Calculus

i. Limit and continuity of functions

ii. Derivatives and application of derivative – Tangent and
normal, Rate of change, differentials dy and actual change
Dy. Maxima and Minima of a function.
iii. Antiderivatives (Integrations): rules of Integration, Standard
Integrals, Definite integral as the limit of a sum. Application
to areas under a curve and area between two curves.

Prepared by Er. Alok Sharma

Functions and Graph
• Straight line
• Parabola
• Sine, cosine, tangent
• Exponential and logarithmic
Limits and Continuity of functions
• General concepts of limits
• L’Hôpital’s Rule
• Continuity of functions
i. Draw the graph of: ii. Draw the graph of:
𝑦 = 𝑥 +2 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 −2
𝑦= 𝑦= ( 𝑥 +2)
𝑥 −2 𝑥 −2
𝑦 =𝑥2

What is the equation of this graph?

( 𝑥 +1) 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2
𝑦 =𝑥2 =
( 𝑥 +1) 𝑥 +1
 𝑊ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑡 ?

𝑥−2
• 𝑦= 𝑥 +2
𝑥−2

𝑥−2
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 +2
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
𝑥 2 −4 = 2+2
𝑦=
𝑥 −2
= 4

𝛿 𝛿

𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 ~𝑑𝑥
𝛿 →0
𝐿𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐 𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖 𝑛 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑠 𝑡 𝑠 𝑖 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙 𝑦 𝑖 𝑓
𝑙𝑖𝑚
−
𝑓 𝒙 =𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
+
𝑓 𝒙
𝑥→𝒂 𝑥→𝒂

• 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
−
𝑓 𝒙 = 1. 5
𝑥→2

• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
+
𝑓 𝒙 =1
𝑥→2

• 𝐿𝐻𝐿 ≠ 𝑅𝐻𝐿

• 𝐿𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 =
2 𝑑𝑜𝑒 𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑠 𝑡
Below is the graph of f(x). Determine the values left hand limit and right hand limit of f(x) at
following domains. At which of the following domains limit of f(x) exists?
i . x = −8 i i . x = −2 i i i . x =6 i v . x = 10

Ans.
x LHL RHL
-8 -6 -6
-2 3 8
6 2 5
10 0 0
1. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚| 𝑥 |
𝑥→0

a. 1 b. 0 c. -1 d. 𝑑𝑜𝑒 𝑠 𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑠 𝑡

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
• 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 0
= 𝑥 ( 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 0)
• 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚( −𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥→0
• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚( 𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥→0
• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝐿𝐻𝐿 ( ∴ 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑡 = 0)
 𝑥−2
2. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
𝑥→2 | 𝑥−2|

a. 1 b. -1 c. -2 d. 𝑑𝑜𝑒 𝑠 𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑠 𝑡

• 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = −1
• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 1
• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 ≠ 𝐿𝐻𝐿
( ∴ 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒 𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑠 𝑡 )
3. Le t 𝑓 : 𝑅 →𝑅 be de f i ne d by a. 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖 𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑣𝑒 𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒 𝑟 b. 1
= 0 𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖 𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑣𝑒 𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒 𝑟
c. 0.5
The 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑖 𝑠 :
𝑥→0 d. doe s n′ t e x i s t

• 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 0
• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 0
• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝐿𝐻𝐿
( ∴ 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 0)
 1
4. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑥 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛
𝑥→0 𝑥

a. −∞ b. ∞ c. 0 d. 𝑑𝑜𝑒 𝑠 𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑠 𝑡

1
• 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 𝑖 𝑠 ℎ𝑖 𝑔ℎ𝑙 𝑦 𝑜𝑠 𝑐 𝑖 𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑖 𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
𝑥
𝑜𝑟 𝑖 𝑔𝑖 𝑛
• 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐 𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 𝑔𝑖 𝑛
1 𝑐 𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑒 𝑟 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟 𝑒 𝑑𝑖 𝑐 𝑡 𝑒 𝑑(and not
𝑦 =si n
𝑥 needed
since we are concerned with limits)
• 𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑒 𝑖 𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑡 𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑖 𝑛
𝑏𝑒 𝑡 𝑤𝑒 𝑒 𝑛 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑
• 𝑔𝑟 𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟 𝑜𝑎𝑐 ℎ𝑒 𝑠 0
𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 𝑔𝑖 𝑛 𝑓𝑟 𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑡 ℎ 𝑠 𝑖 𝑑𝑒 𝑠
1
• 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑥 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥
5. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
+
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝜋
𝑥→−2

a. ∞ b. −∞ c. 0 d. 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠 𝑒

𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥 • 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡 𝑟 𝑖 𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
• 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = −89. 999 0
1
• 𝑇ℎ𝑖 𝑠 𝑔𝑖 𝑣𝑒 𝑠 𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 𝑥 = =
𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥
57295. 8
• ∴ 𝑤𝑒 𝑐 𝑎𝑛 𝑖 𝑛𝑓𝑒 𝑟 𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑙 𝑖 𝑚+ 𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 𝑥 = ∞
𝜋
1 𝑥→−
2
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 =
𝑐 𝑜𝑠 𝑥
 2𝑥+22−4
6. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
𝑥→−3 x+3
1 4
a. ∞ b. c. − d. 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑠 𝑒
4 6

