LECTURE NOTES ON

NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS (ECEg3122)

Academic year: 2021, Year III – Semester I

Prepared by: Mr. Chala Tesfaye
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Mr. Yared Birhanu
 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to Network Analysis and Synthesis
1.1 Introduction
❑ Network is a combination of electrical elements connected in any manner (conductively,
inductively or capacitively), whose impedance may be lumped or distributed or both.
❑ Network is a collection of elements connected together to perform a certain task governed
by a certain laws.
❑ In generally accepted definitions of network analysis and synthesis,

❖ There are three key words: the excitation, the network and the response.

Fig.1.1. Key terms in network analysis and synthesis

 1.1 Introduction…
❑ Excitation: input signal source of electrical energy to be connect the network.
❑ Response: output signal produced by the network in response to the input.

❑ A network in which the electrical properties are unaffected by interchanging input and
output terminals is called balanced network.
To mention some examples of networks:
❑ Filters: electrical networks which pass selective frequency signals.

❑ Amplifiers/Attenuators: electrical networks which are used to magnify or reduce signal

power level from input to output.

❑ Equalizers: electrical networks used to counter frequency or phase distortions.

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❑ Matching networks: electrical networks that match source and load impedances.
 1.1 Introduction…
❑ The study of network analysis and synthesis is sometimes referred to as network theory.
❑ Network Analysis: it is the method of finding out the response when the network and
excitation are known.
❖ In network analysis each problem has got the unique solution.
❑ Network Synthesis: It is the method of finding out the network when response and
excitation are known.
❖ In network synthesis may be multiple solutions to a given problem.
❑ Network theory can be divided into three classes based on fundamental electrical parameter.

❖ Mathematical modeling of electromagnetic phenomena,

❖ Mathematical analysis of models of individual elements and systems, 4

❖ Synthesis and design of systems and devices,

 1.1 Introduction…
❑ Modeling of a system should adequately describe the physical behavior of the system.
❖ i.e. Model is the compromise between reality and theory (simplicity).

❑ Most electrical system analysis depends on two fundamental theoretical concepts:

❖ The lumped parameter circuit theory based on laws: KVL and KCL, ohms laws, etc.…

❖ Field theory based on Maxwell's equations for networks composed of distributed

elements.

❑ A circuit element is said to be lumped if the instantaneous current entering one terminal is
equal to the instantaneous current leaving at the other terminals. Otherwise it is distributed
elements. Typical lumped elements are: R, C, L, voltage and current sources.
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❑ Lumped: dependent variables of interest are a function of time alone.

❑ Distributed: all dependent variables are functions of time and one or more spatial variables.
 1.2 Lumped Circuit elements
❑ Linear resistors:

𝐼 = 𝐺𝑉 𝑜𝑟 𝑉 = 𝑅𝐼,
(a) Characteristic curve (b) Circuit symbol
Fig.1.2. Linear resistor (a) characteristic curve (b) Circuit symbol
❑ Nonlinear resistors: I-V curve is not straight line; two non- linear resistors are tunnel
diode and SCR (silicon controlled rectifier).

Fig.1.3. Non-linear characteristic curves

 1.2 Lumped Circuit elements…
❑ Capacitors: An element which can be characterized by a curve in the v-q plane is called a
capacitor (q represents the charge).

Fig.1.4. Linear capacitor (a) characteristic curve (b) Circuit symbol

❑ A linear capacitor is described analytically by 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉.

❖ Where the constant C is the slope of the straight line, and is called the capacitance.

❖ The current charge relation being 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞/𝑑𝑡, for a linear capacitor,

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𝑑𝑣(𝑡)
❖ we have, 𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
 1.2 Lumped Circuit elements
❑ Inductors: An element which can be characterized by a curve in the 𝑖 − 𝜑 plane is called
an inductor (φ represents the flux).

