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PRECALCULUS PROGRAM 2022
A Prep Input for AP aspirants and High School Students
© Prof Iyer
Prof Iyer APSL(IIM-L)
Founder Director - IB WITH IYER
Second Teacher FZE
Ex faculty London School of Economics India Campus
Author - Examiner – Moderator
Workshop Facilitator - AA and AI HL
Author Nov 2021 AA HL Exam Solutions-
Author - AP 2020 Calc AB and AP 2021 Calc 2021 BC
Speaker NACAC US Speaker and Delegate (US) since 2012

Distinguished Teacher Award 2022 for Mathematics

The IG Group UG Haftungsbeschränkt
Germany

∎ SCHOOL SUPPORT ∎ TEST PREP ∎ FRESHMEN PREP

∎PD ∎ AUTHORING ∎ ONLINE SUPPORT

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Syllabus for the Pre-Calculus
Chapter 1 Functions

Chapter 2 Linear Functions

Chapter 3 Polynomial and Rational Functions

Chapter 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Chapter 5 Trigonometric Functions

Chapter 6 Periodic Functions

Chapter 7 Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Chapter 8 Further Applications of Trigonometry

Chapter 9 Systems of Equations and Inequalities

Chapter 10 Analytic Geometry

Chapter 11 Sequences, Probability and Counting Theory

Chapter 12 Introduction to Calculus

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

ib.mathfaculty@gmail.com
Program Planning
Teaching Coverage Plan
Chapter Name Estimated Hrs

Functions 10

Linear Functions 2

Polynomial and Rational Functions 6

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 6

Trigonometric Functions 6

Periodic Functions 6

Trigonometric Identities and Equations 6

Further Applications of Trigonometry 6

Systems of Equations and Inequalities 6

Analytic Geometry 8

Sequences, Probability and Counting Theory 4

Introduction to Calculus 4

Total hours 70 hours

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

ib.mathfaculty@gmail.com
Assessments Plan
There shall be one assessment every fortnight on the portion taught and one
midterm assessment in the mid of the course (ie at the end of 35 hours )
There shall be Precalculus Program End Assessment at the end of 70 hours

Instructor: Prof Iyer

Textbook: PreCalculus by Richard Rusczyuk

Reference book 1: Pre-Calculus Ron Larson
Reference book 2: Pre-Calculus Open Stax series

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

ib.mathfaculty@gmail.com
Chapter 1 Functions
Topics to learn
a. Definition of function
b. Composite function
c. Inverse of a function
d. Odd and Even functions
e. Graphing a function

Definition
f(x) is a function when the relation is either one to one or many to
one. A function f(x) has an inverse function when its relation is
one to one only
If a relation is either one to many (or) Many to Many, then the
relation is not function
Simple Examples
f(x) = 2x-3
a) Find f (0)
b) Find f(-x)
c) Find f (-1) + f(1)
Solution
a) f (0) = -3
b) Find f(-x) = -2x -3
c) -2(-1)-3 + 2(1) -3 = 2-2-3-3 = -6

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

ib.mathfaculty@gmail.com
f(x) = x+2
a) Find f (-x) +f(x)
b) Find f (-1) +f (2)
c) Find the intercepts of the function
Solution
a) f (-x) +f(x) =-x+2 + x+2 = 4
b) Find f(-1)+f(2) = -1+2 +2+2 = 5
c) x-intercept put y=0 , x =-2
y-intercept put x = 0 , y =2

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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f(x) = 1-x
a) Find f (a+b) =1 and f ( a-b) = -3 , find a and b
𝑓(−𝑥 )
b) Prove that = 𝑥 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓 (𝑥 )
c) If f(-x) f(x) =-3 , find the possible values of x

Solution
a) 1-a-b =1 and 1- a+b = -3
a+b=0…(1)
-a+b =-4 …(2)
Adding both 2b = -4 or b =-2
a-2=0, or a =2

1+𝑥
b) 1−𝑥 = 𝑥
=> 1+x = x-x2
=> x2-x +x +1 =0
=> x2 +1 =0
=> x2 = -1
=> x is non-real => Proved No solution
c) If f(-x) f(x) =-3 (1+x)(1-x) = -3
=> 1-x2 = -3
=> 4 = x2
=> x = +2 or x = -2

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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f(x) = ax+ b and f(-x) = -3x+5
a) Find f (x)
𝑓(−𝑥 )
b) Prove that =
𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑘𝑥 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘

f(x) = ax+ b and f(-x) = -3x+5

a) f(x)=3x+5 so a=3 and b =5
b) −3𝑥+5
3𝑥+5
= kx (−3x + 5) = 3kx 2 + 5kx

=3kx2+5kx +3x -5 = 0
=3kx2 +x( 5k+3) -5 =0
D = ( 5k+3)2- 4(3k)(-5) ≥ 0
D = 25k2+12k+9+48k ≥ 0
D = 25k2+60k+9 ≥ 0
D of D => 602-4(25)(9) = 3600-900 > 0

There shall be 2 roots as D of D > 0

k = -0.18 and k = -2.239
D > 0 for k < -0.18 U k > -2.239
and D = 0 when k =-0.18 or k = -2.239
So to Summarize D ≥ 0 when k ≤ -0.19 U k≥-2.239

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Definition of a function
When x ∈ 𝑋 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 it is called relation
There are 4 kinds of relation. They are:

• One-to-One Relation
• Many -to-One Relation
• One-to-Many Relation
• Many-to-Many Relation

• One- to-One relation

Every x of Set X is strictly related to one y of Set Y

• Many-to-One relation
Here more than one x point set of X relates to one point y of set Y

Here a and b of X is related ot x. So, its many -to- one

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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 • One-to-Many Relation

Here one x of X is related to More than y of Y.

