SCIENCETECHNOLOGYl

NGHIEN ClJU MO HINH TINH TOAN BQTHU NANG LI/0NG

MATTRGflDEDUNNl/dfCNONG
A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF THE SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR WATER HEATER

Nguyen Quoc Uy, Nguyen Nguyen An

I.DATVANDE
Tom tSt
1.1. Bai toan nang lUdng toan cau
6ai bao q\^ thieu ilng dung quan trgng cua nang lucmg mat trcri Se dun nirdc nong, mot cong nghe ph6 Xa hdi cang phat then, ddi song con
bien hien nay nham ilng pho vdi nguy cocan klet nguon nang lifong hoa thach va bien doi khi hau. Song ngadi ngay cang dapc cai thien nang
thflfi ciing dua ra mot so cdng thiJc d^ tfnh toan cac thong so dac tri/ng cfla cac bo thu cu the. cao, nhu causCrdung nang laong cung
Tifkhba: Ncing lirong mat trcil; bg thu nang lugng mat trcd; nu'dc nong. ngay cang Idn. Neu so sanh gida hai
mdc thdi gian la nam 1973 va 2012 thi
Abstract mdc tieu thu nang laong eCia the gidi
This article presents an Important application of solar energy for water heaters. This is a popular da tang len rat nhieu. Cac so lieu thdng
technology and is used to deal w i ^ the nsk of depletion of fossil energy resources and climate change. ke cua Co quan nang laong quoc te
The formulas used to calculate the characteristic parameters of the colleaors are also given In this paper (lEA) cho thay rd dieu nay [1] (hinh 1).
Keywords: Solar Energy; Solar Collector; Hot Water. Cac sd lieu thong ke chi ra rSng,
ThS. Nguyen Quoc Uy nang laong dapc the gidi sd dung chu
Khoa Cong ngh| nang lirong, tnJcmg M hoc f)ien life yeu la t d cac ngudn nhien lieu hda
Ngiynhanb^i: 01/11/2014
IS. Nguyen Nguy§n An Ngay diipnhin dang: 15/12/2014 thach (than da, dau md, khi ddt). De
Vi^n KHfiCN Nhilt Lanti, midngOai hoc B^ch khoa Ha Noi sd dung cac ngudn nhien lieu nay can
Email: uyiiq@epu.edu.vn ,.^„^.?V^v^^ phai dot chay chung va ket qua la thai
1 Ky hieu "? nghTa, dtin vi Kyhieu y nghia, dflnv!
M khdi lugng nu'dc nap vao he thong, kg ji d6nhcftd6ngli/chpe,Pa,s
m luu luong khoi lUffng cua dong, kg/s; u tdc do chuyen dong eua ddng nildc ndng, m/s

Cp nhiet dung rieng cua nude, J/kg.°C; Y he sd gian nd nhiet trung binh, 1/K

A, dien tich thoat nhiet, m^; g gia tdc trong tru'dng, g - 9,81 m/s^
fix dien tich hap thu (dien tich be mat bo thu), m^ tam nhiet dd mdi trifcmg, 'C
Gi nang suat bile xa toan phan, W/m^ t,„ nhiet do nudc vao bd thu, °C
S nhiet bile xa mat trcri duoc hap thu tren 1 m^ bo thu, W/m^ t„„, nhiet dp nu'dc di ra khdi bd thu, °C
Ui he so ton that nhiet toan phan cua bp thu, W/mlK tp nhiet do Irung binh ciia nude trong bd thu, ^'C
s ,then gian, s tb nhiet do mdi ban gida dng va tam, "C
L chieu dai cua ong, m (la) tich sd hap thu truyen qua
Ft gocnghiengcijabothu Fa hesolaynhietcuabdthu
p khoi lu'dng rteng cua nildc, kg/m' F, he sd hieu qua cua bd thu
tj so trung binh giila dien tich mat cat ngang cua phan nudc nong
k-2GT.ri.^a)e/(m,,Cp),K/m
^ ,so v6i dien tich mat cat ngang cua ong