2𝑥 + 22 − 4 2𝑥 + 22 − 4 2𝑥 + 22 + 4
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 ×
𝑥→−3 x +3 𝑥→−3 x +3 2𝑥 + 22 + 4

2𝑥 + 22 − 16
=𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
𝑥→−3 x +3 2𝑥 + 22 + 4

2( 𝑥 +3) 2 1
=𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 = =
𝑥→−3 x +3 2𝑥 + 22 + 4 2( −3) + 22 + 4 4
 3𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1
7. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 +𝑥+5
1 3
a. ∞ b. c. d. 𝑑𝑜𝑒 𝑠 𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑥𝑖 𝑠 𝑡
4 4

3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 3 + 2/ 𝑥 + 1/ 𝑥 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 2
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 4 + 1/ 𝑥 + 5/ 𝑥 2

3 +0 + 0
=
4 +0 + 0

3
=
4
 1−𝑛2
8. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙𝑖𝑚 where n is positive natural number
𝑛→∞ ∑𝑛

a. 1 b. 2 c. −1 d. −2

1 − 𝑛2 1 − 𝑛2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =𝑙 𝑖 𝑚
𝑛→∞ ∑𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛( 𝑛 + 1) / 2

1
𝑛2 2 − 1 × 2
=𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 1
𝑛2 1 +
𝑛
0 −1 × 2
=
1 +0
= −2
 𝑒 𝑥 − 1+𝑥
9. Find the limit if it exists 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥2
1 1
a. 0 b. 1 c. d.
2 4

𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑥
𝑒 − 1 +𝑥 1 +𝑥 + + + ⋯− 1 + 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 2! 3!
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥2

1 𝑥
𝑥2 + +⋯
=𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 2! 3!
𝑥→0 𝑥2

1
=
2
 3 𝑥
10. Limit 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 1 + is equal to
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
1
a. 𝑒 3 b. 3𝑒 c. 3𝑒 3 d.
𝑒3

1 𝑛 1
 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 +𝑛 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 1 +𝑛 𝑛 =𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→0

𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 3
×3
3 1 3 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1+ = 𝑙𝑥𝑖 𝑚 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1+ =𝑒3
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 →∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
3 3
Limits and Continuity of functions
• General concepts of limits
• L’Hôpital’s Rule (or L’Hospital’s Rule)
• Continuity of functions
 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑦 =𝑥 𝛿
• 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 =1
𝛿 →0 𝛿

𝑦 = 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛𝑥 −𝛿
• 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 =1
𝛿 →0 −𝛿

𝑠 𝑖 𝑛𝑥
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑦 =𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
 𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑦 =𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 −1
 l n( 1 + 𝑥 )
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑙 𝑛( 1 + 𝑥 )
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑦
𝑠 𝑖 𝑛𝑥
= l n( 1 +𝑥 ) • 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑥
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 −1
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 =1
𝑥→0
𝑙 𝑛( 1+𝑥)
• 𝑙𝑖𝑚 =
𝑥→0 𝑥
1
 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 2𝑥

𝑦2 = 2𝑥

𝑦1 = 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛𝑥
𝑙 𝑖 𝑚2𝑥
𝑥→0
= 2 × 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑠 𝑖 𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0

𝑑𝑦1
𝑑𝑥
• 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 𝑛𝑓𝑖 𝑛𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖 𝑛 𝑥 𝑖 . 𝑒 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑟 𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟 𝑖 𝑔𝑖 𝑛, 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 𝑔𝑖 𝑛 =
𝑑𝑦2
𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 𝑠 𝑐 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖 𝑛 𝑦 𝑖 . 𝑒 . 𝑑𝑦 𝑖 𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡 ℎ 𝑡 ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐 𝑡 𝑖 𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛3𝑥
11. The value of 𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 is equal to
𝑥→0 𝑡 𝑎𝑛4𝑥
3 4 3 8
a. b. c. − d.
4 3 4 3

𝑠 𝑖 𝑛3𝑥 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛3𝑥 4𝑥 3 𝑠 𝑖 𝑛3𝑥 4𝑥 3 3

𝑙𝑖𝑚 =𝑙 𝑖 𝑚 × = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚 × =
𝑥→0 𝑡 𝑎𝑛4𝑥 𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑡 𝑎𝑛4𝑥 4 3𝑥→0 3𝑥 4𝑥→0 𝑡 𝑎𝑛4𝑥 4 4