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Have you ever wondered why a text message is limited to 160 characters? Well it’s
actually a pretty unscientific reason, but let me tell you the story as to why our text
messages are only 160 characters.
So back in 1985 there was this guy named Friedhelm Hillebrand, who was the
chairman of the non-voice services committee within the Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM), a group that sets standards for the majority of the global mobile
market. This guy had the task of setting the limit on the amount of characters a text
message could contain.
To do this, Friedhelm sat at his typewriter, typing out random sentences and
questions on a sheet of paper to see what the average amount of characters he used
was. He found that each set of sentences, ran just under 160 characters in length. That
was good enough for him, so he told his committee that text messages would be limited
to 160 characters. Pretty scientific right?
Friedhelm’s methods didn’t sit well with the rest of the committee, as they doubted
a text message limited to 160 characters would be enough space to prove a useful form
of communication. So to calm their fears, he backed up his assumption of limiting text
messages to 160 characters by doing the following “market research”.
Friedhelm took a bunch of postcards that he had received and found that often
these postcards contained fewer than 150 characters. By this finding, he was being nice
by offering consumers an additional 10 characters.
Friedhelm then analyzed a bunch of messages sent through Telex (a telegraphy
network for business professionals). Even though these Telex transmissions didn’t have
a limit on the amount of characters they were able to send, he found that on average the
Telex messages were about the same length as the postcards.
So that’s why text messages are limited to 160 characters, pretty cool story, right?
Most people want to save electricity, and lower their electric bill but they don't want to
cut out things you need. You could stop throwing away money on your electric bill
every month by saving electricity with these simple steps.
Instructions
1) To save electricity on appliances keep everything unplugged including the
toaster, blender and any other kitchen appliance.
2) Unplug the computer when it is not in use. This does not affect the computer, and
they will draw a small charge when not in use. This simple step can save
electricity that is being used for hours every day.
3) Keep all chargers unplugged, especially laptop charges, GPS chargers and
anything else. These use electricity when not in use.
4) Turn off the water heater when you go on vacation, and if you really want to save
electricity, turn it off during the day. This simple step can save an enormous
amount of electricity every month.
5) Remove halogen and incandescent bulbs and replace them with compact
fluorescent bulbs in every lamp and ceiling fixture. These bulbs will save a great
deal of electricity because they are so energy efficient. That is a great way to
save electricity.
6) Keep DVD players, TVs and other audio and stereo equipment plugged into a
multi-port surge protector which you can turn off with one simple switch. This
allows you to save electricity the easy way, by just turning off the main power port
switch.
15. Why should we replace halogen bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs?
A. Halogen bulbs are energy consuming
B. Compact fluorescent bulbs are much brighter
C. Compact fluorescent bulbs consumes more energy than halogen bulbs
D. Halogen bulbs needs less energy than compact fluorescent bulbs
Dear David,
Thanks so much for meeting me for coffee this week. While I don’t think I can utilize
your services right now. I will certainly give you a call in the future of refer you to
others. I really enjoyed chatting with you and I know you must have a great
relationship with your customers. I can tell you are an asset to your company.
Please keep me in mind for the future and keep me posted on developments with your
company as well.
Warmly regards
Cole
Penataran Temple
21. “The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on October 19,
1995”
The word ‘the site’ in the sentence refers to ....
A. Bung Karno grave
B. The Temple of Penataran
C. The landmarks of Blitar regency
D. Mount Kelud and Tambakrejo Beach
23. “The card is a token of our appreciation for your continued relationship with Divine
Decor”
What does the word ‘your’ in the text refers to?
A. Ashley Madison
B. Divine Decor
C. Lenore Ericson
D. The reader
25. How many city destinations are the airlines going to?
A. nine
B. ten
C. eleven
D. twelve
Instructions
1) Clean the snails by feeding them cornmeal for about two weeks. This
cleanses them, ensuring any toxins or impurities are out of their bodies. Stop
feeding the snails two days before cooking them.
