1.

Introduction to Electronics

2. Circuit analysis – Review

 Electric/electronic circuit
 Circuit elements: Active elements & Passive
 KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (1st law)
 KIRCHOFF’S LOOP VOLTAGE LAW (2nd law)
 Superposition Theorem
 Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent

3. Input/Output Impedances

* Reading: Textbook - Chapter 1

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 1947 1958
Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain Kilby
Bell Telephone Laboratories Texas Instruments
(1961: the first commercial IC
Fairchild Corporation) 4
 Electronic circuits: manipulate and process signal
• filters
• amplifiers: BJT, OP-AMP
• Modulators/demodulators
• Calculating: adding, substraction, multiplication, intergration…
• Rectifier, memory, transmission…

 Signal: amplitude/frequency/phase (voltage, current)

• Time variation of signal  information

Analog signal Digital signal

Continuous (time + amplitude) Discrete (time + amplitude)

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 • Analog signal: continuous (time + amplitude)
• Digital signal: discrete (time + amplitude)
DISCRETE (gián đoạn)

ANALOG
f(t)
Continuous-value
(A)

Discrete-time
(t) Quantization
(lượng tử hóa)
Continuous-time
DIGITAL
(t)

Discrete-value
(A)

Discrete-time
(t) 6
 Electric/electronic circuit: an interconnection of the elements

(vòng kín - loop)

(nút)

(phần tử mạch)

(nhánh)

 Circuit elements: 2 types:

1) Active elements (phần tử tích cực): capable of generating energy
• generators, batteries, operational amplifiers
2) Passive elements (phần tử thụ động): not capable of generating energy
• resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors
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 Circuit elements: 2 types: active and passive

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 Active elements (phần tử tích cực)
• Ideal independent source (nguồn độc lập): provides a specified voltage or
current that is completely independent of other circuit elements

• Ideal dependent (or controlled) source (nguồn phụ thuộc): the source
voltage or current is controlled by another voltage or current.

Voltage source Current source

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 Passive circuit elements (phần tử thụ động):
R, L, C, diodes, transistors…

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  Passive circuit elements: R

Brown 1%
Green 0,5%
Blue 0,25%
Violet 0,1%

P: 0,25W - 0,5W - 1W ( 2W – 5 W – 25 W)

http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Types-of-resistors 11
 Passive circuit elements : C

Ceramic &
plastic: nF, pF

electrolytic: µF
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-JN7ei9fLE 12
 Passive circuit elements: C

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 Series Parallel

Rtotal=R1+R2+⋯+Rn

Ltotal=L1+L2+⋯+Ln

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* Home Work 1.1: find equivalent resistance seen from A and B. (Ans: 5/6R)

Cubic resistive network

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XclRtunsNsg&list=PLhFjtzzUovr-b9XgHDH3OMVMucTZY7ge5
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http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/Ground_Symbols.htm
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* HW 1.2:

http://hocnghetructuyen.vn/picture/thi/Default.asp
?causo1=%203984

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 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-1887),
German physicist
Laws found in 1845

The sum of all currents entering a node

is zero
(tổng dòng điện đi vào và đi ra một nút
bằng 0).

closed
surface

1. Current into node (vào): +

2. Current leaving node (ra): 

Node A :  I  0  i   i   i   i
1 2 3 4

Node B :  I  0  i  i  i
4 5 6
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 Thus in the loop,

+   V1 due to (2)
+

 i1 R1 due to (1)
 V2 due to (2)

 i1 R2due to (1)
In a closed loop, the sum of all voltage drops is zero
(tổng điện áp rơi trong một vòng kín bằng 0) 0
1. Current travels from higher potential to lower  V1  V2 
 i1   
2. Positive current flows from + to – inside a voltage source  R1  R2 

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 Superposition Theorem: for linear circuits with independent sources:
(nguyên lý xếp chồng: cho mạch tuyến tính – chỉ có R và nguồn độc lập)

“ the response of a system to a number of simultaneous sources is the

sum of the responses to each source applied separately“

I = I’ + I’’

* To evaluate the separate currents to be combined:

• replace all other voltage sources by short circuits (ngắn mạch nguồn áp)
• replace all other current sources by open circuits (hở mạch nguồn dòng)

* Linear circuit: independent/dependent sources + resistors: described by linear equations 20

 Superposition Theorem:
• Example: calculate i1
2Ω

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 Superposition Theorem:

* HW 1.3: calculate i, v

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 Superposition Theorem:
* HW 1.4: calculate the load resistor's * HW 1.5: calculate the voltage drop and
voltage drop and current current for each resistor

Iload = 6.623 mA

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 Superposition Theorem:

* HW 1.6: calculate the voltage drop and current for each resistor

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 Any linear circuit of resistors and sources (voltage, current)
|||
single voltage/current source and resistor

“black box”

VTh = Voc RN = RTh

IN = VTh/RN
Thevenin’s equivalent Norton’s equivalent
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 Thevenin’s equivalent : find RTh
* Method 1: deactivate all independent sources:
(loại trừ các nguồn bên trong mạch)
1) Inspection
RTh = Vs/Is
2) connecting a test source

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 Thevenin’s equivalent : find RTh

* Method 2: sources are not deactivated (giữ nguyên các nguồn bên trong mạch)
1. Find Voc (open-circuit)
RTh = Voc/Isc
2. Find Isc (short-circuit)

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 RTh
iN RN
VTh

1) ETh = open circuit voltage between A and B 1) iN = VAB /RN

 VTh = VAB = V1R3/(R1+R3)
= [V1R3/(R1+R3)]/ RN
2) RTh is the resistance “seen” between A and B
2) RN = RTh
with all sources shorted
 RTh = R2 in serie (R1 || R3)
= R2+(R1R3)/(R1+R3)
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* Answer: i = 1 A

Compare results obtained by Norton’s

equivalent and by Superposition ?

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 Input/Output Impedances (trở kháng vào/ra):
 input impedance is load seen by driver
 output impedance is source impedance

Input Circuit Output

iIN iOUT

ZIN ZOUT

Impedance between input terminals Impedance between output terminals

(ZIN - input impedance) (ZOUT - output impedance)

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 Impedance matching (phối hợp trở kháng):

Vmeasured

Imeasured

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 Impedance matching (phối hợp trở kháng):
* How to have:
• Vout max on load ? • Rin >> Rs Rout << RL
• Pout max on load ? • Rin = Rs Rout = RL
• Iout max on load ? • Rin << Rs Rout >> RL

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 Impedance matching:

* Hint: find Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit seen from A and B.

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 Impedance matching: maximum power transfer
* HW 1.11: when PL = Pmax

Maximum power transfer occurs when source & load impedances are equal 35