Name : Kristina Jarut

NPM : 18312059

Class : 2018B

Translation Task 2

1. Translation techniques

Translating is decoding a written piece of discourse from the source language according to
our private language but considering the private language of the original writer and the original
context as much as possible, and then coding that piece again according to our corrected-to-an-
extreme vision of the target language and context. A translator always takes the risk of
accidentally inserting source language words, grammar, or syntax into the rendering of the target
language.
a. Borrowing

Borrowing is a translation technique that involves using the same word or expression in the
original text in the target text. Borrowed words or phrases are usually written in italics. It's about
reproducing expressions in the original text as they are. In this sense, it's a translation technique
that doesn't actually translate. Example: The gaucho was wearing a black sombrero and a worn
bombacha.

b. Calque

A calque or borrowed translation is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated
literally word for word. When the translator uses calque, he creates or uses neologisms in the
target language by adopting the structure of the source language. Example: The German word
handball is translated into Spanish as balonmano. Or the English term skyscraper is gratte-ciel in French
or rascacielos in Spanish.

c. Literal translation

Word for word translations can be used in several languages and does not depend on sentence
structure. Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. And just because one sentence can be
translated literally across languages does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally.
Usually this is called a literal or metaphratic translation. This means a word-for-word translation,
reaching the text in the target language that is as true as idiomatic. literal translation can only be
applied to language which is very close to the cultural term. This is acceptable only if the
translated text maintains the same syntax, the same meaning, and the same style as the original
text.

d. Transposition

Transposition involves moving from one grammatical category to another without changing the
meaning of the text. This translation technique introduces changes in the grammar structure. This
is a process in which parts of speech change their order as they are translated

e. Modulation

Modulation is about changing the shape of the text by introducing changes or semantic
perspectives. Through modulation, the translator produces a change in the point of view of the
message without changing the meaning and without causing awkwardness in the target text
reader. It is often used in the same language.

f. Equivalence or Reformulation

This is a translation technique that uses very different expressions to convey the same reality.
Through this technique, the name of the institution, exclamation words, idioms or proverbs can
be translated.

g. Adaptation

Adaptation, also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalence, is a cultural element that
replaces the original text with a text that is more in line with the culture of the target language.
This results in a more familiar and comprehensive text. Adaptation occurs when something
specific to one language culture is expressed in an entirely different way that is familiar or
appropriate to another language culture. This is a shift in the cultural environment.
 2. Bilingual translation

We should clarify the terms through definitions in order to reduce the questions like: What is
bilingualism? Who is a bilingual and who is a true bilingual? The term 'perfectly bilingual'
suggests two things: "the subject speaks both languages equally well”; “the subject has two
mother languages”. However, the first condition is useless in defining bilingualism because it is
impossible to measure whether a person can speak two languages equally well or not due to the
lack of criteria for comparison. When we consider the second condition, the way a language is
acquired becomes increasingly important and at that point the definition of the term 'mother
tongue' needs clarification. It is consider it to be "the language (or language) that the child
acquires by 'immersion', that is, through the natural reaction to the sounds his environment
makes to communicate with him.

There are actually many benefits of being bilingual, such as increased linguistic and
metalinguistic abilities, as well as increased cognitive flexibility such as divergent thinking,
concept formation, verbal skills, and general reasoning. Many people have the ability to learn a
second language. It may be another language in the same country or a completely different
language in another country. Being bilingual offers greater sensitivity to language, more
flexibility in thinking and a better ear for listening. It also improves one's understanding of the
native language. This opens the door to other cultures. In addition, knowledge of other languages
increases career opportunities, offering several job options.

Translation is ideally a matter of bilingualism because it has to do with two languages.

Bilingualism is indeed the ability of an individual to speak two languages at the same level of
competence. It has to do with the acquisition and knowledge of the two languages and this
necessitates bringing the knowledge of the two to the same level.

In bilingualism, there is always the problem of balanced bilingualism, namely the idea of
language domination, because one cannot speak of perfect bilingualism, making it difficult to
evaluate equality as far as translation is concerned. One only needs to measure the dominance of
one language over another.

It is one of the general misconceptions in translation practice that translation is bilingualism and
that every bilingual individual is automatically a translator. Bilingual people interpret words in a
way that is different from the dictionary translations of the same words, and this has a
psychological explanation. To the bilingual, words are commonly used in context, in situations
that are defined both by their physical characteristics and by their habits, attitudes, dispositions,
and intentions towards the words. These cognitive and emotional conditions affect the way
words are interpreted when heard or seen and the meanings given to them.