Here a of X is related to x and z. So, it’s One to Many

• Many-to-Many Relation

Here More than x of X is related to More than one y of Y.

Here a and b of X is related to y, c is related to x and y
So, it’s Many to Many

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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 • One-to-One Relation is a function
• Many -to-One Relation is a function
• One-to-Many Relation is not a function
Many-to-Many Relation is not a function

➢ All are relations. Some relations are functions

A function is defined when the relation is either

a) One to one
b) Many to one

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Defining functions geometrically
Vertical Line Test
If a vertical line cuts only one point on the graph, then it is a function and relation
If a vertical line cuts more than one point on the graph then it is a not a function but
a relation

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Horizontal Line Test
If a Horizontal line cuts only once given vertical cuts only once, then the function is
one to one

If a Horizontal line cuts more than once given that vertical cuts only once, then the function is
Many to one

• VL cutting once and HL Cutting once - One to One function

• VL cutting once and HL Cutting Twice -Many to One function
• VL cutting Twice and HL Cutting once - One to Many relation (Not function)
• VL cutting Twice and HL Cutting Twice - Many to Many relation (Not a function)

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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From below diagrams, identify the type of relationship and identify the relation that
are functions

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Example 40
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts more than once
So it is a many to one relation function

Example 41
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts more than once
So it is a many to one relation function

Example 42
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts only once
So it is a one-to-one relation function

Example 43
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts more than once
So it is a many to one relation function

Example 44
Vertical line cuts more than once and Horizontal line cuts more than once
So it is a many to many relations and not a function

Example 45
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts also only once
So it is a one to one relations and a function

Example 46
Vertical line cuts more than once and Horizontal lines x= 3 and x=-3 coincides with
the graph . Implies it is a many to many relations and not a function

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Example 47
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts only once
So it is a one-to-one relation function

Example 49
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts only once
So it is a one-to-one relation function

Example 50
Vertical line more than only once and Horizontal line cuts more
than once So it is a Many-to-Many relation function

Example 51
Vertical line cuts only once and Horizontal line cuts more
than once So it is a Many-to-Many relation function

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

ib.mathfaculty@gmail.com
Axis of Symmetry

A graph is symmetric with respect to x-axis when a point on the

graph ( x,y) also has (x,--y) in the graph

A graph is symmetric with respect to y-axis when a point on the

graph ( x,y) also has (-x, y) in the graph

A graph is symmetric with respect to organ when a point on the

graph (x, y) also has (-x, --y) in the graph

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Example of symmetric about y-axis
Notice the points

Introducing Odd and Even functions

Odd Function
Replacing x by -x if f(-x) = -f(x) then f(x) is an odd function

Even Function
Replacing x by -x if f(-x) = f(x) then f(x) is an even .function

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

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Examples of odd and even function
f(x) = x3
f(x) = x2
f(x) = x2+x
f(x) = x3+x
f(x) = x4-x2
f(x) = x3+x2+x+1
f(x) = x3+x-1
f(x) = -x3+x2-x+1
f(x) = x3+x2-x

Solution

f(x) = x3
Change x to -x
f(-x) = (-x)3 = -x3 = -f(x)
=> f(-x) = -f(x)
=> f is an odd function

f(x) = x2
Change x to -x
f(-x) = (-x)2 = x2 = f(x)
=> f(-x) = f(x)
=> f is an even function

f(x) = x2+x f(x) =x2+x or -f(x)= -x2-x

Change x to -x
f(-x) = (-x)2+(-x) = x2 -x ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
=> f(x) is neither odd nor even function

f(x) = x3+x
Change x to -x
f(-x) = (-x)3 +(-x) = -x3 -x= -f(x)
=> f(-x) = -f(x)
=> So f is an odd function

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

ib.mathfaculty@gmail.com
f(x) = x3+x2+x+1 -f(x)= -x3-x2-x-1
Change x to -x
f(-x) = (-x)3+(-x)2+(-x) +1 = -x3 +x2-x+1 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
=> f(x) is neither odd nor even function

f(x) = x3+x-1
Change x to -x
f(-x) = (-x)3 -x -1 = -x3 -x+1 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
=> f(x) is neither odd nor even function

f(x) = -x3+x2-x+1
Change x to -x
f(-x) = -(-x)3 +(-x)2-(-x) +1 = x3+x2+x+1 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
=> f(x) is neither odd nor even function

f(x) = x3+x2-x
Change x to -x
f(-x) = -x3+x2-(-x) = -x3+x2+x ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑜𝑟 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
=> f(x) is neither odd nor even function

© Prof Iyer Teaching IB, AP A level and Freshmen since 2005

ib.mathfaculty@gmail.com