So 2 5 . 2 0 1 4 •TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE 115
••I IHII "

sinh 9e giai bai toan ve nang Iddng va
KJii U>al Khie Dien phat trien, cac quocgia tren the gidi can
14.0% 13.1% 1.6% 9-1%
phai cd cac ke hoach va hanh dong cu
the. Rieng Viet Nam, ngay 27/12/2007,
Chinh phu cung da phe duyet Chien
lUdc phat trien nang laong quoc gia
den nam 2020 va tam nhin den 2050.
Trong chien luoc nay, van de sd dung
tiet kiem va hieu qua nang lUdng dadc
de cao cung vdi do la viec phat trien,
sCrdung cac ngudn nang laong tai tao,
trong do cd nang laong mat trdi.
1.2. Nang luong tai tao va vai tro
%. F^^^^^ cua nang lUdng mat trcri
Hinh 1. Tieu ttiu nang luorg cua the gidi nam Nang ladng tai tao bao gdm cac
1973 va 2012(1 Mtoe=11630GWh) dang nhd nang lapng gid, nang laong
dia nhiet, nang laong thuy trleu, nang
laong mat trdi,... la cac nguon nang
lapng sach, khdng gay d nhiem mdi
tradng. Cac ngudn nang laong nay
ngay cang daoc nhieu nadc tren the
gidi quan tam khai thac nhieu hon de
san xuat dien hoac nhiet. Viec sd dung
nguon nang IdOng nam 2010 daoc the
hien tren hinh 3.
3J4S
I'JbO
Hil
Tm
- Bufe xa mat trdi ben ngoai khi
quyen trai dat bang 1367 W/m^ [2].
Tren be mat trai dat neu bau trdi trong,
khdng cd may, bde xa vao khoing 1000
- Khiquyen trai dat lam giam khoSng
35% nang laong bde xa mat trdi trong
nhdng ngay trdi quang may, khd r^o
va khoang 90% trong nhdng ngay trdi
nhieu may. Trung binh bde xa mat trdi
tren be mat trai dat vao khoang 198W/
m' va thay doi theo tClng vung [3].
- Tiem nang ly thuyet NLMT den b^
mat trai dat (mat dat va dai ddcjng) vSo
khoang 3,9.10^ EJ/nam [4], Day la mfit
con sdrat Idn, no hoan toan edth^dap
dng day dd tat ca cac nhu cau tieu thu
nang laong cda con ngadi.
Cac dng dung chu yeu cua NLMT:
- San xuat dien bang NLMT: diing
cac tam pin mat trdi (PV) de blen biic
xa nhiet mat trdi thanh dien nang hoac
dung Id hoi san xuat dien theo chu
trinh Rankine;
- San xuat nhiet nang: dung bo thu
NLMT de dun ndng chat long (nu'dc,
cac dung djch chat long); sddi am, ISm
mat khdng gian phdng;
-Say khd, chang cat, dien phan,,,,

•I 1 ()eu6
42 0 :.o •
",.,ll •1
Hinh 4, 5 la da bao sd dung NLMT
cho mot sd dng dung va mot so qu6c
MNhiijl Di?n
,••
Dicn Dieii dia Uii-n g
gia, vung lanh tho den nam 2050.
Hinh 2. Phat thai CO^ ciia the gidi nam 1973 va mat Irai Uiuy nliiel
2012
ra mdi tradng cac khi gay hieu dng nha • N:ng luong san \ lat(TWh)
kinh {chu yeu la CO^. Cung theo so lieu • 1 img cong sual v 11 hjnh (GW)

thdng ke cua lEA phat thai CO^ cua the Hinh 3. long cdng suat van hanh va san lugng
gidi da tang len rat nhieu ke td nam cac ngudn nang luong tai tao nam 2010 (Nguon: lEA)
1973 den 2010(hlnh2), Nang laong mat trdi (NLMT) la Hinh 4, Du bao sil dung MMT cho mot so itig
Nha vay, laong nang lapng tieu ngudn nang laong mien phi va than dung den nam 20S0 (Ngudn: lEA}
thu hang nam cua the gidi la rat Idn va thien vdi mdi tradng, nd la ngudn nang
van cd xu hadng gia tang. Trong khi dd laong cd tiem nang Idn nhat,
ngudn nang IdOng hda thach khdng tai - Mat trdi cd nhiet dd be mat khoang
tao daoc nen ngay cang can kiet Odng 5800 K, bde xa Ian truyen chu yeu vdi
thdi viec sddung nang laong hda thach bade song trong khoang 0,25-^3 |jm.
lam phat t h i i CO^ va cac khidoe hai N0_^, Khoang 40% nang Iddng bde xa la sdng
SO^ gay d nhiem mdi tradng va hieu dng anh sang nhin thay, trong do khoang
nha kinh lam bien ddi khi hau la van de 10% la tia cdc tim va 50% la bde xa
Hinh 5. Dir bao siJdyng NLMT d mdt so quoc
da va dang bao ddng toan the gidi. hong ngoai. va viing lanh tho den nam 2050 (Nguon: lEA)

