks needed = 30 floors / 6
= 5 tanks
Above water tanks should be carried by 5 water tanks.
Capacity of a tank = 11988 / 5
= 2397.6
≈ 2400 liters/ day/ tank
Capacity of the water sump = 2400 x 5
= 12000 liters

2.2
Water supply and distribution system
Water supply and distribution system carries water from water sources, street main or
to the building and different places of the building at which water is used.
There are two water supply systems. They are cold water system and hot water system.
Cold water supply system
They are three types, direct, indirect and boosted water supply system.
 By considering building parameters, type and function I decide to do design an
indirect cold water supply system for this building.
Indirect water supply system
First water is going to the overhead tank and then water is distributed to different
floors by gravity.
The reason for selecting,
Advantages
 No risk of water pollution by back siphon age.
 No tendency of pipe bursting due to low pressure in pipe work systems.
 Fittings supplied from cistern may have reduced water pressure, hence reduce noise
and wear on valves.
 In a case of an interruption in the main supply there is a sufficient store of water.

Water supply system
Figure 2

For pipe no. 01:
No. of sanitary appliances in a floor,
Sanitary appliance Male Female
Water closets (WC‟s) 2 3

Wash basins 2 3
Urinals 1 _
Cleaner‟s sinks 1 1
Table 2
Loading units,
(According to the Table 3)
System carries 30 WC‟s and 30 wash basins and each system should be supplied by pipe no.
01.
Table 3
Loading units on pipe no. 01 = (loading unit x no. of appliances)

= (2 x 30) + (1.5 x 30)
= 60 + 45
= 105

Figure 3
Flow rate,
(According to the Figure 3)
Flow rate = 1.35 liters/ s
Estimated pipe diameter = 62mm
Measured pipe run = 4.5m

Table 4
Length of pipe equal to all resistances,

No. of T‟s in pipe no. 01 =2
No. of el bow‟s in pipe no. 01 =1
Length of pipe equal to all resistances = (no. of T‟s x pipe run) + (no. of el bows x pipe run)
= (2 x 4.5) + (1 x 3)
= 12m
Effective pipe length,
Effective pipe length = measured pipe run + (length of pipe equal to all
resistances)
= 4.5 + 12
= 16.5m

Figure 4
Loss of head (m/ m run),

(Using the provided chart)
Flow rate = 1.35 liters/s
Loss of head in m/ meter run = 0.0025
Head consumed,
Effective pipe length = 0.0025 x 16.5
= 0.041m

Total head consumed,

For the pipe no. 01, total head consumed = 0.041m
Head available at point of discharge,
Head available = 3m
Head consumed = 0.014m
Effective head = 3m – 0.041m
= 2.959m
≈ 2.96m
Final pipe size,
No changes shall be done for the initial estimation.
Selected diameter for pipe no. 01 = 62mm

For pipe no. 02:
Loading units,
System carries 5 WC‟s and each should be supplied by pipe no. 02.
= (2 x 5)
= 10
Flow rate,
Measured pipe run = 7m
= (4 x 4.5) + (1 x 3)
= 21m
resistances)
= 7 + 21
= 28m
(According to the figure 4)
Loss of head in m/ meter run =_
Estimated pipe diameter is changed. (Because assumed diameter is high, but flow rate is
low. Therefore the diameter should be reduced)

For pipe no. 02: (New)
Loading units,
= (2 x 5)
= 10
Flow rate,
= (4 x 3.5) + (1 x 2.3)
= 16.3m
resistances)
= 7 + 16.3
= 23.3m
Head consumed,
= 0.0256m


For the pipe no. 02, total head consumed = 0.041 + 0.0256
= 0.067m
Head available = 3m
Head consumed = 0.067
Effective head = 3 – 0.067
= 2.933
≈ 2.93m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 03:
Loading units,
System carries 5 Wash basins and each should be supplied by pipe no. 03.
= (1.5 x 5)
= 7.5
Flow rate,
Flow rate ≈ 0.33 liters/ s
(According to the graph, it can‟t obtain the relevant flow rate because the loading unit
measurement starts from 10)
= (4 x 3.5) + (1 x 2.3)
= 16.3m
resistances)
= 5 + 16.3
= 21.3m
Flow rate ≈ 0.33 liters/s

Head consumed,
= 0.02343
≈ 0.0234
= 0.09m
Head available = 3m
Head consumed = 0.09
= 2.91m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 04:
Loading units,
04.
= (2 x 25) + (1.5 x 25)
= 50 + 37.5
= 87.5
Flow rate,
Length of pipe equal to all resistances = (no. of T‟s x pipe run)
= (2 x 3.5)
= 7m
resistances)
= 3.6 + 7
= 10.5m

Head consumed,
= 0.09116
≈ 0.0912m
= 0.1812m
Head available = 6.6m
Effective head = 6.6m – 0.1812m
= 6.419
≈ 6.42m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 05:
Loading units,
= (2 x 5)
= 10
Flow rate,
= (4 x 3.5) + (1 x 2.3)
= 16.3m
resistances)
= 7 + 16.3
= 23.3m
Head consumed,
= 0.0256m


= 0.2068m
Effective head = 6.6 – 0.2068
= 6.3932
≈ 6.39m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 06:
Loading units,
System carries 5 wash basins and each should be supplied by pipe no. 06.
= (5 x 1.5)
= 7.5
Flow rate,
= (4 x 3.5) + (1 x 2.3)
= 16.3m
resistances)
= 5 + 16.3
= 21.3m

Head consumed,
= 0.02343
≈ 0.0234m
= 0.2302m
= 6.3698
≈ 6.37m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 07:
Loading units,
07.
= (2 x 20) + (1.5 x 20)
= 40 + 30
= 70
Flow rate,
= (2 x 2.5)
= 5m
resistances)
= 3.6 + 5
= 8.6m
Head consumed,
= 0.232m


= 0.4622m
= 9.7378m
≈ 9.74m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 08:
Loading units,
= (2 x 5)
= 10
Flow rate,
= (4 x 2.5) + (1 x 1.7)
= 10 + 1.7
= 11.7m
resistances)
= 7 + 11.7
= 18.7m
Head consumed,
= 0.075m


= 0.5372m
= 9.6628
≈ 9.66m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 09:
Loading units,
= (5 x 1.5)
= 7.5
Flow rate,
(According to the graph
= (4 x 2.5) + (1 x 1.7)
= 10 + 1.7
= 11.7m
resistances)
= 5 + 11.7
= 16.7m

Head consumed,
= 0.067m
= 0.6042m
= 9.5958
≈ 9.6m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 10:
Loading units,
10.
= (2 x 15) + (1.5 x 15)
= 30 + 22.5
= 52.5
Flow rate,
= (2 x 2)
= 4m
resistances)
= 3.6 + 4
= 7.6m
Head consumed,
= 0.357m


= 0.9612m
= 12.8388m
≈ 12.84m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 11:
Loading units,
= (2 x 5)
= 10
Flow rate,
= (4 x 2) + (1 x 1.4)
= 8 + 1.4
= 9.4m
resistances)
= 7 + 9.4
= 16.4m
Head consumed,
= 0.164m


= 1.1252m
= 12.6748
≈ 12.67m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 12:
Loading units,
= (1.5 x 5)
= 7.5
Flow rate,
= (4 x 2) + (1 x 1.4)
= 8 + 1.4
= 9.4m
resistances)
= 5 + 9.4
= 14.4m

Head consumed,
= 0.144m
= 1.2692m
= 12.5308
≈ 12.53m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 13:
Loading units,
13.
= (2 x 10) + (1.5 x 10)
= 20 + 15
= 35
Flow rate,
= (2 x 1.5)
= 3m
resistances)
= 3.6 + 3
= 6.6m
Head consumed,
= 0.528m


= 1.7972 m
= 15.6028m
≈ 15.6m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 14:
Loading units,
= (2 x 5)
= 10
Flow rate,
= (4 x 1.5) + (1 x 1)
=6+1
= 7m
resistances)
=7+7
= 14m
Head consumed,
Effective pipe length = 0.03 x 14
= 0.42m


= 2.2172m
= 15.1828
≈ 15.18m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 15:
Loading units,
= (1.5 x 5)
= 7.5
Flow rate,
= (4 x 1.5) + (1 x 1)
=6+1
= 7m
resistances)
=5+7
= 12m

