Topographical Surveys - Development of Contour Plans - Presentation

Topographical Surveys : Development of Contour Plans
Maj Gen (Dr) B.Nagarajan
Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

An DDAG, AFA initiative
Introduction
• Tunnelling and its alignment depends mainly on the topography of
the area.
• Topographical maps precisely surveyed on scales of 1: 50000 and
1:25000 are available in both analogue and digital form, from Survey
of India. The topographical details and contours available on these
maps can be used for preliminary planning.
• However, for precise planning of points of entrance and exit to the
tunnels and for its accurate alignment, both horizontal and vertical,
one needs to think of preparing large scale maps say in 1:5000 or
larger depending upon the details required to be mapped.

Tunnel alignment as well as its gradient
• Horizontal alignment along which the centre line runs

( for this you need precise point positioning in an understandable reference system)
• Vertical alignment depending on the changes in the elevation of the
tunnel.
(for this you need a precise contour plans for understanding elevation of the points
on the ground surface and its relation with water flow criterion)
• Minimum gradient value as per standards and recommendation

How do we prepare Precise Contour Plans ?

P (,,H)
Q
(,)

Geoid
• Geoid is approximated by the Mean Sea Level

• But there is variation between Mean Sea Level and Geoid.
• It is called Sea Surface Topography (SST).
• MSL  Geoid  SST ( 1 to 2 metres)

EXISTING & PROPOSED
VERAVAL
MAGDALLA CHANDIPUR GARDEN REACH
DIAMOND HARBOUR
HALDIA
SAGAR
JAIGARH
NIZAMPATNAM
ENNORE AERIAL BAY
BEYPORE PONDICHERRY
ANDROTH
RAMESHWARAM
KANNIYAKUMARI
CAMPBELL BAY
Online
EXISTINGTraining Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling
TIDE GAUGE STATIONS
PROPOSED TIDE GAUGE STATIONS
FLOAT TYPE
TIDE GAUGE
PRESSURE SENSOR
TIDE GAUGE
BEDPLATE
BENCH MARK
HEIGHT OF
HEIGHT OF BENCH HEIGHT OF BENCH BED PLATE
MARK ABOVE TIDE MARK ABOVE ABOVE
GAUGE ZERO MEAN SEA LEVEL ZERO OF
TIDE
GAUGE
WAVEHIGH WATER
MEAN SEA LEVEL

LOW WATER
ZERO OF PRESSURE SENSOR
STILLING WELL

NEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Total levelling (Fore & Back)- 38,460
1500 km
3000 km
3500 km
2000 km
2000 km
LEVELLING (F&B) COMP.

GRAVITY
FORE LEVELLING COMP.

FS
BS
3.000 1.000
100.000 m

BS
IS IS
IS
3.0 6.0
5.5 1.0 3.0
IS 6.0
BS BS
1.5 2.5 FS
4.0
TBM 2.0
FS 3B
60 S 1A 2C
2A 4A C
AOD CHANGE POINT CHANGE POINT
CHANGE POINT B
A
2B
3A

CLASSIFICATION OF LEVELLING
1.High Precision / Precision Levelling

3mm * k where ‘k’ is the distance in
Kms
2.Secondary Levelling
6mm * k
3.Double Tertiary Levelling

12mm * k
4.Single Tertiary Levelling

24mm * k
RELIEF REPRESENTATION
• Contouring
• Form Lining
• Layer Colouring
• Hill Shading
• Hachuring

EARTH SURFACE
h H
GEOID
h
N
N
ELLIPSOID
N+H=h
N – IS THE GEOIDAL SEPARATION WHICH VARIES
H – IS ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT
h – IS THE ELLIPSOID ELEVATION
To Convert h to H you need N.

The Accuracy of Elevations
Depend on An how well
DDAG, AFA you know N.
initiative
Determination of Heights and Geoid
◼ GPS yields 3-D coordinates that can be transformed into

ellipsoidal longitude  , latitude , and height h.
◼ The relation between

◆ h Ellipsoidal Height from GPS observations
◆ H Ortho-metric height from spirit leveling
◆ N Geoid height from a geoid computation
h = N+H

MSL & Ellipsoidal Heights
A
h1 B
h2
H2
H1
MSL
h2 > h1
H1 > H2 ELLIPSOID

What is a Digital Elevation Model (DEM)?
▪ Digital representation of topography

▪ Model based on scale of original data
▪ Commonly a raster dataset
▪ Cell based data where a cell has a single elevation
which represents the entire area covered by the cell

Why use elevation data in a GIS?
▪ Easy to use
▪ Importance of terrain in hydrology and
environmental modeling
▪ Visualization of landscapes

Creation of DEMs
▪ From ground surveys – using Levelling/total
station
▪ From space based methods like GPS, ALTM

etc.,
▪ From original photogrammetry
▪ From Space Shuttle topography mission

Hydrologic functions on DEMs
▪ Modeling hydrologic function from the topographic

form of a drainage basin
▪ Determining the drainage network and associated
drainage divides
▪ Estimating slopes for understanding drainage
patterns and processes

Flow Direction
▪ Useful for finding drainage networks and drainage divides

▪ Direction is determined by the elevation of surrounding cells
▪ Water can flow only into one cell
▪ Water is assumed to flow into one other cell, unless there is a sink
▪ GIS model assumes no sinks

Flow accumulation as drainage network
Drainage network as
defined by cells above
threshold value for
region.


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Topographical Surveys : Development of Contour Plans

Maj Gen (Dr) B.Nagarajan

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

• Horizontal alignment along which the centre line runs

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

• Geoid is approximated by the Mean Sea Level

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

ENNORE AERIAL BAY

MEAN SEA LEVEL

ZERO OF PRESSURE SENSOR

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

LEVELLING (F&B) COMP.

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

1.High Precision / Precision Levelling

3.Double Tertiary Levelling

4.Single Tertiary Levelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

To Convert h to H you need N.

◼ GPS yields 3-D coordinates that can be transformed into

◼ The relation between

◆ H Ortho-metric height from spirit leveling

◆ N Geoid height from a geoid computation

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

▪ Digital representation of topography

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

▪ From space based methods like GPS, ALTM

▪ From original photogrammetry

▪ From Space Shuttle topography mission

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

▪ Modeling hydrologic function from the topographic

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

▪ Useful for finding drainage networks and drainage divides

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

Online Training Program on Tunnels & Tunnelling

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