16 TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE. S o 2 5 . 2 0 1 4

Trong cac dng dung cua NLMT thi
dng dung de dun nadc ndng la pho
bien nhat [5].
Hinh 6 the hien cdng suat lap dat
cac thiet bi dun nadc ndng bang NLMT
nam 2010 cua mdt sd nadc.
llllii.
Hinh 6. Tdng cong suat lap dat cac thiet bi dun
nude bang NLMT nam 2010 cua 10 nUde dan dau the
gidi [dtfn vi: MWth) (Ngudn: Weiss va Mauthner, 2012]
2. THI^T B! DUN Nl/dC N6NG
B A N G N A N G LliONG MATTRdi
Dd la thiet bj chuyen hda bde xa
mat trdi thanh nhiet nang de dun
ndng nude. Cac bo thu NLMT daoc chia
thanh bon loai: bd thu khdng cd vd bpe
(hinh 7), bd thu tam phang (hinh 8), bd
thu ong thuy tinh chan khdng {hinh 9)
va bg thu dng thuy tinh ehan khdng sd
dung ong nhiet (hinh 10).
Hinh 8 Bd thu kieu tam phang
Moi loai bd thu cd nhdng au nhude
diem khac nhau. Viec sd dung bp thu
loai nao con tuy thupc vao cac dieu
kien cu the cua tdng nude va khu viie.
Hai loai bd thu ddoc sd dung pho bien
la bd thu tam phIng va bd thu dng
SCIENCETECHNOLOGYl
3. TINH TOAN B 6 T H U NLMT
Khi tinh toan thiet ke hoac kiem tra
ot he thdng dun nadc ndng bang
-MT, cd mot so thdng sd CO ban (hay
in gpi la cac thdng sd dac trUng) cua
> thu can ddOc xac djnh. Sau day la
ot so cdng thdc xac dinh cac thdng
I nay cho hai loai bd thu hay gap.
3.1. Bo thu kieu tarn phang
Bd thu kieu nay dddc sd dung kha
pho bien, nhieu nhat la d My va Chau
Au. Md hinh vat ly cua bo thu, bieu
dien mdt phan td tren tam hap thu cua
bo thu, cung nha cac ddng nhiet tren
phan td do the hien nhatren hinh 13,
14,15 [6].
Hinh 10. Bd thu dng thuy tinh ehan khdng sii'
dung dng nhiet
thijy tinh chan khdng.
Nadc ndng td cac bd thu NLMT cd
the duoc sir dung trac tiep hoac gian
Hinh 13. Kich thudc cua tam hap thu va ong dan
tiep theo so do he thong thiet bi (hinh
chat long
11,12): , s
y y /
y / /
Ik..
<^^^ ^
(W-Dy2
Hinh 14, Bleu dien mot phan td tren tam hap thu
Hinh 15. Cac ddng nhiet tren phan td
Tren cd sd thiet lap phadng trinh can
bang nang lapng cho mot phan to tren
be mat tam hap thu, giai phaong trinh
vi phan ket hop vdi cac dieu kien bien
0; t| w-o-t^. xac dinh daoc:
dx
- Nhiet do tren be mat tam hap thu:
Hinh 12, He thdng cung cap nUde ndng gian tiep
S625.2014»TapchiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE 17
 nnsCTmacoNGNGHE
cosh m. -
+ (t,„+S/UJ
- Cdng suat nhiet eua bp thu:
Q„=Ac.F,.[S-UL.(t,„-t,„)]
-Hieu suat eOa bdthu:
Vdi moi bo thu NLMT, cac thdng sd
ve kich thadc hinh hoc (chieu dai, chieu
rpng,.,.), cac thdng sd vat ly (vat lieu,
he so dan nhiet,,.,) va cac sd lieu khi
tupng (cadng do bde xa, nhiet do mdi
tradng,...} da biet thi sexac dinh daoc
cac thdng sd cd ban cua bd thu.
3.2. Bo thu ong thuy tinh chan
khong
Day la loai bd thu daoc sd dung
rdng rai d nhieu noi, nhat la Trung Quoc
va Viet Nam do cd nhieu au diem da
dapc khang dinh. Md hinh bd thu kieu