Head consumed,
Effective pipe length = 0.03 x 12
= 0.36m
= 2.5772m
= 14.8228
≈ 14.82m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 16:
Loading units,
System carries 5 WC‟s and 5 wash basins and each system should be supplied by pipe no. 16.
= (2 x 5) + (1.5 x 5)
= 10 + 7.5
= 17.5
Flow rate,
= (2 x 1)
= 2m
resistances)
= 3.6 + 2
= 5.6m
Head consumed,
= 1.008m


= 3.5852 m
Head available = 21m
= 17.4148m
≈ 17.41m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 17:
Loading units,
= (2 x 5)
= 10
Flow rate,
= (4 x 1) + (1 x 0.8)
= 4 + 0.8
= 4.8m
resistances)
= 7 + 4.8
= 11.8m
Head consumed,
= 1.416m


For the pipe no. 17, total head consumed = 3.5852+ 1.416
= 5.0012m
= 15.9988
≈ 16m
Final pipe size,

For pipe no. 18:
Loading units,
= (1.5 x 5)
= 7.5
Flow rate,
= (4 x 1) + (1 x 0.8)
= 4 + 0.8
= 4.8m
resistances)
= 5 + 4.8
= 9.8m
(According to the figure 4 )

Head consumed,
= 1.176m
= 6.1772m
= 14.8228
≈ 14.82m
Final pipe size,

2.3
Electricity supply
 Michael faraday was the person who produces electricity in 1831.
 The electric supply was first established in 1882 by Thomas Edison, thereafter
there has been effort throughout the world to set up power stations for many
purposes.
 Electricity is generated from the stored energy of water by making turbines run.
The other way includes fuels like coal, diesel or gas to boilers and by passing
steam it generates electricity through generators. But these fuels (coal and diesel)
contribute to CO2 emission which creates the path to increase the carbon
footprint.
 Before volts is supplied to the transmission lines or cables transformer step up
thousands or hundreds of thousands of volts. Less power is lost in cables by
transmitting electricity at high voltages. At the receiving end of voltage is stepped
down by the transformer in the local substation to the consumer at 240 volts.
 Specially, in urban areas, electricity cables are underground and are taken to the
entry point at ground level or into the basement service cable which cannot be
bent to small radii and it should be kept in mind when considering the point of
entry.
 But in small buildings the cable run is kept as short as possible, terminating it in a
distribution board at the suitable position. Also in these type of buildings, the
distribution board is fixed with a sealed box in order to prevent entering moisture
to the insulation of the service cable, the main fuse for the area in the box is sealed
by the supply authority and also the consumer unit and fuse gear belong to the
building. The distribution board should be fixed in an easily accessible place for
both meter reading and replacing fuses. But in some instances, special glasses are
fixed so that it able to read the meter without reaching the premises.

Domestic supply
 Domestic electricity supply is of two types single and three phases according to the
distribution system.
 In small buildings, the electricity is supplied by two wires, one phase wire and other
neutral. This is single phase supply with 240 volts. The loading of the supply wiring is
balanced between the phases using the phases in rotation so that each one service for
every third building.
 In three phases there are four wires with 240/ 420 volts. The voltage between any two
of the phase wires is 415 volts. And between any of phases and the neutral wire is 240
volts. The loading is balanced by serving to different places of the building by
different phases. And in three phase operation, electric motor is normally designed.
Earthing system
 Earthing system in electric supply system is circuitry which connects an electric
circuit with the ground.
 Regulations for earthing system differ among countries and among parts of electric
systems. Most of the low voltage systems connect one supply conductor to the
ground.
 Earthing systems mainly use to protect a building structure from the lightning strike,
rather than passing through the structure it enables to direct lightning through the
earthing system and pass into the ground.
Applications:
 Protecting of humans against lightning and earth fault condition.
 Protecting of the premises against lightning.
 Provide low resistance and safe way for lightning and fault current.
Electric Installations
 For electric installation it requires necessary design, planning taking into concern
the requirements of the activities to be carried out in the building.
 Preparing electrical layout drawings and other Schematic drawings based on the
Architectural drawings.
 Determine the electrical specifications.
 Listing out of material and component requirements.
 Deciding locations for main distribution board.

 Laying conduits for underground supply lines before completing of substructure

works.
 Laying conduits in beam and slab reinforcement, fixing of hooks/ boxes for main
supply to consumer units.
 Laying wiring from locations of distribution boards to switches, lights, fans and
socket outlets.
 Fixing of all fittings and fixtures to completion of electrical installations.
 Testing the installation and obtain test certificate.
 Providing of consumer meters.
 Submission of obtained test reports to electric supply company for supply
connection.
 Before sealing meters checking of electric installations by authorized officer of
the electrical supply company.
 Obtain permanent service connection from power Supply Company.
 The design and planning of an electrical installation are decided by the type of
user of the building and requirements of the client. Therefore it is essential to
consult skilled electrical engineer at the planning stage for the planning of safe
and efficient electrical installation.
 Need of accommodation for making provision of sub-station, meter room, switch

room, services cable duct, rising mains and cables, opening and chases requisite in
floors and walls for being going to electrical installations.
 Layout of wiring installation whether open or concealed conduit.

 The whole electrical installations should be carried out under the supervision of
skilled electrical engineer through approved electrical contractor.

Uninterrupted power supply
 An uninterrupted power supply sometimes referred to as an uninterruptable power

supply, gives an alternative „no break‟ electrical supply that can be required in
instances where it is important, there is no loss of electrical supply, even if the main
or the primary supply fails.
 Normally this is essential where a loss of power could result in a risk to health or
disruption to business, for example
o Emergency services.
o Financial services.
o Some kind of industrial processes.
It may also be necessary to support specific critical services, such as,

o Emergency lighting.
o Fire alarm and other safety systems.
 The solar power can be used as a best solution for this uninterrupted power supply
matter in a building like commercial building.
Also according to the scenario mentioned above the client also having an idea of including
many green features to this office building located within the Colombo city limit.
Office building mostly depends on electricity for most of the operations. So the consumption
of power in an office building during the day time is much more than that of night time,
which makes it perfectly, suited to solar power where electricity is generated only in day
time. There are many kinds of loads in an office building depending on the work done at the
certain office, i.e. critical loads may be present that need to be run continuously.
There may be several benefit of using solar power in a building, such as reduction grid and
diesel consumption.

Advantages
 Energy security – the rooftop solar plants can transfer power during load shedding,
confirming that critical loads are running continuously.
 Cost effective – a solar plant installed at the rooftop has a leveled cost of Rs.4.5-
5/KWh (or lesser amount), significantly lower than diesel power cost at Rs.18/KWh
(or lesser amount). Additionally, the energy cost can be fixed for about 25 year,
unlike diesel power which is increasing time to time.
 Reliable – an installed solar power plant hasn‟t any moving parts, ensures reliable
power over 25 years.
 Flexible configuration – solar panels can be fixed to any kind of roofs, including
covered parking areas, as long as the build structure able to bear the weight of the
panels.
 Minimum maintenance – it needs very little maintenance from the energy consumer.
 Also the solar power stored can be help to emergency situation like fire for
functioning of security alarms and other further processes.
The electricity loads in an office building include,

 Lighting
 Fans
 Air conditioning
 Elevators
 Workstations (laptops / desktops)
 Servers
 Security systems

2.4
Distribution of services within the building
There are two types of distribution of services. They are,

 Vertical distribution of services
 Horizontal distribution of services
Effective use of space for the services is at the upmost important.

For several reasons, service area is pressurized to minimize the space within the building. So
it is necessary to ensure an effective use of space for the service distribution system in the
horizontal and vertical directions and in plant room.
Vertical distribution of services
There are recommendations that required to apply for the vertical distribution of services.
And they are,
 Should provide continuous and uninterrupted vertical service routes.
 It is essential to maintain a constant cross section of the service route.
 Need to consider the connection between vertical and horizontal service routes.
 Should provide separate routes or ducts for different services. Mainly two; one for the
water supply and other for the electric supply.
 Should position the plant room so that it is as close as possible to the center of the
plan area that serves.
 Horizontal distribution should not be more than 25m from a vertical service route.
Longer distances will cause to increase the depth of the horizontal service duct
 Positioning of plant rooms at not more than 10 stories apart vertically.
Water supply system
 A water supply system contains water pumps, storage tanks, risers, automatic float
switches and sub-mains;
 All essential parts of the water supply system should be regularly checked and also
properly maintained.
 And all water storage tanks should be cleansed at regular time period for quality
control.