Fig.1.5. Linear inductor (a) characteristic curve (b) Circuit symbol

❑ A linear inductor described analytically by; 𝜑 = 𝐿𝑖

❖ Where the constant L is the slope of the straight line and is called inductance.
❖ The voltage flux linkage relation being 𝑣 = 𝑑𝜑/𝑑𝑡 for a linear inductor, 8
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
❖ We have, 𝑉 = 𝐿
𝑑(𝑡)
 1.3 Dependent and Independent sources
❑ A dependent voltage (current) source
❖ is a source the voltage (current) of which depends on another voltage (current).

❑ A dependent or controlled source is said to be voltage or current controlled if its terminal

behavior is controlled by another voltage or current.

❑ This leads to four different controlled sources

❖ Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)

❖ Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)

❖ Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)

❖ Current-controlled current source (CCCS)

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Fig.1.6. dependent voltage & current source

 1.3 Dependent and Independent sources…
❑ An independent voltage source maintains a voltage (fixed or varying with time) which is
not affected by any other quantity.

❑ An independent current source maintains a current (fixed or time-varying) which is

unaffected by any other quantity.

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Fig.1.7. dependent voltage & current source
 1.4 Types of Network Elements
❑ We can classify the Network elements into various types based on some parameters.
❖ Linear Elements and Non-linear Elements
❖ Active Elements and Passive Elements
❖ Lumped and Distributed Elements
❖ Bilateral Elements and Unilateral Elements

❑ Linear Elements are the elements that show a linear r/ship between voltage & current.
❖ Examples: Resistors, Inductors, and capacitors.
❑ Non-Linear Elements: do not show a linear relation between voltage & current.
❖ Examples: Voltage sources and current sources.
❑ Lumped elements are those elements which are very small in size & in which
simultaneous actions takes place. 11

❖ Typical lumped elements are capacitors, resistors, inductors.

 1.4 Types of Network Elements…
❑ Distributed elements are those which are not electrically separable for analytical purposes.
❖ For example a transmission line has distributed parameters along its length and may
extend for hundreds of miles.
❑ Active Elements deliver power to other elements, which are present in an electric circuit.
❖ Sometimes, they may absorb the power like passive elements.

❖ That means active elements have the capability of both delivering and absorbing power.
❖ Examples: Voltage
sources and current sources.
❑ Passive Elements can’t deliver power (energy) to other elements, however they can absorb
power.
❖ That means these elements either dissipate power in the form of heat or store energy in
the form of either magnetic field or electric field. 12

❖ Examples: Resistors, Inductors, and capacitors.

 1.4 Types of Network Elements…
❑ Bilateral Elements are the elements that allow the current in both directions and offer the
same impedance in either direction of current flow.

❖ Examples: Resistors, Inductors and capacitors.

❖ The concept of Bilateral elements is illustrated in the following figures.

Fig.1.8. Bilateral Element

❑ In the above figure, the current (I) is flowing from terminals A to B through a passive
element having impedance of Z Ω. 13

❑ It is the ratio of voltage (V) across that element between terminals A & B and current (I).
 1.4 Types of Network Elements…
❑ In the figure below, the current (I) is flowing from terminals B to A through a passive
element having impedance of Z Ω.

❑ That means the current (–I) is flowing from terminals A to B.

❑ In this case, we will get the same impedance value, since both the current and voltage having
negative signs with respect to terminals A & B.

Fig.1.8. Bilateral Element

❑ Unilateral Elements are those that allow the current in only one direction. 14

❖ Hence, they offer different impedances in both directions.

 1.4 Types of Network Elements…
❑ Example1: The V-I characteristics of a network element.

❑ Verifying the network element as

❑ linear or non-linear, active or passive and bilateral or unilateral.

❑ Solution: the given V-I characteristics show that the network element is a Linear, Passive,
and Bilateral element.
❑ Example2: The V-I characteristics of a network element.
❑ Verifying the network element as

❑ linear or non-linear, active or passive and bilateral or unilateral.

❑ Solution: the given V-I characteristics show that the network

element is a Non-linear, Passive, and Unilateral element. 15