DIGESTTVE SYSTEM

KEY CONCEPTS
n is
Digestion is the
the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules by the
hclp
o f enzymes so that they could pass through the cell membrane of the wall of the

gut
Out digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the associated digestive glands

Digestion by enzymes acting as biocatalysts.

is a[sisted
differentiated into various regions.
. The alimentary canal is a long tube
. I t starts with the mouth (associated with the lips, tongue and teeth), which opens
into the stomach through oesophagus.
.The stomach continues into
the small intestine which opens into the large intestine

ending at the anus. various

include the salivary glands, liver, pancreas and glands
.The digestive glands
the small intestine.
located in the walls of the stomach and
to facilitate the digestion of food.
These glands secrete various enzymes
absorbed in the intestineitself, and finally gets assimilated.
The digested food is
glucose, etc.
There are tests for different foods like iodine test for starch, Fehling test for

1. Tick mark (V) the correct answers in the following

(a) Saliva contains

(iv) Rennin
Amylase (ii) Pepsin (iii) Lipase
(b) Bile is stored in:
bladder ii) Duodenum (iv) Salivary glands
Liver (i) Gall
(c) Milk contains
iv) Maltose
(i) Glucose (i) Sucrose giy Lactose
Deficiency of calciferol
causes
(d (iv) Beri-beri
(i) Survey Rickets (ii) Anaemia
in blood clotting:
(e) Which of the following helps (iv) lodine
(ii) Sodium
(i) Iron iCalcium
(f) The calorie requirement depends upon:
(ii) Sex
(ii) Nature of work i A l l
i) Age
used for
Incisor teeth are
L y Both (iv) None
(i) Cutting (i) Biting
following is not a biocatalyst:
(h) Which of the
Invertase iEnterokinase (iv) Lipase
) Amylase ii)
89
 2(a si mple and Soluble form uDIth
hepp of
of en
enz
act
where bile and pancreatic juice
i) The part of the gut
Duodenum (ii) Caecum (iv) Rectum
(i) Stomach \i
are deaminated to form
in the liver
0) Excess of amino acids
(ii) Both (iv) None
(i) Glucose Lit) Urea
2. Answer briefly the following

(a) What is digestion ?.

the breakdouon of
6*4**ds44#**
food
food
**4ie****4**d*************°°********°°*idiidjdid

insoluble Substances ane conuested to

she ve complex
ohere ***

Makes foo d soluble

(6) Why is digestion necessary ?.. .
************************ dss**e*d*******d**'dtiti

that be ut+lised by b
and im dTucabe form Can
*************°*******'*****°°*****°***********°°°e******esrd .

poteina ceous bio

(C) What are enzymeS ?... ** ***********

atalys{s which onhan ce the chemical reoctioms A ***********.**********°*** ***************.

takita l a ce fn +he bo dy of ivinA Oqanisms.

Distinguish between the following/pairs on the basis of words iodicated in the
brackets.
(a) Alimentary canal and digestive system (definition)
Alimentary canal| Digestive system
s a vey lon
long All +he OSganS the
9hly coled, muscula a, body of fe mon
ube-Ifue stductuae thathat help in mutaitio

taots as mouth and cotectively ConstitutR

temimates as anus
the digestive System.

(b) Small intestine and large intestine (2 points- size and function)
Small Intestine Large Intestine
1.. *******
T...... *****..

5-6 metaes *********°*****.

5 metae

°°°°°°°°*°*.

Completion of 2.Abso>ptio n
2. ********************************* ********
**********°***°*e*** **°°°
of
***********

digesti on
*****°******
of food***** digested foood
**°°.
****************e**..
4. List the four types of teeth found in humans. State one function of each type:
Names of teeth Function

1. mcSoZS
e****T********e*********** *ssss Cuttt ng

2. 4Hotd mg S4eain
3.
Poemolads Coushing
44*********desassdeddii
aind
4.
Molazs CoUShima Cr li nd

5. Draw a diagram of an incisor tooth of a human being. Label the following parts
crown, enamel, dentine, neck, cement, jaw bone. enome
.... Own
.

Detine
- Blod
..Neevz
Capilio

Root -cement

6. Name these
Jau
bor
(a) 3 digesting glands
)Salivo landS i) GostoiC qlandss PoncYeatica n d S
******o********.*** iii)
.****°**

(b) 4 digestive juices

cogtaiC Ble (iii) ancaeatic iTntestima
G)
(i) ee*****°***oo*** (ii) ° * ° ° ° ° * * ° ° * *
. .
*********°°***°°**** ****************.