There are mainly two types of cold water systems.

 Direct water supply system
 Indirect water supply system
Direct water supply system

Here in this system, the fresh water is transmitted directly from public mains to the building
lower floor by means of hydraulic pressure inside the mains.
 A good pressure should be on water main.
 A feed cistern of 114 liters as minimum is required.
 Drinking water is available at any draw off point.
 Pipes to be fixed 600mm away from outside walls.
 Valves are fitted to isolate sections of pipe works.
 Have risk of water contamination by back siphon age.
 High pressure can be expected during night time.
Indirect water supply system

In this system, a water pump is used to draw water from the storage tank fixed at the ground
floor of the building, and fresh water taken into the rooftop water tank is then distributed to
each floor through a network of sub-mains.
 A cold water cistern of 227 liters capacity is needed.
 Reduces the risk of pollution by back siphon age.
 Fittings supplied from cistern may have a reduced water pressure, hence it reduced
noise and wear on valves.
 System provides a large reserve of water.

Table gives a typical arrangement of vertical concentrated in a small riser.
Type Plant Notes
Small buildings (up to 4 1 plant room, 1 riser (location is

stories and up to 2500m2 not important), due to the size of
floor area) the building central location is
preferred. And plant room must
be adjacent to the riser.
Large building (4000m2 of Many plant rooms adjacent to

total floor area) area served. Some central plant,
for an example for gas intake
boilers, may be required.
Large, tall buildings (over Plant rooms at basement and

15 floors) roof floor. Intermediate plant
rooms may be needed. Vertical
distribution within central core.
L shaped buildings (3-10 Many plant rooms and risers.

2 2
stories, 1000m - 3000m Air plant rooms and risers
per a floor) adjacent to cores. Separate
rooms locate at basement for
new electric supply.
Buildings with atrium(5-10 4 rooms of roof air plant, 1

stories, 2000m2 per a floor) basement plant room. 4 risers
related to cores. The basement
plant below the atrium provides
good connection to risers.
Table 5

Horizontal distribution of services
Normally, the distribution of services lines are arranged within a horizontal layer which is
located below the structure and above the suspended ceiling. This layer provides the
distribution system, terminal units and lighting units using pipes, ducts and etc. The raised
floor is on the floor slab and it carries electric and communication cabling. The lighting units
are mostly located within the ceiling depths.
To determine about the space needed for these elements, there are three design cases may be
meet corresponding to various structural configurations.
1. A flat slab with flexibility of service routing.
2. Along span beam system with the facility for service integration in the structural
depth.
3. A slab with down stand beam arrangement.
In above mention case 1, the ducts pass below the floor area within the depth separate for the
terminal units. But cross overs of ducts should be avoid in order to reduce this depth. In case
2 and 3 the terminal units may be located between the beams, it means that additional space
present below the beam is required only for the major ducts of ceiling and lightning units. In
case 2 ducts are presented totally within the structural zone as those are pass through large
openings in the deep beams. Normally the diameter of these openings will be 400mm, and
duct size can be 300-350mm allowing for insulation etc.
Example: integration of services - A slab with down stand beam arrangement.
1. Power/
communication/ data
outlet
2. Floor void
3. Ceiling void
4. Supply duct
5. Air outlet
Figure 5

Services that is located below composite beams
1.Raised floor
2.Fan coil unit
3.Ducting and insulation
4.Lighting and ceiling
Figure 6

2.5
Fire risks
In modern days fire risks associate with the building is a major concern. Depending on the
purpose of the building and the supplies and appliances like mechanical ventilation, air
conditioning systems, electric supply systems fire risks can be discussed. Not only fire risks,
but also fire out brake in multi-story buildings through ducts is a major concern.
So designing a building I order to minimize fire risks is very much important.
So that designing part starts from the initial stage.
 Construction materials should be selected to avoid and prevent fire risks. For this
matter, fire rating of different construction materials should be considered. Normally
in Sri Lanka for a buildings and building materials 1 hour time period fire rating as a
minimum will be considered. Construction materials such as clay blocks, bricks, and
cement blocks can be considered as good fire barriers. Depending on the structure of
the building, no. of floors, type and purpose of the building, minimum time specified
as fire rating can be changed. Sometimes it can be 2hours.
 Nominal cover of different elements such as columns, beams, slabs and etc. should be
selected as to satisfy fire requirements. The main reason is steel losses its tensile
capacity when it is exposes to fire. In situations like this buildings are possible to
collapse. Therefore nominal covers for reinforcement structures should be referred
according to BS8110.
 Appliances of building such as mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, heaters, and
boilers should be selected while considering associated fire risks and fire rating.
 During the design process it is architect‟s duty to provide fire rescuing paths, fire
exits, fire staircases and fire lobbies. And these constructions are done according to
the fire regulations set by fire department.
Even though it is already designed the building to minimize the fire risks.in case of a fire, fire
protection and fire detection systems should be designed.

Firefighting systems
A firefighting system is probably the most important service of the building services, as its
main aim is to protect human and property.
This consists of three main parts,
 A specialized pumping systems,
 A large store of water tanks, either underground or on the top of the building is called
fire storage tanks.
 A network of pipes ending in either hydrants or sprinkler systems (all buildings
require both of these systems)
Firefighting system systems vary depending on the size, use and type of the building. A
building may contain some or all of the features mentioned below.
 Fire extinguishers
 Wet risers
 Dry risers
 Fire hose reels and fire risers
 Drenchers
 Automatic sprinkler systems
Fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are provided for a „first attack‟ firefighting measure normally undertaken
by the occupants before the fire service arrives to the venue. There are extinguishers and it is
important to use suitable extinguisher type on suitable fire type.
Fire can be starts small fire in the beginning and may be extinguished if the correct type and
suitable amount of extinguishing agent is applied.
Some of the main principle fire extinguisher types presently available include,
Extinguishing agent Principle use

water For wood and paper fires (not electrical)
Carbon dioxide For electrical fires
foam For flammable liquid fires (not electrical)
Table 6

It is important to clearly identify the fire extinguisher places first. According to the
extinguishing agent extinguishers are color coded.
Wet risers
 Constantly filled with water.
 Supply should be capable of maintaining a running pressure of 40Kpa at the highest
landing valve.
 Maximum running pressure permitted with one outlet should be 510Kpa.
 Also required pressure will be maintained by installing pumping equipment.
 Direct pumping from the main is not permitted.
 A suction tank with a minimum volume of 45.5m3mustbe installed.
 One landing valve (64mm bore) should be provided for every 930m2 of floor area,
 As the name describes the risers does not normally contain water.
 It can be changed with the water by the fire brigade during the outbreak of fire.
 Fire brigade able to connect the suction side of their pumps to a water main via
underground fire hydrants.
 The fireman can then enter the building and connect their hose reels to the landing
valves fitted to the riser.
 The dry riser therefore is mealy an extension of the fireman‟s hose.
 A dry riser is installed either in unheated buildings or where water main will not
provide sufficient pressure at the highest landing valve.
 For buildings above 60m height, a wet riser must be installed above from that 60m
limit.
 A fire must be electrically earthed.
Hose reels
 A hose reel is used by occupants of the building as a „first attack‟ firefighting measure
but in some instances it may also use by firefighters.
 Generally hose reels are positioned next to an exist. Therefore in an emergency it is
possible to reach a safe place by following the hose.
 If a suction tank is needed, it should hold a minimum volume of water 1.6m3.
 According to the building type and number of floors the diameter of the bore pipes
changed to gain the needed pressure.
 The outlet end of the hose is fitted with an approved nozzle.
 Nozzle has internal diameter of 5mm or 6mm with a pressure of 200Kpa.

Drenches
 Drencher fire control system provides a discharge of water over roofs, walls and
windows to prevent the fire spreading from nearby buildings.
 Drenchers are of automatic drenchers and non-automatic drenchers (manually control
to operate valve)
 Drain valve is needed at the lowest point and pipes must fall to this point.
 Main stop valve must be placed in a prominent place where access to it will not be
impeded by fire.
According to the building parameters, type and location I decided to design an automatic
sprinkler system as the firefighting system for this building. The main reason to my selection
is rather than using other firefighting system this system is more advantages. Because that a
sprinkler will come on automatically in fires while other systems need to be operated
manually by a person.
Sprinkler systems
A sprinkler is a nozzle fixed to a network pipes, and installed bellow the ceiling of a room.
These nozzles or sprinkler heads are usually fixed below the range pipe. The connected pipes
are filled with water under pressure at all times.
 If main‟s water is used, it should be fed from both ends.
 A sprinkler will be usually activated very quickly in a fire. It can be possibly before
the fire station has been inform about the fire and it will be more effective at putting
out a fire in the early stage, before it distributed to a large fire.
 The activity after opening of a sprinkler head is the water will be flows through the
alarm valve and then to alarm gong and turbine. Then jet of water will be strike the
turbine blades, causing to operate alarm gong.

