Rules for approximating definite integrals

To evaluate definite integrals of function like

sin 𝑥
, sin 𝑥 , 1 𝑥 , 𝑒
𝑥
We use numerical methods to approximate the integral values
The Trapezoidal Rule

𝑇   𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Δ𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 ⋯ 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

Where Δ𝑥 , 𝑛 even or odd subintervals,

𝑎 𝑥 ;𝑏 𝑥 ,𝑥 𝑥 Δ𝑥
Exp: Use the trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 4 to estimate   𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Compare the estimate with the exact value of the integral.
Solu:
Δ𝑥

𝑇   𝑥 𝑑𝑥
11
𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
24
𝑥 1 ⟹ 𝑓 𝑥 1
𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 2⟹𝑓 𝑥 4
∴𝑇 1 4 5 2.343
The exact value of

  𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2.333 ∎

Simpson's Rule
𝑆   𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥
⋯ 2𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
Where 𝑛 is even subintervals.
Exp: Use Simpson's Rule with 𝑛 4 to approximate   5𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Compare your answer with the exact value.
Solu:
Δ𝑥

𝑆   5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 2𝑓 𝑥 4𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 0⟹𝑓 𝑥 0
𝑥 ⟹ 4𝑓 𝑥

𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 ⟹ 4𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 1⟹𝑓 𝑥 5
∴𝑆 0 5 1.002

The exact value is

  5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1∎
Exp: Use both rules to approximate the integrals below
comparing your answers with integrals exact value.
1.   𝑥 2𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 6

2.   sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 12

3.   𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 6
Application of derivative
The Derivative in Graphing (Curve Sketching)
Critical point, local minimum, local maximum and Inflection point
Exp: Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 3𝑥 1
Solu:
𝑓 𝑥 3𝑥 6𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑥 0⟹𝑦 1 ⟹ 0,1
3𝑥 𝑥 2 0⟹𝑥 𝑥 2 0⟹
𝑥 2⟹𝑦 3 ⟹ 2, 3
0,1 & 2, 3 are critical points
𝑓 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⨁
𝑓 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⊖
𝑓 3 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⨁
𝑥
0 2
+ + + + + + + + 0 – – – – – ––0 + + + + + + + + + + + +

𝑓 is increasing on ∞, 0
𝑓 is decreasing on 0,2
𝑓 is increasing on 2, ∞
0,1 local maximum and 2, 3 local minimum
𝑓 𝑥 6𝑥 6 6 𝑥 1
6 𝑥 1 0⟹𝑥 1 0⟹𝑥 1⟹𝑦 1 ⟹ 1, 1
1, 1 is critical point
𝑓 0 6𝑥 6 ⊖
𝑓 2 6𝑥 6 ⨁
𝑓 is concave down on ∞, 1
𝑓 is concave up on 1, ∞
The inflection point is 1, 1
 ∎
Exp: Sketch the graph
1. 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 6𝑥

2. 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1
3. 𝑦 𝑥 3𝑥 2
Velocity, Speed and Acceleration
𝑠 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 𝑠 𝑡

𝑎 𝑡 𝑠 𝑡 𝑣 𝑡
Exp: Let 𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 6𝑡 be the position function of a particle
moving along an 𝑠-axis, where 𝑠 is in meters and 𝑡 is in seconds.
Find the acceleration when its speed becomes zero.
Solu:
𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 6𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 3𝑡 12𝑡
𝑎 𝑡 6𝑡 12
3𝑡 12𝑡 0 ⟹ 3𝑡 𝑡 4 0 ⟹𝑡 𝑡 4 0
𝑡 0⟹𝑎 0 12
𝑡 4 0⟹𝑡 4⟹𝑎 4 24 12 12 ∎