2) Clean the snails under running water to remove any dirt or debris.
3) Boil a large pot of water.
4) Drop snails into the boiling water and let them remain there for about 15
minutes.
5) Skim the top of the water with a spoon or spatula to remove the foam that
gathers at the top. This foam will be murky and needs to be removed every
few minutes. When the foam stops forming, the snails are fully cooked.
6) Remove the snails from the water.
7) Remove any remaining shells from the snails. Quite often, the snails will
separate from their shells during the boiling process but you may need to
remove a few shells.
8) Chop the snails into small pieces and then season as you wish.
27. What must we do to remove all the dirt and debris of the snails?
A. Feed them only with cornmeal about two weeks
B. feed them two days before we cook them
C. Clean them under running water
D. Boil them in a large pot of water
congrat ulation
29. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
A. To congratulate someone on his success
B. To tell someone that he passes on a test
C. To invite someone to join a driving test
D. To admire on someone achievement
30. Besides, the writer also suggests something else. What is it?
A. To be a nice and slow person
B. To become a racer someday
C. To drive slowly and nicely
D. To have a driving test
t h e most vivited on t h e west tourism area is of ¿ Lombok t h e island coast Senggigi Beach
− − − − − − − −
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A. 9–2–6–4–1–3–8–5–7
B. 8–9–4–1–3–2–5–6–7
C. 2–8–5–7–6–4–1–9–3
D. 1–3–6–4–9–2–8–5–7
34. How old was Murphy when his father passed away?
A. Three
B. Five
C. Eight
D. Nine
36. From the text we can say that the writer ... the place she lived in.
A. loved so much to
B. reconstructed
C. bought
D. built
Welwitschia mirabilis
Once upon a time, there was a flock of doves that flew in search of food led by their
king. One day, they had flown a long distance and were very tired. The dove king
encouraged them to fly a little further. The smallest dove picked up speed and found
some rice scattered beneath a banyan tree. So all the doves landed and began to eat.
Suddenly a net fell over them and they were all trapped. They saw a hunter
approaching carrying a huge club. The doves desperately fluttered their wings trying to
get out, but to no avail. The king had an idea. He advised all the doves to fly up together
carrying the net with them. He said that there was strength in unity.
Each dove picked up a portion of the net and together they flew off carrying the net
with them. The hunter looked up in astonishment. He tried to follow them, but they were
flying high over hills and valleys. They flew to a hill near a city of temples where there
lived a mouse who could help them. He was a faithful friend of the dove king.
When the mouse heard the loud noise of their approach, he went into hiding. The
dove king gently called out to him and then the mouse was happy to see him. The dove
king explained that they had been caught in a trap and needed the mouse’s help to gnaw
at the net with his teeth and set them free.
The mouse agreed saying that he would set the king free first. The king insisted that
he first free his subjects and the king last. The mouse understood the king’s feelings and
complied with his wishes. He began to cut the net and one by one all the doves were
freed including the dove king.
They all thanked the mouse and flew away together, united in their strength.
Source: http://www.moralstories.org/fables
BANANA TREAT
There once lived a group of monkeys in a jungle. An old monkey was the chief of the
group and he ruled them wisely and well. One day, the chief's wife had a wish, "Husband,
I think we should all go on a fast." "Why?" he asked. "For the well-being of all the
monkeys," she replied. Although the chief was not very enthused, he agreed.
He called all the monkeys together to make the announcement. "My friends, today
we shall all fast for the well-being of everyone. So, no one will eat a bite of food today!"
All the monkeys readily agreed. "Whatever you say, chief!" they chorused.
The chief thought for a moment. "When we break our fast, we will all be ravenous.
So, I suggest we find food and keep it ready to eat when the fast is over." The monkeys
thought this was an excellent idea. Several of them set off to find food. They climbed
trees and explored until they came upon a banana tree. Chattering excitedly, they
plucked many delicious yellow bananas and returned home.