Figure 7
 This wet type sprinkler systems are used in heated buildings in hot environments.
There are three types of sprinkler heads. They are,

 Bulb type head
 Fusible soldered strut type head
 Dura speed soldered type head
According to my design I choose bulb type sprinkler head that are usually installed in high or
large type buildings. And I think it is more suitable because of the points explained below.
Bulb type head
This contains a bulb made of special glass in the sprinkler and it contains a colored liquid.
Normally this bulb used to blocks the flow of water. In afire occurrence the liquid will be
heated and expand when it reach to a certain temperature. Due to the expansion of water the
glass will be shatter by removing the obstacle and causing water to spray over the fire. This
spray also wets combustible materials contains in the vicinity of the fire, making them
difficult to ignite, thereby slowing down or preventing of fire spread further.

Some thinks sprinklers cause lot of water waste. As explained, it will only operate the
sprinklers those are heated by fire and all sprinklers contains in the building do not operate at
once. Normally a non-fire water waste will be happen if only occupants carelessly damage
the system. Regarding that, firefighters use much more water than a sprinkler system.
There are classes of sprinkler systems have been developed to suit the following fire hazard
classes of occupancy.
1. Extra light hazard
2. Ordinary hazard
3. Extra high hazard
Extra light hazard
Non industrial occupancies where the amount and combustibility of the contents is low.
According to the classification of occupancies, the building type that mentioned in the above
scenario suits to this class of sprinkler system with the purpose of the building.
Design of sprinkler system
Recalling above scenario,

 A multi-story Office building of floor area 24m x 24m.
Distances between head is as,

 S = design space of sprinklers on rage pipes
Offices will be categorized under extra light hazardous level.

Therefore maximum value should be 4.6m for extra light hazardous level.
 D = distance between rows of sprinklers (maximum value = 4m)
Such that for extra light hazardous level,

 S x D = 21m2 or less
System is of two end center with end feed.

Assuming, S = 4.5m
S x D = 21m2
D = 21/ 4.5
= 4.66m
≈ 4m (because maximum value for „D‟ should be 4m)

No. of range pipes = 24m/ 4

=6+1
=7
No. of sprinklers in a range pipe = 12/ 4.5
= 2.66
≈3+1
=4
(If number of sprinklers multiplied from the spacing of sprinklers (S) it should be equal to
length of the building (24m), 8 x 4.5 = 36m)
24m/8 = 3m
Therefore corrected dimension,
S = 3m
(If number of range pipes multiplied from the distance between the sprinklers (D) it should be
equal to the width of the building (24m), 7 x 4 = 28m)
But value exceeds, therefore value of D should be reduced.
24m/ 7 = 3.43m
Therefore corrected dimension,
D = 3.43m
Positioning of sprinkler system
Sprinklers must be placed,

 Deflectors are not more than 300mm from non-fire resisting ceilings.
 450mm from fire resisting ceilings.
 There must be a clear space of 300mm below the level of a deflector within a radius
of 600mm from each sprinkler.
 Sprinklers must not be placed within 600mm of columns and beams.

Elements of a fire safety policy
 Building a construction in accordance with the procedure of the local building code.
 Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the building.
 Maintaining of proper fire exits and proper exit signage.
 Compliance with electrical codes to prevent overheating and ignition from electrical
faults, for example, poor wire insulation or overcapacity wiring, conductors, or other
fixtures with further electric current than they are rated for.
 Placing and maintaining the suitable type of fire extinguishers in easily accessible
locations.
 Properly using and disposing of dangerous materials that may be required in the
building for storage or operational requirements.
 Prohibiting incendiary materials in certain parts of the facility.
 Upholding of fire alarm systems for detection and warning of fire to the occupants.
 Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of fire stops.
Fire precautions
Fire precautions describe reducing the likelihood of a fire occurring in a building and
preventing the spread of fire if that kind of incident occurs, with the main aim of protecting
both people and building. Fire precautions selected are particular to a building and will be
identified as part of a fire risk assessment.
General
Suitable precautions should be taken to minimize the risk of fire within and outside of the
building.
Fire gap
No any building construction or structure including any projection should be built within a
distance of 20ft. from any of the boundary walls except with the prior approval of the board.
This passage shall be motorable right round.
Fire Escape
A commercial building should have a sufficient number of fire escape/exits.

Fire Extinguishers
Within the building, a sufficient number of fire extinguishers and other firefighting
equipment shall be available.
At present, the fire regulations which are set by fire department should be strictly
maintained. As per the current condition, the fire department can access 30m high of a
building. So, beyond 30m the sprinklers must be strictly installed. Depending on the
requirements and the type of building, hazardous level sprinklers can be omitted from 0m to
30m. Not only these criteria, the fire department may seek the requirements such as turning
circle for fire vehicles, hard planning and etc.
In a multi-story building fire outbreak through ducts is disasters. So, there should be
fire barriers along the horizontal and vertical ducts as to minimize fire outbreak. In addition
to the discussed fire protection system, there can be some instances where fix foam
installations are used.

Task 3

LO 03
Analyze the systems used to provide disposal systems for a variety of buildings and describe
their characteristics
Task 3
3.1 Describe the requirements of providing sanitation facilities to buildings. (P3.1)
3.2 Determine the number of sanitary appliances which is required to satisfy user
requirements. (P3.2)
3.3 Propose a suitable above ground waste water disposal system and present with
suitable diagrams. Determine the suitable diameter & slopes (if any) for each pipe of
the proposed waste water disposal system. (P3.3)
3.4 Propose a suitable below ground waste water disposal system and present with
suitable diameter & slopes. Describe possible methods of dispose of foul and surface
water for your building. (P3.4)

Answer

Task 3
3.1
Sanitary Facility
For a building, the sanitary facility should be designed to meet the needs of all
building users regardless of age, size, ability or disability. Sanitary facilities should be
designed commonly to all sizes and all abilities that may be independent, accompanied, or
assisted. When designing this kind of facility, consideration should be given to the diverse
ways in which people interact with their surrounding environment.
The scale of provision of sanitary facilities in a building will be dictated by the
nature and size of the building, the overall building occupancy, gender ratio, and particular
patterns of use. For example, in an office building, the toilets are likely to be accessed
intermittently throughout the day.
In a building, sanitary facilities must be located in an easily accessible place and
appropriately located in relation to the main entrance, any waiting areas, and other key
facilities.
 The sanitary facilities should be easily identified with well located, clearly signage
that properly indicates which are male and female.
 The type of sanitary facilities provided must be suitable to the purpose of the building
and designed to enable access for all potential building users.
 In the workplaces such as offices,
o Toilet facilities should be provided to meet the needs of all staff and should be
separate from toilet facilities for customers or members of the public if the
number of other users is large.
o Where shower and changing facilities are provided for staff, they should be
accessible and easy to use by all employees.
 The temporary portable sanitary facilities may be required to extra permanent
facilities on occasions where the existing building occupancy is expected to be greater
than normal and outdoor events.
All sanitary sewers shall be designed in accordance with rules and regulations, and to
accepted engineering principles. In all newly developed areas and/ or in all existing areas

where new sanitary sewers are required, the design shall include the provision that the sewer
system size and capacity can adequately accommodate the ultimate anticipated conditions.
System analysis
The sewer capacity study and flow monitoring are required when proposed
development intensifies the land use from the existing development on the site, recommended
development requires a general plan amendment to a more strong use or required by the
department. The capacity study is to verify the sewer systems can accommodate a proposed
development, and if not, help identify needed improvements required for the development.
The developer is required to cover the costs associated with flow monitoring, sewer capacity
study, and sewer modeling.
Flow monitoring requirements include the following:
1. Flow monitoring shall be done for seven continuous days without interruption of data.
2. Data shall be taken at every fifteen minute intervals.
3. Location of the flow meter(s) and use type of meters shall be approved by the
department.
4. Number of flow monitoring locations will be determined by the department, based on
existing sewer system, and size and capacity.
5. Raw data of the level (inches), flow rate (gallons per minute) and flow velocity (feet
per second) in fifteen minute intervals for the duration of the flow monitoring period
shall be provided to the department.
6. Confined space entry permit, if necessary prior to starting of work.
7. Temporary street occupancy permit prior to the start of work.
8. Traffic control may be necessary and must be approved by the public works
department period to start of work.
Sewer capacity study shall include, but not limited, to the following:
1. Site description (weather, traffic, surface condition).
2. Sitemap indicating the location of flow meter manhole(s).
3. Dates of the flow monitoring period.
4. Company name, contact person, address, phone number performing the study.
5. Flow meter equipment information (sensor type, calibration history).
6. Manhole inspection reports (pipe material and size, depth of manhole, the condition of
channel, rungs, bench, ring, cone and cover).
7. Diagram of manhole channel indicating the direction of flow and north arrow.