(c) 3 pairs of salivary glands

i) Paotid Submand1bula Sel Subli Ua
°°°°°**°°°°°* (ii) e * * * * * * * ° * * . * ° * * * * * * *

intestine
(d) 3 parts of small
Jeiuu .. . (ii) Ileum
) Duodenum (ii) . (ii) *°°°**

(e) 3 parts of large intestine

(i) . c um
Colon .... (iii) Rectum
***************.*****. .. (ii)
(c) 2 Bile pigments
Bi eo din (ii) BT2ubt
i). e **°°°°°*°°°*°*°**°°*°* **°°.

7. State the human dental formula

Human dental formula:.
3
3

91
8. (a) The diagram below represents the alimentary canal of man.

(Teeth Buccal cavity Salivonqland

Tongu Phayn
La syn
dachea
0 Soph aqus

Live Stomach
Cral Bladde Pylooic spincte
Duodenum Fancreas

Colon
Smalintestine
Coecum
VeTidon Rectum
appendix
AnuS
i) Label the pats indicated by guidelines.
i) Complete the following table on the digestion of food
by enzymes.
Region Digestive gland Digestive juice EnzymesFood
acted upon End products
****** Amylase
Saliva Stazch
Mouth Salivary glands o**** e** ****°***| *********. Maitose
Stomach Gastric glands Ccactic
* Pepsin Pootein
********************* s***

***°***********°*** feptides
Duodenum anceas oncoeot CAylopeps
***** Staac Maltose
Srroll******s***.******t***.
ntesfnTntestinal jurfmaltase Maltose
Ileum .. ..... Celuco se
Colon
Larqe intestine
Latqe inteins Absodped
fo
Rectum *********

.
Undiaested
92
 9. Name the digestive juices produced by the following organs of the digestive system
and mention their roles during digestion of the food.

No. Organ Name of the digestive juice Function during digestion

Salivary glands Saliva 5toach-2 Ma to se

Orastd1C Pooteim -> Veptide
Stomach
Pa ncseatrc Starch Maltose
Pancreas
Bile Emulsifi cation of fat
Liver *****°'*************** * ' *

Bile Emulsiffcation of fat

Small Intestine * * * * * * ' * * * * * * * * ° ° ° ' * * ° ° * * * *

10. (a) What are sphincter muscles and how do they work ?
keep he
s O of clesto
musc ****************..
* * * * ° * * * ° ° *

.
* * * * * ° * * ° * ° ° ° * *
**************

close& ac a v a lug
****

mg ike
0pen ********** g.. °°*°*°°°°*°°°
* * ° ° * * * * * * *

mammal where sphincter muscles are

(b) State two regions in the body of a

found.
G tomach
*°°*°*°°****°°°*°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°*°***°**°°*°°°**°*****°****
nto intéstine
to Stomach
i)..
(ii). Oesop haqus * I i:*********
u)ReCtUm

lining ?
produced by the stomach
What is the importance of mucus
(c) food a n d pooteces the
luboic ates the ************.******o** .

of sto mach
inner o***°*
ng * * * * * * e * * * .

muscular layers of the stomach ?

of the
What is the importance
(d)
to stomach, and helps i
lasticity ********

A gives ***********************°°****°°
****

food
churn of
the ****

function of gastric glands in the

stomach 2?
What is the
(e)
IC C and peps 7 (en z r me)
It S e c z e t************°*°**********.*****°*****°°**°*
ec ****1****°"***
********************

the Poote ims

whtch digests * * * * * * * * * * ' .
.

***** * *****
the stomach is acidic or alkaline.
*

in
whether the digestive juice produced
*********oo

State

Acidic
°**°°*°****°*'*°* ***

substance whose digestion begins in the stomach.

Name the food
(g)
Pootein
* * * ****************

to the water in the large intestine ?

What happens
(h) blood
Absodbed... he.
* *'*°°* *********

93-
 11. The diagram below represents a villus in the ileum of a mammal.
(a) Label the parts 1 to 6.

