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Acknowledgement
I bring back all glory and thanks to God Almighty for showering upon me the
necessary wisdom and grace for accomplishing this Organic Chemistry Laboratory
Manual.

I am grateful to my parents and friends for the support and guidance that
contributes to the success of this.

I am also thankful to our department head Ms. Kimberly Jean Surmion, RPh and
to our instructor, Mrs. Kenny Shane Alojado-Emboltorio, RPh for the encouragement to
finish this manual.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Table of Contents-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Activity 1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-6
Activity 2-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7-9
Activity 3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-11
Activity 4-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12-14
Activity 5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15-16
Activity 6-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Activity 7-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18-19
Activity 8-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20-21
Activity 9-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22-23
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ACTIVITY 1

NAME: Mae Ann B. Dela Gracia

COURSE/YEAR/SECTION: BS Pharmacy 1B

BRIEFLY ANSWER EACH ITEM *3PTS EACH

1. What is the function of adding boiling chips to the liquid before heating?

In distillation and heating, boiling chips are widely used. A particle of dust or a stirring rod can
create severe flash boiling when a liquid becomes superheated. The nucleation sites provided
by boiling chips ensure that the liquid boils smoothly without getting superheated or bumping.

2. Describe super heating

The phenomena of superheating, also known as boiling retardation, boiling delay, or

effervescence, occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature above its conventional boiling
point without actually boiling.

3. If a liquid boils at a constant temperature over the whole range, could you conclude that it

pure?

Yes. I could conclude that it is pure because Azeotropes are solutions that boil at a constant
temperature like a pure liquid and have the same composition in the liquid and vapour states.
As a result, fractional distillation cannot separate the components of azetropes.

4. Why is cold water circulated through a condenser form the lower to the upper end?
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In order to fill the condenser completely, water must enter from the bottom. Water that enters
from the top drains from the bottom, never filling the container. To enhance heat transfer for
condensation, a complete condenser is required.

5. Could you record the correct boiling point if the thermometer tip is immersed into the liquid?

Yes. As it is heated molecules do move faster,further apart and taking more room in a thin tube.

6. Define theoretical plate .

Theoretical plate height is a measure of the separating efficiency of a column analogous to the
number of separating plates in a liquid distillation column.

Source: Science Direct. (2010) Instrumentation Reference Book (Fourth Edition),Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/theoretical-plate

7. Describe the principle of steam distillation

Steam distillation is carried out by passing dry steam through the plant material whereby the
steam volatile compounds are volatilized, condensed and collected in receivers. Steam
distillation has been in use for essential oil extraction for many years.

Source: Science Direct(2003) Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition)
Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/
steam-distillation

8. How does the size of crystals depend on the rate of cooling of the solution?

The quicker a substance cools, the smaller the crystals will form because the molecules within
that substance have a shorter time to arrange into a fixed, ordered pattern.

Source: Cornell University (2015). Igneous Rocks: Crystallization and Cooling Rate. Retrieved
from https://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/11/Igneous_Rocks.pdf

9. What is the effect of impurities on the melting point of the compound?

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The presence of impurities in a substance results in a lower melting point due to a process
called melting point depression. Melting point depression is the reason why adding salt to
frozen streets helps to melt the ice.

Melting point depression occurs due to the nature of a material's solid state.

Source: Mahindaratne M.,(2016) Effect of Impurities on Melting Point. Retrieved from

https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/61883/effect-of-impurities-on-melting-point/
65399#:~:text=The%20presence%20of%20impurities%20in%20a%20substance%20results%20in
%20a,of%20a%20material's%20solid%20state.

10. During recrystallization the solution should not be suddenly cooled in ice. Why?

Because the rate of crystallization slows as the temperature drops, an ice bath should only be
used until crystals start to form; once they do, the solution should be allowed to return to
ambient temperature so crystal formation can take longer.

Source: WiredChemist.com(2012). Recrystallization. Retrieved from

https://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/instructional/laboratory-tutorials/recrystallization
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ACTIVITY 2
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ACTIVITY 3
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ACTIVITY 4
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ACTIVITY 5
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ACTIVITY 6
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ACTIVITY 7
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ACTIVITY 8
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ACTIVITY 9
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