TANCHULING COLLEGE INC.

Jasmin St. Imperial Subd., Legaspi City Albay, Philippines

Name: MARIA ANGELICA T. ARIMADO

Grade & Section: BSN 1-A

Teaching is an integral component of nursing practice. To teach effectively means that

educational experience has to be planned. Planning must take into account the learner's
unique characteristics, be based on the most appropriate theory for the given situation,
and to be presented in the most likely manner to attain success. The goal of any
intervention is to meet the educational needs of the learner.

Answer the following:

1. You are preparing to counsel a nursing student who is failing a major subject. How would
you approach differ if you base your counseling on Self-Efficacy by Bandura's Theory of
Social Learning? Describe and Differentiate Self-Efficacy Theory versus Attribution Theory.
 A collaborative effort between the counselor and client with the help of Self-
efficacy theory that reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's
own motivation, behavior, and social environment is a big help. Thus,

 It increases the client’s stimuli to learn and study;

 Develops deeper interest in the activities in which the client participates;
 Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities;
 Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments;
 View challenging problems at task to be mastered;
 And it also gives the client hope and belief in his or her capacity to execute
behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.

 Self-Efficacy Theory According to Albert Bandura, is "the belief in one’s

capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage
prospective situations." Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his or her ability to
succeed in a particular situation. Bandura described these beliefs as determinants
of how people think, behave, and feel. While Attribution theory assumes that
people try to determine why people do what they do. A person seeking to
 understand why another person did something may attribute one or more causes
to that behavior. And attempts to explain the interpretive process by which
people make judgments about the causes of their own behavior and the behavior
of others.

2. If you are a Clinical Preceptor in a health care agency, how could Social Cognitive
Theory assist you in teaching your preceptee?
 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) describes the influence of individual experiences,
the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors.
SCT can be a help to a clinical preceptor by providing opportunities for social
support through instilling expectations, and self-efficacy and using observational
learning and other reinforcements to achieve behavior change. The SCT can also
be applied as a theoretical framework in different settings and populations. It is
frequently used to guide behavior change interventions. It may be particularly
useful in rural communities for examining how individuals interact with their
surroundings. The SCT can be used to understand the influence of social
determinants of health and a person's past experiences on behavior change.

3. What data would you need in order to determine what stage of change a person is
in according to the Transtheoretical Model?

 In every stage there is a corresponding meaning defining what is pre-

contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
 In pre-contemplation people do not intend to take action in the foreseeable
future (defined as within the next 6 months). People are often unaware that
their behavior is problematic or produces negative consequences. People in
this stage often underestimate the pros of changing behavior and place too
much emphasis on the cons of changing behavior;
 Contemplation - In this stage, people are intending to start healthy behavior
in the foreseeable future (defined as within the next 6 months). People
recognize that their behavior may be problematic, and more thoughtful and
practical consideration of the pros and cons of changing the behavior takes
place, with equal emphasis placed on both. Even with this recognition, people
may still feel ambivalent about changing their behavior.

 Preparation (Determination) - In this stage, people are ready to take action

within the next 30 days. People start to take small steps toward behavior
change, and they believe changing their behavior can lead to a healthier life.
  Action - In this stage, people have recently changed their behavior (defined as
within the last 6 months) and intend to keep moving forward with that
behavior change. People may exhibit this by modifying their problem behavior
or acquiring new healthy behaviors.
 Maintenance - In this stage, people have sustained their behavior change for a
while (defined as more than 6 months) and intend to maintain the behavior
change going forward. People in this stage work to prevent relapse to earlier
stages.

4. What ethical principles might be violated if you use Behavior Modification

Theory as a way of trying to change health-related behaviors, without the informed
consent of the client?

 Behavior modification theory that represents the application of

reinforcement concept to individuals in the work setting as used to change health-
related behaviors, without the informed consent of the client can be violating ethical
principles such as autonomy and beneficence. Notwithstanding the fact that everyone is
accountable for their actions, responsibility mostly lies with decision-makers who know the
consequences of previously noticed actions. Regardless of the motivation, this is not
justifiable to the point of leaving ethical principles aside and adopting purely utilitarian
stances where "the means are justified by the end," without regard to beneficence, justice,
and autonomy of the subjects. This is analogous to what happened in the past when
experiments were performed on human beings without any consent or benefits and by
infringing on their rights.

5. Provide examples for these types of Learning:

a. Signal Learning
- the simplest form of learning is known as classical conditioning.
For example:  when a car sounds the horn as we are crossing the road, our eyes swivel
toward the source of the noise and we quicken our steps. This is the simplest form of
learning and consists essentially of the classical conditioning first described by the
behavioral psychologist Pavlov.

b. Stimulus-Response learning
 You are hungry so you eat some food.
 A rabbit gets scared so it runs away.
 You are cold so you put on a jacket.
 You are tired so you tend to sleep.

c. Chaining
- When a person is taking care of a person and then suddenly takes up nursing,
then it is possible that he/she can be a nurse.
- when a child is learning how to fold clothes, he/she may eventually learn how to
wash clothes.
- a child learning to wash his/her hands independently may start with learning to turn on
the faucet

d. Verbal Association
- a student nurse is able to define medical terminology and apply it to clinical situations.
- A child is able to listen to his/her parent’s advice and apply it to a real-life situation.

e. Concept learning
- Classifying objects in astronomical images as stars or galaxies
- Classifying animals as vertebrates or invertebrates

f. Rule learning
- if the light is red, then stop.
- If it’s cold, then wear a jacket.

g. Problem Solving learning

- writing an assignment for an educational psychology class (a task) that requires
students to find ways (solutions) to complete the assignment. Ways could be to find
the references, divide the tasks into subtasks for each group member, etc.