8. Charts presenting depth of flow, flow rate, and flow velocity.

9. Site analysis for every flow meter location including, but not limited to the minimum
and maximum flow level, flow rate and velocity, estimated capacity, capacity used,
hydraulic conditions.
10. Flow monitoring study shall be reviewed by a licensed civil engineer.
11. One colored hardcopy and the electronic copy of the flow monitoring study shall be
submitted to the department for review and acceptance.
Location
Sanitary sewer mains shall be located in the street along the centerline wherever possible and
shall not be located underneath sidewalks, along curbs and gutters, in parkways, or closer
than five feet to the exterior wall of any building or foundation. Location shall not interfere
with other existing utilizes. Horizontal curves are not allowed within the department‟s
sanitary sewer system. For all changes in direction of sewer mains manholes can be used.
Vertical curves are not allowed within the department‟s sanitary sewer system. From
manhole to manhole straight grade can be used.
Signage
Sanitary facilities should be clearly identified. People who have difficulty communicating
may prefer not to have to ask directions and should be able to depend on signage to identify
the location of suitable toilet facilities. Toilets should be clearly identified using symbol signs
as these are universally recognizable. Tactile signs will assist people with visual difficulties.
Surfaces
Floor surfaces in all sanitary places should be firm, level and slip resistant when wet and dry.
Shiny surfaces should be avoided as they are a potential source of glare and reflection which
can cause discomfort and confusion to people with visual difficulties.
In buildings fitted with fire alarms, a visible and audible indicator should be provided in all
washrooms. Visible alarm indicators are mostly important in these areas as a means of
alerting people with hearing difficulties in the event of a fire or other emergency.


3.2
Sanitary appliances
Sanitary appliances simply known as the fittings that used for collection and discharge of soil
or waste matter in a building. These sanitary appliances can be grouped as soil appliances and
waste appliances. Soil appliances are used for collection and discharge of excreta matter
including urinal, water closet and etc. The water that collects from these appliances is called
black water.
Sanitary appliances that are used for collection and discharge of water after use, is called
waste appliances and this includes drinking water fountains, kitchen sinks, wash basins,
bathtubs etc. These appliances are normally made from vitreous chinaware and glazed fire
clay sanitary ware. In some circumstances, sinks are made from marble stone or stainless
steel.
Sanitary appliances are mainly two types. They are,
 Waste appliances (drinking fountains, sinks, wash basins, showers/ baths tubs, wash
basins, bidets)
 Soil appliances (urinals, water closets)
Design requirements
For fouling area is reduced to a minimum, the sanitary appliance should be well designed,
and also durable, easily cleaned and non-absorbent surface.
 Before starting to design the floor plan of any structure, the designer needs to know
the following information,
1. Type of the building
a. Office / commercial building/ public building
b. Residential building
2. Consumer

According to the above given scenario,

 Both male and female bathrooms are provided to the building.
 Assume the building has a gender ratio of 1:1.5 (male: female).
Floor area of the building = 24m x 24m

= 576m2
From whole building, 25% is considered as the service area and remaining 75% is considered
as the rentable area.
Rentable floor area = 576 x 75%
= 432 m2
Population density = 9 – 10 m2/ person
Selected population density = 10 m2/ person
Expected population in a floor = 432 m2/ 10
= 43.20
≈ 44 persons
Male population in a floor = 44 x (1/ 2.5)
= 17.6
≈ 18 males
Female population in a floor = 44 x (1.5/ 2.5)
= 26.4
≈ 27 females

Following table provides the recommended sanitary accommodations for office buildings.
Figure 8
Therefore according to the population obtained,

For males
 18 persons
Water closets (WC)

According to the number of male population, it‟s in the range of (16 – 35)
Therefore there should be 2 WC‟s per a floor and 60 WC‟s for the whole building.
Urinals
According to the number of male population, it‟s in the range of (7 - 20)
Therefore there should be 1 urinal per a floor and 30 urinals for the whole building.

Wash basins
According to the number of male population, it‟s in the range of (16 – 35)
Therefore there should be 2 wash basins per a floor and 60 wash basins for the whole
building.
Also there is a one cleaner‟s sink per a floor. Therefore for the whole building there are 30
cleaner‟s sinks.
For females
 27 persons
Water closets (WC)

According to the number of female population, it‟s in the range of (26 –40)
Therefore there should be 3 WC‟s per a floor and 90 WC‟s for the whole building.
Wash basins
According to the number of female population, it‟s in the range of (26 – 40)
Therefore there should be 3 wash basins per a floor and 90 wash basins for the whole
building.
Also there is a one cleaner‟s sink per a floor. Therefore for the whole building there are 30
cleaner‟s sinks.

3.3
Above ground waste water disposal

Above ground waste water disposal can be done in many ways.
 Two pipe system
 One pipe system
 Single stack system
Two pipe system

 Two pipe system has four vertical pipes. In this system the waste from WC‟s and
urinals is taken by one pipe (soil stack). The water contain will be black water.
o Black water – human excreta and water grossly contaminated with human
excreta (such as toilet wastewater, although not strictly water based, human
excreta entering waterless compositing toilet is considered as black water).
 Waste water from all the other appliances will divert to another pipe (waste stack).
The water contain will be grey water.
o Grey water – waste water that still contaminated but not grossly contaminated
with human excreta ( such as kitchen, laundry, bath and shower waste).
 Soil stack and waste stack are supported by two ventilation pipes.
According to my design, the suitable system for above ground waste water disposal system is
two pipe system.
Designing of above ground waste water disposal system
This system consists of four vertical pipes that carry grey water and black water separately.
Though it‟s having more pipe works, this system is selected since it is more advantages.
 Each floor has 5 WC‟s, 5 wash basins, 1 urinal and 2 sinks.
Appliances in a floor = 5 WC‟s + 5 wash basins + 1 urinal + 2 sinks

= 13 appliances
Appliances in whole building,
No. of WC‟s = No. of appliances in a floor x No. of floors
= 5 x 30
= 150 WC‟s

No. of wash basins = 5 x 30

= 150 wash basins
No. of urinals = 1 x 30
= 30 urinals
No. of sinks = 2 x 30
= 60 sinks
Discharge units,
Figure 9

Water closets (14 l) = quantity x discharge unit

= 150 x 40
= 6000
Wash basins = 150 x 4

= 600
Urinals = 30 x 2
= 60
Sinks = 60 x 14
= 840
Grey water;
Discharge units related to wash basins and sinks = 600 + 840
= 1440
Black water;
Discharge units related to WC‟s and urinals = 6000 + 60
= 6060

Determination diameter of stacks,
Table 7
Diameter of waste stack = 125 mm

Diameter of soil stack = 150 mm
As the rule of thumb, the vent stack should be half of the stack size.
Therefore vent stack diameter for waste tack = 60 mm
Vent stack diameter for soil stack = 75 mm

3.4
Below ground disposal system
Below ground waste disposal can be,

1. Combined systems
 Both the rain water and waste water are in same pipe.
2. Partially separated system
 Rain water collected within the garden and sewer will be collected by one
pipe.
 Rain water from common area and roads will be conveyed by using another
pipe.
3. Separate system
 Rain water will be transferred using one pipe and waste water will be
transferred using another pipe.
 Economical since need to treat only waste water.
Pipes have to lie at least 600mm below the ground and 900mm below roads to avoid
damages.
For every 90m access should be provided.
Access can be,

 Manhole
 Inspection chamber
 Rodding eye/ cleaning eye
Drainage for basement
The manhole discharging to water main is usually located at ground floor depending on the
datum level of the sewer.
Water from basement floors (some are located below the ground floor),
1. Soil and waste water are collected at the sump pit located at the lowest floor in the
basement.
2. Submersible pumps (100% standby) are installed to pump the soil and waste directly to
the manhole for discharge.

