Language Contact:

It occurs when speakers of different language interact and their languages influence each
others. The study of language contact is called “Contact Linguistics”. When speaker of
different language interact closely it is typical for their languages to influence each other.
Language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena, which includes:
 Borrowings,
 Code mixing,
 Code switching.
Borrowing:
A word from one language is adapted for use in another. e.g., Umbrella is an
Italian word that refers to the device used as a protection against rain or sun.
It is common ways that language influence each other is the exchange of words.
When two languages come into contact, they are very likely to influence each
other, no matter if one of the languages has speakers that are politically, etc.
more powerful. Language in contact may influence in each other in various
ways, including through borrowing. Borrowing is a very common source of new
words in languages. Because of its unique position in the highly globalized
word.

Dope Dutch
Lilac Persian
Piano Italian
Pretzel German
Sofa Arabic
Tattoo Tahitian
Tycoon Japanese
Yogurt Turkish
Zebra Bantu
Types of Language Borrowing:
 Loanword.
 Loan-translation.
Loanword:
The word and the meaning are borrowed. e.g., Pajamas- it is Hindi word
that refers to a suit of lose pants.
Loan- translation:
It is a literal word for word translation of both parts of the lending
compound. E.g., a Spanish phrase “el momento de la verdad” is translated
into English as “The moment of Truth”.
 Code Mixing:
Code Mixing is mixing of mostly words, but also phrases, clauses or even
complete sentences of two languages or varieties. A code can be language,
variety or style. If a word from the other code is used in the native language, in
spite of having a word for a concept, is called code mixing. Code mixing in
sociolinguistics can be defined as simply mixing of two or more codes. It is
more common in speech. There can be mixing of two or more varieties of the
same language or of different languages altogether.
Example: Saying ‘tum mera wait karo bahar’ instead of saying ‘ tum mera
intizaar karo bahar’ in Urdu is an example Code mixing.
Code-Mixing is an example of this: the main character in the movie dekhne jaa
rahi thi and the one who met Sudha.

Code Switching:
Alternating between two codes is called Code switching. The a ction of
changing between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of
a single conversation. Code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker
alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a
single conversation or situation.
For example: Tum kl kahaan thi, I wanted to talk with you.
Are we eating chez ta mère demain? (English + French).

There were three types of code switching;

 Inter sentential switching,
 Intra sentential switching,
 Tag- switching,
 Intra- word switching.

1. Inter-Sentential:
In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries
words or phrases at the beginning or end of a sentence. This type is seen most often in
fluent bilingual speakers.
For example: Wo kitaab mujhe mili that you were looking for.

2. Intra-Sentential:
In intra-sentential code switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence,
with no interruptions, hesitations, or pauses to indicate a shift. The speaker is
usually unaware of the shift.
For example: bacche aaj simply good khel rahe hae. Different types of switches
occur within the clause level and within the word level.

3. Tag Switching
This is the switching of either a single word or a tag phrase (or both) from one language to
another. This type is common in intra-sentential switches. It involves the insertion of a tag
from one language into an utterance in another language.
For example: you are from delhi, hai na?