"Good work! Now we will have enough food to break our fast with," said the pleased
chief. All the bananas were placed under a tree. "Shall we all prey before we begin our
fast?” suggested a monkey.
They all sat around silently, praying. A thought struck the chief's wife. "When we
break the fast, we will all be so hungry that we will all pounce on the bananas together.
Perhaps, we should distribute each one's share beforehand to save time later.” The Chief
thought this was a brilliant suggestion. He appointed a monkey to distribute the bananas
equally among all the monkeys.
Each monkey came up to the pile and collected his or her share of the bananas.
Then each of them sat down in his or her place, waiting for evening. They chanted
prayers for a while. Slowly, the sight of the juicy bananas got too much for some of the
young ones. Finally, one youngster stood up. "Sir, why don't we keep one banana ready
to eat? Then we can save some more time," he suggested. The chief was pleased with
the idea. "What a lovely idea! Our group is filled with intelligent monkeys! Everyone peel
a banana and keep it ready!" So, all the monkeys peeled one banana and kept it ready in
their hands.
By now the temptation of a peeled banana in their hands was too much to bear. One
by one the monkeys started getting impatient. But no one dared to disobey the chief. The
chief himself was getting impatient and hungry. "This fast was not such a great idea. Why
did I listen to my wife? When will evening come?" he mused. Suddenly, a baby monkey
said to his father, "Father, can I keep the banana in my mouth? I promise not to eat!" The
father was not sure. He asked the chief. "He won't eat it," he promised. The chief thought
this was a good idea for everyone.
"Al right! Everyone can place the banana in his or her mouth. This way the moment
the fast is over, we can chew it and swallow it. But under no circumstances should you
eat it! He instructed.
"As long as we don't eat it, it's fine," agreed the baby monkey's father. One by one
the monkeys put bananas in their mouths. They looked at each other comfortably as they
continued the fast.
Before they knew it, they were biting into the delicious bananas! And shortly
afterwards all the bananas had disappeared down their stomachs! So much for a day of
fasting! But on the brighter side, the monkeys definitely looked happy and satisfied!
Source: http://www.kidsgen.com/stories/folk_tales
Once, two friends were walking through the forest. They knew that anything
dangerous can happen to them at any time in the forest. So they _____ (47) each other
that they would remain united in any case of danger.
Suddenly, they saw a large bear approaching them. One of the friends at once
climbed a nearby tree. But the other one did not know how to climb. So being led by his
common sense, he lay down on the ground breathless, pretending to be a ______ (48)
man.
The bear came near the man lying on the ground. It smelt in his ears, and slowly
_____ (49) the place,because the bears do not touch the dead creatures.Now the friend
on the tree came down and asked his friend on the ground, “Friend, what did the bear tell
you into your ears?” The other friend replied, “The bear advised me not to believe a false
friend.”
47. A. promise
B. promised
C. are promising
D. are promised
48. A. dead
B. died
C. dying
D. deadful
49. A. is leaving
B. leaving
C. leave
D. left
1. The pair began producing music, but steered clear of the Gangsta Rap sound that
was emerging on the West Coast in groups like Public Enemy and NWA. His early
success put any thoughts of attending college out of Smith's mind.
2. Smith began rapping at age 12, emulating heroes like Grandmaster Flash but
tingeing his rhymes with a comedic element that would later become his trademark.
3. Will Smith was born as Willard Christopher Smith Jr. on September 25, 1968, in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to mother Caroline, a school board employee, and father
Willard C. Smith, a refrigeration company owner.
4. Smith was a good student whose charming personality and quick tongue were
renowned for getting him out of trouble, a trait for which he soon gained the nickname
"Prince.''
5. At 16, Smith met a DJ at a party by the name of Jeff Townes. The pair became
friends, and the duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince was born.