3. Pump on/ off control is by level switch inside the sump pit which senses the water
level.
Waste water is two types,

 Black water – human excreta and water grossly contaminated with human excreta
(such as toilet wastewater, although not strictly water based, human excreta entering
waterless compositing toilet is considered as black water).
 Grey water – waste water that still contaminated but not grossly contaminated with
human excreta (such as kitchen, laundry, bath and shower waste).
Designing of below ground waste water disposal system
Water usage of an office = 45 (l / person)

Floor area = 24m x 24m
= 576m²
No. of population in a floor = 576 ÷ 10

= 57.6
≈ 58persons
This building has 30 floors.
No. of population in building = 58 x 30
= 1740 persons
Water used over 8hrs (since office building) = 45 x 1740

= 78300(l / 8hrs)
So, discharge = 78300 / (8 x 3600s)

= 2.719
≈ 2.72 (l/s)
Peak discharge = 5 x 2.72

= 13.6 (l/s)

1. In a below ground waste water disposal system it is better to go for steep angles.
2. But, if steep angles are to be used, depth is getting high.
3. If slopes become less, velocity becomes low.
4. Hence, deposition of matters can happen.
5. In below ground waste disposal system need a self-cleansing velocity of 0.8 m/s
6. If pipes are fully filled, self-siphonage can occur due to negative pressure.
7. So, half-filled condition is considered.
For this office building;

Q = AV
 Q = Discharge ( peak ) = 13.6 (l/s)
= 13.6 x 10-3 (m³/s)
 A = Area of sectional flow
 V = Velocity of flow = 0.8 m/s
Q = AV
13.6 x 10-3 m3s-1 = {[Л x (d/2)2] / 2} x 0.8 ms-1
[Л x (d/2)2] = 13.6 x 10-3 m3s-1
0.4ms-1
Лd2 = 13.6 x 10-3 m2
4 0.4
Лd2 = 13.6 x 10-2 m2
d2 = 4.327x 10-2 m2
= √0.043m2
d = 0.207m
= 207 mm
So, selected diameter of the pipe is 225mm

Chezy equation is used to decide the slope which the pipe needs to be installed.
V = C√ (mi)
Where, C = Chezy coefficient = 55

m = mean hydraulic radius = Cross section
Wetted perimeter
i = inclination

m = Cross section
Wetted perimeter
= 0.5Л (d/2)2
Л(d/2)
m = d/4
= 225/4
= 56.25 x 10-3
Hence,
V = C√ (mi) 4m
-3
0.8 = 55√ 56.25 x 10 x i
0.64 = 3025 x 56.25 x 10-3x i 1m
i = 0.64/ 170.156
i = 0.004 Figure 10
i = 4m

Task 5

LO 05
Evaluate the problems associated with the integration, accommodation and access for
maintenance of mechanical and electrical services into a variety of buildings
Task 5
5.1 Describe the reasons to integrate building design and services as a complete package.
(P5.1)
5.2 Illustrate the implications of health and safety aspects in the design and adaptation of
building services integration. (P5.2)
5.3 Describe the aspects that you might come across during the commissioning stage of
service installations. (P5.3)
5.4 Justify the key aspects that you might include for the maintenance of the building
throughout its life. (P5.4)

Answer

Task 5
5.1
Integration of building services

Services such as cooling ducts, electrical conduits and light fittings may be cast directly into
the concrete walls. Services integration with concrete buildings gives many examples, of both
in-situ and precast concrete. More attention must be taken that the cast-in units are not
damaged or displaced during concreting. There may be a necessity to provide some
duplication to provide some redundancy in the event of failure or to provide flexibility for
future requirements.
Both the structural engineers and building services engineers need to work together to
confirm that the decisions made by the structural engineer will suit the building‟s comfort
requirements. The reverse is also true, as the technical requirements of a particular services
solution may dictate elements of the structural design.
It is a common incident for holes to be cast into concrete elements to allow for the passage of
services. Wherever possible, the structure should be designed to include a service zone to
minimize the need for holes for service runs. Preplanning is obviously desirable to
retrospective provision of any holes or openings. Such holes are designed into the structural
configuration so that the resulting stresses are distributed and do not compromise the
structure. There may be a necessity to cut holes at a later stage, either due to poor in planning
or because of a requirement for new or additional services. Clearly such holes must not
seriously affect the strength of the structure.
The construction industry is in the early stages of a revolution to reinvent the design process
that was used before the advent of HVAC equipment. The integrated design approach
achieves this improved energy utilization due to the relationship that exists between the
building, its architecture and the HVAC equipment. Moreover this, the integrated design
approach also reaches an improvement in the environmental performance of the building, as
well as fewer construction problems and lower costs.

In order to correctly complete a building services design that will meet the requirements of
the client, the project must require a procurement system which permits the following to take
place,
 Integration with other elements to form a singular system, that is properly planned and
coordinated for a smooth installation;
 Satisfactory performance in terms of environmental comfort and provision of optimal
convenience to users;
 Effective operation of efficiency in both maintenance and energy consumption;
 Cost effectiveness in terms of life cycle costs; and
 A design with necessary levels of flexibility, adaptability, workability, reliability,
manageability and safety in mind.
The building systems, materials used, and products must be integrated to produce a unified
whole that achieves the desired functional purpose in a well successfully designed project.
 Services within a building can be,
1. Appliances in service runs
 Appliances would generally be visible and hence must be durable and safe and
should have good appearance.
2. Equipment ( plant and machinery )
 These can be heavy and bulky.
 Some equipment can generate noise and also transmit vibrations.
 Therefore this equipment should be located at priory selected locations.
 These locations have to be agreed and approved at the beginning of the project
and should take into account at the structural design.
 For heavy equipment like generators, noise reduction can be a key concern.
 Also, there should be a sufficient access replace the generator in a latter day.
 Equipment like air handling units, lift motors, air conditioning systems,
cooling machines, transformers will have similar needs.
 Vibrator isolation using different means can be considered to be an important
way of addressing this matter.
 Noise barriers can be introduced as to limit the distribution of noise.
 Normally double leaf walls can be considered as a good sound barrier.

 Also cooling towers are mounted on the top of the building as to limit noise
distribution.
 The service runs should be isolated and hidden.
 This is normally achieved by using services shafts, either grouped together or located
separately.
 It is grouped together it can be arranged in a service core. This is generally used in
office buildings.
The concept of integrated buildings

Building idea or integrated building idea contains all aspects of building construction
(architecture, structure, function, fire, acoustics, materials, energy use, indoor environmental
quality and etc.). This defines by three parts.
1. The architectural building concept
2. The structural building concept
3. The energy and environmental building concept
The integrated design process works with the architecture, the design, functional aspects,
energy consumption, indoor environment, technology, and construction. The integrated
design process includes the following main phases:
 Design brief development
 Pre-design
 Conceptual design
 Preliminary design
 Detailed design
 Contracting and execution
 Commissioning and building hand over
 Building operation and maintenance

Services integration
The requirement of services for all types of buildings is more important and has increased
greatly, as a result of new approaches to working and living, and also to incorporate low or
zero carbon technologies. New regulations and demands, such as for more efficient methods
of cooling, effective ventilation, local temperature control, more efficient methods of heat
recovery, combined heat, power and cooling systems, information technology and
communication systems and new forms of renewable energy technologies, have also focused
attention on how to locate and distribute these services effectively within buildings and to
facilitate future maintenance and adaptability.
For the comfort of the buildings, it require various different types of services, health and
safety and rapid movement of the users. Building services can be grouped under the
following categories:
 Air-conditioning equipment and vertical distribution of air to floors
 Heating and cooling, including local control for each part of the floor
 Fire protection systems, including active measures, such as sprinklers and automatic
detection
 Electrical and data communication systems
 Water and sanitary distributions and facilities
 Lifts, escalators and other machinery for vertical movement
 Low or zero carbon technologies for on-site energy generation.
The integration of services within the structural elements of buildings leads to economies in
the construction by reducing the floor-to-floor height, which has a double benefit of reducing
the external cladding necessary and also minimizing heat loss through the envelope. In multi-
story buildings, service integration can allow extra floors to be provided within the same
overall building height.
Steel and composite structures can be designed to reduce the overall depth of the floor zone
by integrating major services within the depth of the structure, and/or by achieving the
minimum structure depth. This is important in cases in which the building height is restricted
for planning reasons, or in renovation projects. As an example, a 300mm minimization in
floor-floor depth can lead to equivalent savings of £15 to 20/m² when expressed per unit floor
area.

