 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ o
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 pressure‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F⎛ N ⎞
P= ⎜ ⎟
A ⎝ m2 ⎠
 
⎛ N ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ = Pascal (Pa )
⎝m ⎠
 
 W
  P = ( pa) ‫א‬‫א‬
  F = (N )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A = (m 2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
( )
  1 pa = 1 N m 2 
  
  1bar = 100000 N ( m ) = 100kpa
2

 E١_٣F
K١٣1kN5mmEpistonF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

π
  A = d 2 
4
F
P=
A
1000
∴P =
π
  4
× 50 2 × 10 − 6

KN
P = 509
m2
P = 509 KPa = 5.09bar

 
 ١_٣١_٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
EbF‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٣FEdF‫א‬‫א‬EcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 WPressure Head‫א‬EF
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬٣٣

E ρ FE٣ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EmF ‫א‬EFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EgF‫א‬
 
 P = ρ × g×h
  ∆p = ρ × g × (∆h )
h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢٣F
،‫א‬450cm250cm 300cm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000Kg/m2 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٢٣F‫א‬E٤٣F
  F = m× g
F = (ρ × V ) × g
F = ρ × (A × h)× g
kg m
F = 1000 3
× 0.25m × 0.30m × 0.45m × 9.81 2
m sec
  F = 331N
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
331
 p = F =
N
= 4400 2 
A 0.30 × 0.25 m

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = ρ × g×h
kg m
P = 1000 3
× 9.81 2 × 0.45m
m sec

N KN
P = 4400 2
= 4.4 2 = 4.40 Kpa
m m

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٣٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬200m300mB  A
  1023 kg3 ‫א‬
m


 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A ‫א‬
  PA = ρ × g × h A
  PA = 1023 × 9.81 × 300
  PA = 3.011 × 10 6 Pa
  B‫א‬‫א‬
  PB = ρ × g × hB
  PB = 1023 × 9.81 × 200
  PB = 2.007 × 10 6 Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  PA − PB = 3.011 × 10 6 − 2.007 × 10 6 = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∆p = PA − PB = ρ × g × ∆h
PA-PB = 1023 × 9.81 × (300 − 200) = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa
 WE٤٣F
 W(101.325kN/m2F‫א‬‫א‬
K1000kg/m3 •
K13.6‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،E13.6F‫א‬‫א‬،E1000kg/m3F ‫א‬،E101.325kn/m2F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE9.81m/sec2F‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
P=ρ×g×h
 
101.325 × 100000 N
hH 2o =
P
= m2
ρH o × g
2 1000 kg
m 3 × 9.81 m
sec 2
∴ hH 2 o = 10.33m 
 
 K10.33 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ Hg = ρ Hg × 13.6

ρ Hg = 1000 × 13.6 kg
m3

W‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 
101.325 × 100000 N
hHg = m2

⎝ m3 ⎠
(
⎛⎜13.6 × 1000 kg ⎞⎟ 9.81 m
sec 2
)
 
hHg = 0.76 m

10.33 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.76 m‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬101.3 kN/m2 1.013 bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStandardF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 E٥٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.61m 3.66m‫א‬‫א‬
 ،٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1000kg/m3‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K101.3kN/m2W‫א‬‫א‬ , 917kg/m3W‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٥٣F‫א‬E٥٣F
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2‫א‬E٥ ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P1
P2 = P0 + P2g h2
P2= (101.3 X 1000 N/m2) + (917 kg/m3) . (9.8 m/sec2).(3.05m)
= 128737 N/m2.
 W‫א‬‫א‬P1‫א‬‫א‬
P1 = P2+ P1gh1
P1 = 128737N/m +(1000 kg/m3).(9.81 m/sec2).(0.61m)
2

=134721.1 N/m2
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
P1(gauge) = P1 - P0(atm)
= 134721.1-101.3 × 1000
= 33421.1N/m2
3.34 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 EPressure MeasurementF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 EThe BarometerF‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬E٦٣F
 
‫א‬E٦ ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ρ ‫א‬‫א‬ h‫א‬
 W 
 P = ρ × g× h

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.013 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
1.013 × 100000 = 1000 × 9.81 × h
 
1.013 × 100000
  = 10.326m h=
1000 × 9.81
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10.326m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬13.6‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1.013 × 100000 = 13600 × 9.81 × h

1.013 × 100000
= 0.76m = 760 mm = 0.76 m ∴h =
13600 × 9.81
 
 KE760 mm HgF‫א‬760mm‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  :EThe Manometers )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٧ ٣F ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬U
 
 KE٧٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC‫א‬B
 Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
 
 PB = PC = P0 + ρHg g h
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧٣F
 

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 Differential Manometer ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEhF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٨٣F‫א‬K
 KC‫א‬D‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2‫א‬D‫א‬
 KEZ + hF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P1‫א‬C‫א‬
 
 P1+(h+Z)ρAg =P2+ρBgh+ρAgZ

P1+ P2= ρBhg +ρAgZ - ρAgZ - ρAgh


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨٣F
 P1 – P2 = (ρB - ρA)gh
 
A‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬A‫א‬
 
 P1-P 2= ρB × g × h

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 Inclined ManometerW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬XX Sinθ h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٩٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ‫א‬
 
 P1- P2 = ρg X Sinθ

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩٣F
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ρ‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬ ‫א‬P‫א‬
 Kg‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P = h . ρ .g

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٣F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠٣F
P1 = P2 = P 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EA1 = A2 = A3F‫א‬
 KEF1 = F2 = F3F
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
،E١١ ٣FAF 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬P 
 K‫א‬
 
 
F
 P =
A

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١٣F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،K  ‫א‬‫א‬  K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 ‫א‬10 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K bar
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬١٢٣F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬١٢٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٢ ٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬E١٢٣F
 
 W،P A1  ‫א‬‫א‬F1‫א‬
F1
  P =
A1
F2‫א‬KA2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
F2 = P. A2
  F1 = F2
A1 A2
 W
F2 A2
=
F1 A1

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K
 ،A1 ‫א‬F1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،EA2‫א‬FF2‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
 W
    ‫א‬‫א‬
 
S1 A2
  =
S2 A1
 
 W، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W1 = F1 × S1
W2 = F2 × S2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٣F
 
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ ٣F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KF1‫א‬‫א‬،A1‫א‬P1 
 W‫א‬‫א‬KA2‫א‬P2‫א‬‫א‬
 
F1 = F2 = F
  P1 . A1 = F1W
P2 . A2 = F2
  P1 . A1 = P2 . A2 W
 W 
P1 A2
 P = A
2 1

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٣F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٣F‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K o

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
 KE١٥٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٣F
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F •
KE‫א‬‫א‬F •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬   K E‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬‫א‬  E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٣F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٣F
 

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١٧٣F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧٣F
 
D‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kd‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K b,a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KP1‫א‬F1  d‫א‬‫א‬،Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a
F
  1 = Q ×
b
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q
 WF1 ‫א‬‫א‬P1‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

F F 4× F
  P1 = A = ⎛ π 2 ⎞ = π × d 2
1 1 1

1
⎜ d ⎟
⎝4 ⎠
 
 P1 = P2 = P

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
π × D2 4 × F1 × π × D 2 a D2
F2 = P1 A2 = P1 = =Q
4 4×π × d2 b d2
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
a D2
  F2 = ξ × Q × b d 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ξ 
 
 
  0.85 ≥ ξ ≥ 0.80

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨٣F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٣F
 
- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١٣F

- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤٣F

- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥٣F

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬, 7.5cm‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬6000N
 7.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫؟‬1 Mpa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1206 kg/m³ 
 K95 kpa E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬150 kpa‫א‬ EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K999kg/m³ ‫א‬.101.325 kpa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K10³kg/m³750 kg/m³ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬2m‫א‬3m‫א‬‫א‬
 K1bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 N‫א‬F ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = F
A
 W‫א‬‫א‬
π π
A = π × r2 = × (0.075) = 0.004418m 2
2
D2 =
4 4
 
6000
∴P = = 135808 Pa ≈ 1358 KPa
0.004418

- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 EF
 
 
 
 
7.5 m
  Oil

 
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = Ptop + POil = Ptop + ( ρ × g × h)Oil
 
P = 1000000 + (1206 × 9.81 × 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 KPa
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p 
 
 EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P\ bs = Pg + Patm = 150 + 95 = 245KPa
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = ρ×g×h
  101.325 = 999 × 9.81 × h
101.325 × 103
∴h = = 10.34m
999 × 9.81
 
 E13600 kg/m³‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

p = ρ×g×h
 
101.325 × 103 = 13600 × 9.81 × h

 h = 0.76 m = 76 cm
 K٧٦١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pgage = POil + PW
  Pgage = (2 × 750) + (3 × 1000) = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pt = Pgage + Patm
Pgage = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa
 
Patm = 1bar = 100000 Pa = 100kPa
∴ Pt = 4.5 + 100 = 104.5kPa
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬FF1‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(0.33m)(100 N) – (0.03m) F1 = 0

0.33m × 100 N
F1 = = 1100 N
0.03m

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

F2 A2
=
F1 A1

P1 = P2 = P = F1/A1 =F2/A2

F1= P1A1= 1100 N

P1 = 1100/A1

1100 1100 N
  P1 = A = π 2 = 6.22 × 10 m 2
6

1 d
4
 
 P1= P2

F2 = P1 A2

N π
× × (0.05m ) = 12.22kN
2
F2 = 6.22 × 10 6 2
m 4

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