Un

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Pocket guide
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n Marine Training Services
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ib
ite
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Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 First published by Lloyd’s Register, 2009

Third Edition

1
02
© Lloyd’s Register, 2014

r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
h t©
rig
This pocket guide is intended to be used as an aid to identifying

py
damage for participants of the Hull Inspection Damage and Repair
Co
training course.
d.
ite
ib

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reduced,

oh

sorted in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by

pr

any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or

n
io

otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.

ut
rib
st

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way
di

of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise

or

circulated without the publishers prior consent in any form of

n
tio

binding or cover other than that in which it is published and

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without similar condition including this condition being imposed on

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the subsequent publisher

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re
ed

Lloyd’s Register Group Limited, its affiliates and subsidiaries and their respective
ris

officers, employees or agents are, individually and collectively, referred to in

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this clause as ‘Lloyd’s Register’. Lloyd’s Register assumes no responsibility and

ut

shall not be liable to any person for any loss, damage or expense caused by
a
Un

reliance on the information or advice in this document or howsoever provided,

unless that person has signed a contract with the relevant Lloyd’s Register
entity for the provision of this information or advice and in that case any
responsibility or liability is exclusively on the terms and conditions set out in
that contract.

2
 Contents

Contents

1
02
r2
5 - Hull damages and defects 5

te
gis
1. Overload 6

Re
2. Inappropriate design 7

’s
yd
3. Poor workmanship 8

Llo
4. Fatigue by vibration 9

t©
5. Extensive wear and tear 10

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rig
py
6 - Considerations when dealing Co
d.
with damages 11
ite
ib

1. Fatigue 12
oh

2. Corrosion under stress 13

pr
n

3. Progress of corrosion 14
io
ut

4. Humidity and heat 15

rib
st

5. Age of ship 16
di

6. Stress concentration factor 17

or
n
tio
uc

7 - Stress concentrations 19
od

1. Hard point 20
pr
re

2. End of bracket 25
ed
ris

3. Change of section 29
ho

4. Change of thickness 31
ut
a

5. Openings 33
Un

6. Misalignment 36
7. Three planes 40

3
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

5(+1) - Measures to improve fatigue life 43

1
02
1. Fit/extend bracket 44

r2
2. Full penetration weld 45

te
gis
3. Increase thickness of bracket at end 46

Re
4. Improve taper of the face bar 47

’s
yd
5. Reduce thickness of the face bar 48

Llo
(+1) Fix the end of the stiffener 49

h t©
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
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io
ut
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st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
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ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

4
 5 - Hull damages and defects

5 - Hull damages and defects

1
02
r2
1. Overload

te
gis
Re
2. Inappropriate design

’s
yd
Llo
3. Poor workmanship

t©
h
rig
4. Fatigue by vibration
py
Co
d.
5. Extensive wear and tear
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

5 5
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

1. Overload

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc

In case of overload the repairs will consist of crop and

od

renew according to original plans. In the case of overload

pr
re

due to heavy weather, re-design should be considered.

ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

6
 5 - Hull damages and defects

2. Inappropriate design

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc

Crack initiated at change of section of face plate.

od

In cases of inappropriate design, the structure should be

pr
re

re-designed to reduce loading.

ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

7
 Un
a

8
ut
ho
ris
ed
re

Re-work.
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
3. Poor workmanship

st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 55 -- Hull
Hull Damages
damages and
and Defects
defects

4. Fatigue by vibration

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc

Left hand picture shows cracks in bottom shell of a ro-ro

od

ship above the propeller.

pr
re
ed

Right hand picture shows repairs and structural

ris
ho

modification on the inside of the hull.

ut
a
Un

Design investigation leading to re-design.

9
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

5. Extensive wear and tear

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc

Solution depends on vessel age and extent of damage.

od

Possible solutions include crop and renew, prep and re-coat.

pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

10
 6 - Considerations when dealing with damages

6 - Considerations when dealing with damages

1
02
r2
1. Fatigue

te
gis
Re
2. Corrosion under stress

’s
yd
Llo
3. Progress of corrosion

t©
h
rig
4. Humidity and heat

py
Co
d.
5. Age of ship
ite
ib
oh

6. Stress concentration factor

pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

11 11
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

1. Fatigue

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc

Fatigue fracture of a crank shaft.

od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

12
 Un
aut

13
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
rib
2. Corrosion under stress

ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
6 - Considerations when dealing with damages

r2
02
1
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

3. Progress of corrosion

1
02
r2
te
Real rate of corrosion

gis
Corrosion

Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
Theoretical rate of corrosion

h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut

Time
rib
st
di
or
n
tio

Inspections would be simple if the rate of corrosion

uc
od

was linear, however the real rate of corrosion tends to

pr
re

accelerate over time.

ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

14
 6 - Considerations when dealing with damages

4. Humidity and heat

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
ht©
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib

Water
Waterballast
Ballasttank
tank
oh
pr
n
io
ut

In general heat and humidity affects tanks above the load

rib

line most.
st
di
or
n

• Fore peak
tio
uc

• Deep tanks
od

• Side tanks
pr
re

• Tween deck tanks

ed

• Top side tanks

ris
ho

• Tanks adjacent to Fuel Oil heated tanks

ut

• Ballast tank adjacent to heated cargo tanks

a
Un

The only solution to prevent this corrosion is the adequate

maintenance of the coating.

15
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

5. Age of ship

1
The age of the ship is one of the most important factors

02
r2
to be considered when selecting a suitable repair. The

te
gis
same defect may have different treatment depending on

Re
the ship’s age.

’s
yd
Llo
When there is a damage to a ship the ship’s age gives us

t©
information about the actual levels of stress that have

h
rig
contributed to the failure.

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Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

16
 6 - Considerations when dealing with damages

6. Stress concentration factor

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
The stress concentration factor in a given area is measured
ite
ib

by the ratio (SCF) between the maximum stress and the

oh

nominal stress in surrounding structure.

pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

17
 Un
aut

18
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 7 - Stress concentrations

7 - Stress concentrations

1
02
r2
1. Hard point (more than 80mm from structure)

te
gis
Re
2. End of bracket

’s
yd
Llo
3. Change of section

t©
h
rig
4. Change of thickness

py
Co
d.
5. Openings
ite
ib
oh

6. Misalignment
pr
n
io
ut

7. Three planes
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

19 19
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

1. Hard point (more than 80mm from structure)

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©h
rig
Hard point

py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

20
 7 - Stress concentrations

Solution1 - Extend Bracket to Stiffener

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
Extend the bracket

py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

21
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

Solution 2 - Support underneath - Longitudinally

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
Fit a longitudinal support

h
under the toe of the bracket

rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

22
 7 - Stress concentrations

Solution 3 - Support underneath - Transversely

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
Fit a transverse support

h
under the toe of the bracket

rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

23
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

Solution 4 - Pad

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
Fit a reinforcement pad

h
rig
under the toe of the bracket

py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

24
 7 - Stress concentrations

2. End of bracket

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

Examine both the toe and the heel (if present) of

bracket. A crack can initiate at either location, but
not both.
25
 Un
aut

26
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
Solution 1 - Fit bracket

di
st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 Un
aut

27
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
Solution 2 - Softer toe

di
st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
7 - Stress concentrations

r2
02
1
 Un
aut

28
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
rib
ut
io
n
Solution 3 - Fit bracket on reverse

pr
oh
ib
ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 7 - Stress concentrations

3. Change of section

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
h t©
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di

Or
or

Crack in upper deck

n
tio

Cut for side ladder

uc
od
pr
re

Crack in shell
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

29
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

Solution 1 - Fit bracket

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
h t©
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st

Solution 2 - Soften the change in section

di
or

Weld crack in upper deck

n
tio
uc

• New insert with double curvature radius

od

• Increase thickness
• Improve grade
pr
re
ed

Weld crack in shell

ris
ho
ut
a
Un

30
 Un
aut

31
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
4. Change of thickness

rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
7 - Stress concentrations

r2
02
1
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

Solution - Insert an intermediate thickness

1
02
r2
Diminish the thickness difference and make the transition

te
as gradual as possible, in the order of 3:1 or 4:1

gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n

Insert an intermediate thickness plate when the difference

io
ut

in thickness is more than about 1.5-2 times. Otherwise,

rib
st

improve the transition to 4-5:1 by chamfering.

di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

32
 Un
aut

33
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od 5. Openings
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
7 - Stress concentrations

r2
02
1
 Un
aut

34
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
rib
ut
io
Solution 1 - Close the opening

n
pr
oh
ib
ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 7 - Stress concentrations

Solution 2 - Increase the radius

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc

If a flange is present on the opening (as above) increasing

od

the flange thickness in addition to increasing the radius

pr
re

will also reduce the stresses.

ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

35
 Un
aut

36
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
6. Misalignment

or
di
st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 7 - Stress concentrations

Solution 1 - Full penetration weld

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n

Changing the fillet weld to a full penetration weld (right

tio
uc

hand example) allows better continuity of the stresses

od

through the misalignment.

pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

37
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

Solution 2 - Thicker insert

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n

A thicker insert will also allow for better continuity of the

tio
uc

stresses through the misalignment. Care should be taken

od

to chamfer the thicker plate to minimise the effect of the

pr
re

change of thickness.
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

38
 7 - Stress concentrations

Solution 3 - Re-align

1
02
r2
Re-alignment of structure in existing ships is never

te
recommended as it will require a great deal of work to

gis
Re
disconnect adjoining structure, and will induce other

’s
yd
misalignments in the vicinity.

Llo
t©
Full penetration weld and a thicker insert will always be

h
rig
easier and cheaper.

py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

39
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

7. Three planes (crack always on fillet weld)

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

40
 7 - Stress concentrations

Solution 1 - Fit bracket (no scallop) in line with the plane

1
on the other side

02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
ht©
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

41
 Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

Solution 2 - Close scallops (where bracket is already fitted)

1
02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
ht©
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

42
 5 (+1) - Measures to improve fatigue life

5(+1) - Measures to improve fatigue life

1
02
r2
1. Fit / extend bracket

te
gis
Re
2. Full penetration weld

’s
yd
Llo
3. Increase thickness of bracket at end

t©
h
rig
4. Improve taper of the face bar

py
Co
d.
5. Reduce thickness of the face bar
ite
ib
oh
pr

(+1) Fix the end of the stiffener

n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

43 43
 Un
aut

44
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
1. Fit / extend bracket

di
st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 5 (+1) - Measures to improve fatigue life

2. Full penetration weld for about 250-300mm at the

1
end of the bracket

02
r2
te
gis
Re
’s
yd
Llo
t©
h
rig
py
Co
d.
ite
ib
oh
pr
n
io
ut
rib
st
di
or
n
tio
uc
od
pr
re
ed
ris
ho
ut
a
Un

45
 Un
aut

46
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
rib
ut
io
n
pr
oh
ib
3. Increase thickness of bracket at end

ite
Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

d.
Co
py
rig
h t©
Llo
yd
’s
Re
gis
te
r2
02
1
 Un
aut

47
ho
ris
ed
re
pr
od
uc
tio
n
or
di
st
rib
ut
io
n
4. Improve taper of the face bar

pr
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5 (+1) - Measures to improve fatigue life

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48
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5. Reduce thickness of the face bar

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Hull Inspection, Damage and Repair

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 5 (+1) - Measures to improve fatigue life

(+1) Fix the end of the stiffener

1
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Care needs to be taken not to induce new hard points.

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In this case the ends of the new bracket are directly above
under-deck stiffeners.

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Notes

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Co
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