How are such services related to building works?

 Many services works are required to run within the building, the layout of which
needs to be carefully coordinated with other building works.
e.g. openings on walls and floors
Loading concern as for machine stand
 A large number of building services are required to fit-out carefully with the building
finishes works.
e.g. sanitary fittings
Interior decoration related works
Switch and panels on finished walls
 Building services work exhibit the definite degree of specialization that they have
their own concern in design, installation and logistic requirements.
 Plant and equipment for many building services are heavy and huge in size that needs
special accommodation and handling during the construction process, for example,
Machinery: chiller plant, transformer, air handling units, generator, lift

machine, pumps
Pipe: for water supply, gas, drain, chill water, fire services
Duct: ventilation and air distribution system
 Many services are placed in inconvenient locations where access and installation are
very difficult.
e.g. In mechanical floor or machine room – transformer, pumps and air

handling units, air filters, water storage tanks.
Within the ceiling void – cables, duct, pipes, a/c units, lighting, and
detectors etc.
Service runs can be arranged in the following ways,

 Within the service core located inside the service shaft.
 Within the ceiling void.
 Raised floor.
 Within walls.
 Within slabs.
 Through skirting and partition walls.
 Open excavations (additional warning cables).

Successfully integrating building services such as water, air, electricity and data into a single
trunking delivery system would offer an important advancement in reducing services
installation cost, maintenance and the running cost of a building. Hence the current
development of a multi services trunking system, the current design tools and techniques do
not offer any solution for such integration.

5.2
Safety in building services design
Plan for Fire Protection. The most crucial aspect of a building‟s safety involves a systems
approach that enables the designer to analyses all of the building‟s components as a total
building fire safety system package. As buildings become complex and architects puts the
design structure ever further, it is vital to consider fire safety effects of new buildings or other
construction or renovation projects at the concept design stage. An important precondition is
that its fire safety facilities enable independent and adequate fire response performances by
the building‟s occupants. The concerns of fire extinguishing and passive fire protection
measures are vital to the stability and integrity of a building or structure in case of fire. A fire
plan will only achieve maximum effectiveness if the passive fire protection processes, such as
insulated fire-resisting partitions, cavity barriers, specialist fire-stopping of gaps in the
structures with good proven fire performance properties, are built into the fabric of a
building. Passive fire protection not only maintains the stability of a building‟s structure
during fire, they provide stability and separate the building into areas of manageable risk
(Fire Compartments). These are designed to keeps escape routes safe and helps isolate and
limit fire, heat, and smoke allowing the occupants to escape and the fire fighters to do their
job safely. Like these protection is either by the materials which the building structures were
constructed or, have been added to restore or establish the fire integrity.
Space, and the cost of providing space, for plant and building services distribution is at a
premium and designers often come under pressure to reduce the spatial requirements for
building services installations. In order to discharge their obligations, designers must take
considerable care to provide safe means of access issues should be maintained throughout the
design stage.
To consider access needs effectively, first designers need to understand the installation and
maintenance work required in the building that is designing.in addition, there required to be
an awareness of the legislative requirements that a design may impose on their installer and
end user.
The lack in provision of safe access for maintenance could result in a greatest likelihood of
cutting corners or omitting maintenance and repair activities. This, in turn, could result in
building services failures that could adversely affect safety, compliance and productivity.

As the design develops and detailed, new health and safety risks are likely to be identified
and introduced to the design. However the needs for all design stages are the same, i.e.
 Identifying of the significant health, safety hazards and risks.

 Provide adequate regard to the principles of risks control.
Health requirements
Ventilation and thermal comfort

Effective and appropriate requirements shall be prepared for securing and maintaining
adequate ventilation in each office room by the circulation of fresh air. The minimum fresh
air required in a work room where there are no contaminants to be removed from air shall be
such to effect at least three air changes per hour.
Where the natural ventilation through windows, doors and other openings in found to be
inadequate, mechanical ventilation either by exhaust of air or by positive ventilation or a
combination of these two shall be provided.
The following methods are recommended for controlling temperature.
a) Isolation
Locate heat producing equipment such as furnaces so as to expose only a small
number of workers to the hot environment. Where conceivable, enclose the work
areas and supply conditioned air to enclosures.
b) Insulation
Insulation of the roof and providing ceiling would be very effective in controlling
heat. A good result could also be reached by painting roof sheets with heat reflective
shades.
In addition, hot surfaces of equipment such as pipes and vessels may also be insulated to
reduce heat absorption.

Integrated working
Projects commonly accrue maximum benefit when they are developed by an integrated team.
The inclusion of all parties in the process of hazard elimination and risk mitigation will be
highly beneficial.
It is not always possible to achieve the required degree of integration, particularly when the
design is well developed before the appointment of the contractor. It is important that
designers check whether they have the experience and knowledge to appreciate the relevant
issues that will arise during construction, use, maintenance or decommissioning and which
may be influenced at the design stage.
Transportation of equipment
When in transportation of equipment to work site, it needs to be careful evaluation with
respect to road restrictions that may limit the size and weight of components. This may
require equipment being specified in component form for assembly on site. And these road
restrictions should be checked with the related authorities.
What is a safety sign?
The Regulations cover a variety of communicating health and safety information. The terms
that used in the regulations mean the following:
a) Safety/ health sign – a sign providing information or instruction about safety or health
at work by means of a signboard, a color, an illuminated sign or acoustic signal, a
verbal communication or hand signal;
b) Signboard – a sign which provides information or instructions by a combination of

shape, color and a symbol or pictogram which is rendered visible by lighting of
sufficient intensity. In practice, many signboards may be accompanied by
supplementary text, eg „Fire exit‟, alongside the symbol of a moving person.
Signboards can be of the following types:
This health and safety issue can be achieved by controlling both exposure to hazardous
substances and risks to physical health. Displaying signage is a legal requirement and plays a
critical role in reducing potential dangers on building and construction sites.

Warning signs
Prohibition sign - a sign that use to prohibiting behavior that makes to

increase or cause danger. (e.g.: „prohibited to access for unauthorized
persons‟)
Waning sign – a sign use to make warning of a danger. (e.g.: „danger:

electricity shock risk.‟)
Mandatory sign – a sign use to suggest specific behavior.
Emergency escape/ first aid sign – a sign use to provide information on

emergency exists or first aid. (e.g.: „emergency exist‟)
Figure 11
 Safety color – a color to which a specific significance is assigned (e.g. yellow means
„be careful‟ or „take precautions‟)
 Symbol or pictogram –This is for use on a signboard or illuminated sign (e.g. the
trefoil ionizing radiation warning sign)
 Illuminated sign – a sign made of transparent or translucent materials which are
illuminated from the inside or the rear to give the appearance of a luminous surface
(e.g. emergency exit signs);
 Acoustic signal – a sound signal which is transmitted without the use of a human
voice or artificial voice (e.g. a fire alarm);
 Verbal communication – a method of fixed spoken message communicated by a
human or artificial voice.

Figure 12

5.3
Commissioning works of a building
Traditionally, the responsibility for commissioning of buildings has been distributed among
parties forming a project team. There are few cases where a single entity has been made
clearly responsible for detailed coordination of the process from determining the owner‟s
specific requirements through to follow up testing after full occupation. The complexity of
building systems, particularly those related to life safety, environmental quality and energy
efficiency give the commissioning process increasing importance. There is widespread
concern about the need to clarify contractual obligations and to review the adequacy of the
commissioning process for buildings. The present system is normally considered to be
insufficient and a managed commissioning team approach must be adopted.
Commissioning is a process of achieving, verifying and documenting the performance of

building systems to meet the owner‟s functional criteria, and operational needs of the
building, as may be defined in the design documentation.
Project commissioning is the process of assuring that all systems and components of a
building or industrial plant are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according
to the operational requirements of the owner or final client. In practice, the commissioning
process comprises the integrated application of a set of engineering techniques and
procedures to check inspect and check every operational component of the project, from
individual functions, like equipment and instruments, up to complex amalgamations such as
modules, subsystems and systems.
Understanding that each project is unique, staff takes the following approach:
 Meet with client to determine specific needs and concerns
 Create a customized checklist based on the client‟s needs
 Assemble all information collected during the project‟s planning, design, &
construction.
 Equipment
 Instrumentation

Piping check out

Team will perform a walk down in addition to functionally testing the entire piping system.
Activities include:
 Confirm complete installation of all required parts.
 Perform pressure test
Electrical installations
Electricity board intake
The supply or intake cable may enter building in to two ways
 Underground duct
 Overhead supply
An underground supply is preferred since all of the electrical service is hidden.
After the completion of commissioning stage contractor is liable to re do the damage works
that happen to the building during the defect liability period.
Defect liability period

A defects liability period is a set period of time after a construction project has been
completed during which a contractor has the right to return to the site to remedy defects. A
typical defects liability period lasts for 12 months.
What will be the purpose of a defects liability period?