dng thuy tinh ehan khdng vdi ddng
tuan hoan cddng bde daoc md t l nha
hlnh16,17,18, [7]
bnggap
<^g chan khong
nnmgdmmg
GTAc(ta) (MCp)
UL/^(tp-t™)
Hinh 16. Md hinh vat ly don gian hoa eua bd thu
T r u y e n n h i e t t r o n g b d t h u la s a k e t
h p p g i d a d d i lau t a n h i e n t r o n g
t h u y t i n h c h a n k h d n g va d o i lUu c a d n g
b d e t r o n g d n g g o p . T d viec xay d a n g
p h a d n g trinh can b a n g nhiet t r o n g o n g
t h u y t i n h va t r o n g d n g g o p , c u n g n h a
p h a o n g t r i n h d d n g chay, xac d j n h 6\jac:
- Phaong trinh can bang nhiet cua
bdthu:
M,C„.(dtp / d s ) - m.Cp.(t,„ -1„„,)
+G^.{Ta)^.A^-UL.(tp-t,^)A,
- Lau laong ddng doi Idu t a nhien
dapc xac dinh:
m^ =e,7r.r|^,p.u =
e.7t,r/.p.,yy.g.GT.{Ta\,r,.w.sinp/(2£,Tt.n.C ^
18.TapdiiKHOAHOC&CONGNGHE So 2 5 . 2 0 1 4
Ong gop bp Ihu Giai phaong trinh nay vdi cac sd \\h\
thdi tiet taong dng (cadng do bdcxa,
nhiet dp mdi tradng) se tim dddc nhi^
dp nadc ra khdi bp thu.
\Ldp cact 4. K^T L U A N
NLMT la ngudn nang luong ciJu
^ Ong chan canh cho con ngadi trong taong lai,
^ Viec SLf dung NLMT ia vd cung can thiet
va hdu ich cho cac quoc gia cung nhu
moi ho gia dinh. De phat trien cac img
dung sd dung NLMT, can cd chien luoc
tam cd quoc gia t d viec dau tir cho
nghien cdu co ban den viec khuyen
khich sd dung rdng rai trong quan
chung nhan dan,
PhAn bien khoa hoc: TS. Vu Van Oilm
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO
[1]. International Energy Agency. Key Worlil
Energy Statistics, 2014.
Hinh 17. Minh hoa bd thu va kich thudc dng [2]. Bailey, S„ D, Brinker, H. Curtis, R Jenkins, and
D. Scheiman, 1997. NASA Technical Memoranduni
113155 - Solar Cell Calibration and Measurement
Techniques. IECEC-97534, NASA, Cleveland, OH, USA,
[3], Solomon, et al, 2007. Technical summaiy
In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis,
Cambridge University Press, pp.19-91.
[4], Rogner, et al, 2000. Energy resources. In:
World Energy Assessment. Energy and the Challenge
of Sustainability. United Nations Development
Programme, United Nations Department of Economk
and Social Affairs, World Energy Council, NevifYork,
USA, 508 pp.
dng
[5], International Energy Agency, Technology
Roadmap: Solar Heating and Cooling, 2012,
[6]. Duffie J, and Beckmann W, 2006, Solar
engineering of thermal processes. 3rd edition (Wiley
Interscience, New York).
[7]. Zhiyong Li, Chao Chen, Haiiiang Luo, Ve
Zhang, Yaning Xue, 2010, All-glass vacuum tube
Hinh IB. Bieu dien mdt phan td dl ciia ong chan collector heat transfer model used in forced-
khong circulation solar water heating system. Solar Energy
84(2010).
-Nhietddnadctnjng binh trong bdthu:
" • (t.n +1„,,)/ 2 - w.k.m, / (2m)+ w.k,e / 2
- Md hinh truyen nhiet eua bd thu:
dtp ^ (2m.Cp+A,.U,) _ 2 r n G,.(Ta)^.A,
ds M-C„ ' "~ M • " M.C„
MA w.k.m^
M.r 2m