(1) PThelium

.lasies
(2)
(3) aciea

(4) Vem ****

(5)
6) mp.hatiC duc
(b) How is the ileum
structurally adapted for the absorption of food substances ?
vesy*******************
ong hot
***********°°°**. ncTeases SuStce
***********.**° *.********* **.********o******oo*****.
aea and en more m numbeT
(c) Name the three enzymes which are
produced in the ileum.
Amlopsin Tau Steapsim toeopsi
**.
*****

***°**° °.****.

(d) Name the substances absorbed

by means of villi. Maltoy acia
Dioested T*°*******
food ***°*
Lrpose
12. Explain briefly the following :
(a) Peristalsis. . . aocess of wa
*************** *****. of ntzactions
co
+he wall Of ***°**°******°.***°***************
******.* *********
alimentoy COnal
pushmq
the food fov a7d 1S
called
*********************°*****°*************°****°**e*****°o*. ***T*°** Peoista>sis
*********.a*********.*** sssane**.***
(b) Deamination ..EKce ss of amino acids
***********°*°**°**********. aae
moved taom he body
*****************************************.******** by Conves tinq
ammonIO ******°°
and
****** han
********°**************.** *****.
usea
into
*********'**'"*** * .

(c) Digestion-and assimilation onution

o od imio Il.**********°**' ********* of diqes ted
. tne
o*********************************°**************.
vm. .
0top lasm of cells
1S
******°
Called aSSl mi latio- ****'************

(d) Biological catalysts.m e ansS

********* enzy
**"****************
me
(De fine enzy
*** **°*****

mee
''**
.

94
 Vhat is the use
of the following? comvevts
C omverts
Wha

acid in our stomach..

ks qezms
gedm$ and
Hydrochloric
(a) Hy
nzymes pepsinoqen to pepsim ********

'**"''*******.
prevent con¢
Conctpotion
in our diet..
Helps to idenoesde*s**dd4ddsddise

Roughage
(b)
. asu digectio
****°**°°}*************** o*******.
Ond cle anic
*"*****

Suwallowi nq food
(c))Tongue in our mouth.
tee t *°°°*° Valve to
*********
as
CtS
exit of the stomach.
(d) Pylorus at the
. . . u A t a tio n,
vem t pres
sue while
*****'**°* *°°

itnstand
**°***°**°°**°°*e**°*********************e****** ***********°******°**********

the teeth.... the foo d

(e) Enamel on qI ndindg
****** ****os************ *j*

m9. d
.AS. inner lining is
a*surtme****'******* coiled tube. Its
and narrow

intestine) is a very long called villi.

The ileum (small
processes
finger-like
14. number of tiny intestine
produced into
a very large features of the
following
each of the S u s f o c e
(a) Mention the utility of *°*°°*°°*°°°°°*°°°°°*°°*****°°************°**°°°°***°°***°°°***°*°°°* adea *************

Moxe
) Great length . * ° * * * * ° ° ° * ° ° ° ° * * * ° ° * * * ° ° * * * * ° * * ° ° ° * ° ° * ° ° * * * * * * ° * * * ° ° ° ° * * ° * e * * * * * * *

foo d
e******oo*****oo*****e*****°*****°*****°°*****°°***********°**°**********.
ud mo ve
ment of ****o***
************
ForSlo

Narrow
diameter . ** *°°°°**°*°************°********°°°°°**************e
o l l o u w
(ii) . b O p t t o
azea
fox
****°°°°****°°**** Su stace
°*°**°*°°°**°****°*******eo****°****.
* * * * * **********° eaS
projections
(villi)... ***
Internal **°*******°*°e*******e*oa* ****°******

(ii)
°*****°°*****°°*******°°
on starch.
a b s o p t i o n

e e * * * * * * *

action of salivary amylase

*********.*
* demonstrate
the
to
experiment PDE ****°°***************°********

(b) Suggest
one
Seli a
expeJImet .
41S St * ****"*******

****

the basis of what

is
on
*********************** between
the following
difference

point of
15. Give one
indicated within brackets
which they act best).. ********°****"

(medium
in
and Trypsin ******

(a) Pepsin
A C i d i C

Pepsi ...,..
A ..e
l k a**°°*°*********'**********************************************
line
"*************** *****

PSIn
***°***********************
process).
in the digestive
*a******************'***

function

colon (chief
(b) Ileum and Abso Ptio. * *
., t YY********
.... food. ********°**'* ***

Coneatinq
.*********************|*****

Ieum
C.elon
**************°************* .....
Ab.SO2R.ton..of wate
***********'
********"***°***°****°***********

***'°'******
********
undiqocted imto
* * * * . * * * * * * * * * * * * *

*******

Se mi solid
fae cec.
 Canime
(c) Canine and Incisor (function). .. '***************'****** ***°'****i.