Defects liability periods - also known as rectification provisions - can be of benefit to both
parties.
For the contractor, it is likely to be more economical and efficient for it to carry out remedial
works itself than to pay the costs of another contractor hired by the employer. From the
employer's viewpoint, it will not essential to hire an alternative contractor to carry out the
work, or to carry out the work itself and reclaim the cost. The employer will also not run the
risk that any warranties provided by the original contractor may be affected by a third party
carrying out works on the site.

To rectify defects, if there is contractual right for the contractor and the employer also doesn‟t
report the contractor that rectification is needed or refuses access to the site, then the
employer may be in breach of contract. Case law illustrates, still, that the contractor will not
normally be 'let off the hook' if this happens. The client will still have a claim for the charge
of repairing the defects, but the claim is likely to be limited to the amount it would have cost
the original contractor to carry out the works. It will not be capable to claim for remedial
works or working ways found not to be strictly necessary.
Therefore employer should provide careful attention to the provisions in the contract before
hiring a new contractor to carry out remedial works. This is important, if the contract advices
that the employer must notify the original contractor that remedial works are required before
it can make a claim for recovery of any costs of rectification.

5.4
Building maintenance
Building maintenance accomplishes common repairs to buildings and preventive
maintenance of systems and equipment.
The maintenance department is focused on helping the university to fulfill its mission of
teaching, research and public engagement. The department prioritizes its work with the
mission of the university in mind at all times.
The department works together with campus departments and colleges to assure that the best
environment for teaching and research is provided for. This department is not supported for
maintaining all the facilities on campus. By the division of responsibility in this section to
learn why other campus units and this department work in partnership.
The key concern of maintenance is to ensure a building and its services can perform its
designed functions for the desired period of time with a high degree of reliability. Due regard
should be paid to the overall economics of the maintenance operatives and safety of persons
working in the building. The key objectives of maintenance include:
 To preserve buildings, its components and services in good condition.
 To restore buildings and its constituent services to original standards before
deterioration occurred.
 To sustain the value and utility of the building
 To prevent and slow down the rate of deterioration of the structures
 To avoid crisis maintenance by regular and planned maintenance programs.
 To meet statutory requirements for health and safety.

Maintenance makes the necessary impact only if the financial regulator of the building
through correct diagnosis of defects ensures that funds are made available for such a purpose.
Failure to undertake maintenance of a building will ultimately result in reducing the life span
of the building and consequently result in demolition.
There are 8 classification of maintenance.
 Condition based maintenance
 Corrective maintenance
 Planned maintenance
 Predictive maintenance
 Preventive maintenance
 Proactive maintenance
 Reliability centered maintenance
 Value driven maintenance
Factors affecting maintenance decisions

 Cost
 Age of the building
 Urgency
 Availability of resources
 Social and environmental considerations
 Future use

REFERENCES
 https://www.slideshare.net/gauravhtandon1/electrical-systems-in-a-building
 http://www.steelconstruction.info/Service_integration#Internal_distribution_of_servic
es
 http://lbwater.org/sites/default/files/3.0%20Sanitary%20Sewer%20Design%20Criteri
a_v2.pdf
 http://bst1.cityu.edu.hk/e-learning/building_info_pack/bst20317/1.1_1.2-
buildingintegration.pdf
 https://www.safety-in-building-services-design-%20(sample)%20(1).pdf
 http://www.peo.on.ca/index.php/ci_id/22076/la_id/1.htm
 http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/l64.pdf
 http://www.solarmango.com/in/sector/office
 http://www.mfs.sa.gov.au/site/community_safety/commercial/building_fire_safety/fir
e_fighting_systems_and_equipment_in_buildings.jsp
http://www.solarmango.com/in/sector/offices

ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION TRANING ACADEMY

(ACTA)
ASSIGNMENT RECEIPT
Attach this form to your assignment when submitting it to the ACTA Office. Both sections require a signature
from the Participant and an officer from the ACTA Office. Tear off the bottom half and retain for your records
until you receive your final results confirmed by the ACTA.
The ACTA Office accepts no responsibility for assignments submitted after hours, submitted to other staff
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SECTION 1 – ACTA Copy, Attach to the Assignment
Student’s N.M. Athukorala

Student Number ACTA-HND-ETS-GL-0001 Name
Phone No 0771754606 Email nirodhaathukorala@ymail.com
Batch No 04 Semester Semester 03
Unit Title Building Services Engineering

Unit No Unit 09 Technology
Description of work being submitted

Report Floppy CD Others
Student Signature Date
Received By Signature
SECTION 2 – Student’s Copy
Program: Edexcel HND in Quantity Surveying
Student’s
Student Number ACTA-HND-ETS-GL-0001 Name
N.M. Athukorala
Phone No 0771754606 Email nirodhaathukorala@ymail.com
Batch No 04 Semester Semester 03
Unit Title Building Services Engineering

Unit No Unit 09 Technology
Description of work being submitted

Report Floppy CD Others
Student Signature Date
Received By Signature

BTEC HND Assignment Cover Advanced Construction Training

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BTEC HND Assignment Cover Advanced Construction Training

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Advanced Construction Training

CODE 23054Z LEVEL H1

Name of the Student N.M. Athukorala

Name of the Assessor Mr. P.S. Sameera Madushan

Semester/Batch No. Batch 04- Semester 04 Centre Ref. No.:

Learning Outcomes: Los 1, 2, 3,4,5 E-mail: nirodhaathukorala@ymail.com

Assignment Title: Assignment 01/02

Assessment Feedback (Summative Comments*) Y/N

Assessor Signature: IV Name : Final Grade :

Student Agreement: Student Signature:

Criteria P4.3 P5.1 P5.2 P5.3 P5.4

Declaration of Academic Honesty

Student's Full Name: Edexcel No. Centre Ref. No.

Declaration (Insert YES or NO)

3. I confirm that I have clearly indicated, by referencing, where I have used

Assignment review/clearing of any doubts

Complete Task 2,3,5 (Draft to be discussed with

Complete Task 1,4 (Draft to be discussed with

Complete/Submit the final Assignment (Task

Task 5 ................................................................................................................................. 103

Answer ............................................................................................................................ 105

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 122

N.M. Athukorala Page | 14

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Index Number of bays Span Number of Floor to

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N.M. Athukorala Page | 20

According to the index no,

This is an office building which is located in Colombo area.

Population density = 9 – 10 m2/person

No. of persons in the building = (432 / 10) x 30

Provision of cold water to cover 24 hour interruption of water supply

Provision of cold water supply for the building = 9.25 x 1296

N.M. Athukorala Page | 21

Assuming main supply pressure = 300 KPa

Assume minimum available head = 6m

N.M. Athukorala Page | 22

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Water supply system

N.M. Athukorala Page | 24

For pipe no. 01:

No. of sanitary appliances in a floor,

Sanitary appliance Male Female

Water closets (WC‟s) 2 3

Loading units on pipe no. 01 = (loading unit x no. of appliances)

N.M. Athukorala Page | 25

N.M. Athukorala Page | 26

Length of pipe equal to all resistances,

N.M. Athukorala Page | 27

Loss of head (m/ m run),

N.M. Athukorala Page | 28

Total head consumed,

N.M. Athukorala Page | 29

For pipe no. 02:

N.M. Athukorala Page | 30

For pipe no. 02: (New)

N.M. Athukorala Page | 31

Total head consumed,

N.M. Athukorala Page | 32

For pipe no. 03: