UNIT 3

PROCESSES

Processes :

According to S. Handayaningrat in his book entitled "Introduction to Study and

Administration" argues that the process is a series of stages of activities ranging from
determining targets to achieving goals (S. Handayaningrat, 1988: 20)

Meanwhile, according to JS Badudu and Sutan M Zain dictionary Indonesian, "The

process is the course of an event from start to finish or still running on an act, work and
action". (JS Badudu and Sutan M. Zain 1996; 1092).

In engineering, processes are sequences of implementation or interrelated events

which together transform input into output. This implementation can be done by humans,
nature, or machines using various resources.

Family Word

Process (verb) :

(+) Smart people can process information in a short time

(-) Smart people cannot process information in a short time

(?) Can smart people process information in a short time?

Process (noun) :

(+) The director stops the shooting process because of the storm

(-) The director doesn’t stop the shooting process because of the storm

(?) Does the director stop the shooting process because of the storm?

Processed (adj) :

(+) Sausage is processed meat that is often consumed by Indonesian people

(-) Sausage isn’t processed meat that is often consumed by Indonesian people

(?) Is sausage processed meat that is often consumed by Indonesian people?

Question & Answer :

1. What is the definition of processes in engineering?

Answer : In engineering, processes are sequences of implementation or
interrelated events which together transform input into output. This
implementation can be done by humans, nature, or machines using various
resources.
2. What are the type of processes?
Answer : The type of processes are separating and purifying
3. Why separation needs to be done?
Answer : For some purposes such as the synthesis of chemical compounds that
require raw materials for chemical compounds in pure conditions or the process of
producing a chemical compound with high purity, the separation process needs to
be done. An example of the importance of the separation process is in the
processing of petroleum. Petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons. The use
of petroleum-forming hydrocarbons will be more valuable if they have high
purity.
4. Is separation always by heating? What are examples of separation without
heating?
Answer : No, it is not. Separation is not always through heating but also through
other processes such as precipitation, filtration and others. Examples of separation
without heating are filtration, decantation, centrifugation, separating funnels, and
extraction
5. What is the difference between separation and purification?
Answer : In principle, separation is carried out to separate two or more substances
which are intermingled together and purification is carried out to obtain pure
substances from a substance which has been polluted by other substances.

SEPARATING BY HEATING

Chemical engineers sometimes need to separate material mixtures. This is because the
desired material must be produced with unwanted material. Separation of mixtures is done to
separate desired material with undesired material in order that get material as pure as
possible. One example of the mixture of separation that occur naturally is petroleum.
Petroleum means oily liquid that can burn, contains asphalt with various colors, found in the
top layer of the earth, is a mixture of hydrocarbons and other substances, used as a material
for gasoline, kerosene, etc.

Mixed separation is based on the principle that if the liquid mixture is heated, one
solution will quickly boil and this is what is used to separate the liquid mixture. For example
liquid A and B have the same mass, liquid A 50% and liquid B 50%. After being heated will
get 75% gas A and 25% gas B. This proves that liquid A evaporates faster than liquid B.
Liquid A evaporates faster than liquid B because boiling point A is lower than boiling point
B.

In distillation, the liquid is heated until it evaporates then the steam is condensed until
it becomes liquid. Two liquids that are removed through distillation of pure ingredients
usually have different boiling points. But can be obtained near boiling points using more
modern distillation techniques, for example binary distillation.

Discussion

Pair up and discuss :

1. Why do chemical engineers need to separate mixtures of liquids?

Answer : Chemical engineers need to separate mixtures of liquids to recover the
wanted material in as pure a state as possible.
2. What is the principle on which distillation is based?
Answer : It is based on the principle that if a mixture of liquid is heated, some of the
ingredients will evaparate faster than others and this property can be used to effect a
separation.
3. Give an example binary distillation.
Answer : An example is the separation of a mixture consisting of two solutions that
have different boiling points.
4. What kind of liquids are easy to separate by distillation?
Answer : If the pure material have boiling points that differ by considerable amount.

Q&A
1. How many type of separating?
Answer : There are 3 kind of separating.
2. What are the types of separating?
Answer : The types of separating are crystallisation, filtration, and distillation.
3. Why the mixture of substances must be separated?
Answer : The separation process is used to obtain two or more products that are purer
than a mixture of chemical compounds.
4. How is the process of forming petroleum?
Answer : Petroleum is formed from the decomposition of organic compounds from
the bodies of microorganisms millions of years ago on the sea floor or on land. The
remnants of plants and animals are buried by deposits of sand, mud, and other
substances for millions of years and are subjected to natural pressure and geothermal
energy.
5. Why when a mixture of substances is heated one of the substances will evaporate
faster than other substances?
Answer : Because of the influence of the boiling point. Substances with lower boiling
points will evaporate faster than substances with high boiling points.
6. Why do substances with low boiling points easily evaporate?
Answer : Because it is influenced by the attraction between molecules in the
substance. Substances with lower boiling points have weak attractive forces between
molecules so that substance easy to evaporate.
7. Why after being heated, the steam cooled back into liquid form?
Answer : Because of this cooling process, the separation of the mixture occurs. This
process runs continuously and finally we can separate all the compounds in the
mixture.
8. What is the definition of distillation?
Answer : Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from
a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.
9. How do distillation work?
Answer : The mixture of substances is boiled so that it evaporates, and this vapor is
then cooled back into liquid form. Substances that have a lower boiling point will
evaporate first.

10. What are the types of distillation?

Answer : The types of distillation are simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam
distillation, and vacuum distillation.
 11. Why on fractional distillation, the partial separation process is repeated many times?
Answer : Because to get as pure a substance as possible from a mixture whose
components have relatively small boiling points.
12. Why in fractional distillation fractionation column installed on a distillation flask?
Answer : The presence of a barrier in the fractionation column causes the vapor to
boil the same boiling point or a compound whose low boiling point will continue to
rise until it finally condenses and falls as a distillate
13. What is the definition of filtration?
Answer : Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations
that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which
only the fluid can pass.
14. How is the working principle of filtration?
Answer : The basic principle of filtration is very simple, with filtering the solid
molecules that are mixed in the solution, then the level of filtrate purity obtained from
this filtration depends on the quality and pore size of the filter (filter) used.
15. Give en axample of filtration?
Answer : The kidneys are examples of biological filters. Blood is filtered by the
glomerulus. Important molecules are absorbed back into the blood.
16. What is the definition of crystallisation?
Answer : Crystallization is the process of forming solid material from the
precipitation of the solution.

Make sentences
A
1. Commonly : Salt is commonly made by crystallization.
2. Recently : Recently, the issue of global warming is increasingly being discussed.
3. Lastly : Lastly, the boy who crying stop crying after being given candy.
4. Rarely : The boys were dropped out because they rarely entered school.
5. Liquids : Sodium chloride is obtained by reacting sodium hydroxide liquid with
hydrochloric acid liquid.
6. Gases : One sign of a reaction is the appearance of gases.
7. Elements : Elements in the alkaline earth group are generally reactive at standard
temperatures and pressures.
8. Mixtures : Distillation process is used to separate the solution mixture.
9. Distillation : The factory continued to carry out the distillation process for 24
hours.
10. Condensation : Condensation occurs when steam is cooled into liquid.
11. Evaporation : Evaporation can be seen from the gradual loss of fluid when
exposed to significant volumes of gas.
12. Purification : Purificatiob of liquid smoke is very important for the safety of the
liquid smoke, because of content of tar and some carsinogenic substances.
13. Dirty : Dirty clothes in the corner of the room had not been washed for a week.
14. Salty : Seawater feels salty because of the presence of mineral salts obtained from
rocks and earth's crust.
15. Oily : Oily solution must be purified by purification process.
15. Fishy : Fishy on meat can be removed by soaking it in milk.
16. Alcohol : Alcohol can be used as a preservative for animal collections.
17. Oil : Pure oil processing usually includes the separation of materials from residues
followed by cooling.
18. Water : Water in the hydrolysis reaction of carbonic acid acts as a base.
19. Powder : Milk powder is an example of crystallization products.
20. Filtration : Filtered solids from the filtration process are called residues.
21. Oxidation : Bonding in iron metal is an example of an oxidation reaction.
22. Distillation : Distillation carried out continuously aims to get substances as pure
as possible.
23. Crystallisation : Solids are the desired end result in the crystallization process.

B
1. Solvent : According to the coligative nature of the solution, the solvent has more
volume than the solute.
2. Saturated : Water distillation is useful for getting saturated water.
3. Solute : In the process of making vinegar, acetic acid acts as a solute.
4. Impurities : Impurities in coal occur when the coal washing process is not good.
5. Solution : A concentrated solution is a solution with a very large concentration or
solute.
PROCEDURE

1. Filtration
Example : Coconut Milk.
Procedure :
1.) Pry the coconut from the shell, peel the epidermis from the coconut fruit so that it
can produce a white and clean grater.
2.) So that the coconut fruit is easier to grate soak the coconut fruit in boiling water
for 1 minute.
3.) Grate the coconut that has been soaked, Solving the coconut fruit can use manual
grated or grated machine, to make it easier and faster use a grater machine.
4.) Mix the grater with clean or warm water with a mixture of 1: 1. Then filtered.
2. Crystallisation
Example : Snow
Procedure :
1.) Water vapor collects in the atmosphere, a collection of water vapor cools to the
condensation point, and then clumps to form clouds.
2.) Water vapor floats in the air because the mass is much lighter than the air below
it.
3.) After the clump of water vapor continues to increase and the mass gets heavier,
the air below it can no longer hold it back and the clumps fall.
4.) If the temperature of the air below is quite cold, the lumps fall in the form of ice
crystals (snow).
3. Distillation
Example : Eucalyptus oil
Procedure :
1.) Eucalyptus oil leaves are put on a shelf in the boiling kettle and on the bottom of
the kettle filled with water that is burned using a furnace, the kettle is closed so
that the steam does not come out.
2.) Steam from boiled leaves is cooled to become oil that comes out from the
distillation pipe by itself.
3.) Eucalyptus oil is filtered with cotton.
4.) Then, put it in a bottle and close it tightly.