JncisO
* ' * * * * ' * * * * * ' * *
Biting. * *****

*"
****

16 Write brietly
following
about the as specified for each
(a) Carbohydrates (composition)
Cadbon y doqen Oxyqen
* *°°***** ****")
********* ********" ******.

x
****************** Stazclh
* *
* * * .

********

(b) Proteins (usefulness to the body)

B u t l d i . . . .block Of the bod y
**** ****.
***********°"********

(c) Pepsin (its inactive form)

Pepsimoge n
*******

(d) Saliva (function)

Sali vo amy lo se Starch
**°*°°*°°°
Maltose
****

(e) Liver (regulation of blood sugar).

ey et0i in a. excesS glu co sse Eceived and
17. The following paragraph
is related to assimilation df food
by oùf Body.Complete
the paragraph by selecting suitable words from those given in the box. You can
use the term only once.

Hepaticpertal, excess glucose, subcutaneous, amino acids, deanimation, fatty |

aeids, gBycerot, ghyeogen, proteins, lymphatic, abserbed, sarried, empties.
The foods digested and 0.D
.

by the gut ways

are transported in two
Simple sugar, amino acids, vitamins and caddied to the liver
enoti porta minerals steare
by the . Vein. The liver converts any .ucose.. into insoluble
Q which be
can
temporarily stored. The ...P.. ***°°°***** Circulate in the body
and
they serve as building blocks of QMinO acid s The
amino acids cannot
stored. Any excess amino acids
are broken down in
called

the liver by a process

deonim0to in which the
converted into urea for excretion.
nitrogen-containing amin0 group
and

absorbed by
the
ThelOy.c and yCe. absorbeu
gut are
transported mainly through the intestinal villi and h p Syst

-96
 The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system . . into large veins carrying
blood to the heart. Some fats are used in the synthesis of certain compounds in the
body cells. The excess quantity of fat gets deposited chiefly below the skin as
aubctdneoat
18. Underline the odd term in the following:
(a) Intestine, stomach, gall bladder. kidney.
b) Saliva. pancreatic juice, bile juice, blood.
(c) Invertase, amylase, maltase. protease.
(d) Ingestion, excretion, digestion, absorption.
19. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (T/F)
(a) Energy requirement decreases with age.

(b) The fibre content of food is called roughage.

(c) Saliva is stored in the gall bladder.

(d) Pepsin acts in alkaline medium.

*******

(e) The bile makes the food alkaline and emulsifies fat.
* * * * * *

soluble in water.
F
(f)Our body excretes those vitamins which are *****

brick coloured precipitate in glucose.

solution gives
**********

(g) Fehling's
of thiamine causes pernicious anaemia. ******

(h) Deficiency
20
20. Provide scientific terms for the following:
similar.
Homodomt
(a) When all the teeth are

bile is produced.
Lve
organ in which
***********"**.

(b) The
Fat
(c) The component of food
on which lipase acts.

the gut in which water is

absorbed. Colon
(d) The part of
converts trypsinogen into trypsin. Enteokina se
(e) The enzyme which ***'' ******'**"'"*********

21. Fill in the blanks

amin0 acid S
(a) Proteins are made up of * * * * * * * *

acids combine to form

Emulsifed
muls ified fat
(b) Glycerol and fatty
calozPe
value of foods is measured in
(c) Energy
Sali vay
(d) Salivary glands produce Saliva which contains ********* a amy lase
ves
(e) Bile is manufactured in the ..! . . and stored in the.... b l adde

97
 (f) Excess of glucose is converted into . . .
... and stored

S...
)The discharge of undigested food from the body is called ****o***..
tae coaH
tion
(h) A molecule of sucrose is made up of Y and. uctose e
s
i) Pepsin is secreted as inactive ..pep.mqe
) ******.di****° * * * solution is used to test the presence of starch.
22 How do you test a given substance for the presence of each of the followino f
substances ? ood
Foom seltma pd
(a) Test for glucose
**°°°°*

**°°****°***
**

°°°°°°°*°*°°°°°°°°°°°°*°°°*°

********
***°*.

********°**
(b) Test for starch..
*****°*******°.

*** *******

**°°°°°°°*°°°*o°°°°
*************

(c) Test for proteins. **************

***********°*°°°**°.
.********°** °**********|

*********

***°*°°°°°°°°°°°*
*****aa*a**

*********e***°****°** .
d) Test for fats
****************** *******
**************** ao****
********************

***
*a*******

-98