Christian C.

De Sagun
Grade 12-Kepler

Explain the enthalpy reactions and provide 3 examples each.

1. Enthalpy of combustion

– It is the change in enthalpy that happens in combustion reaction.

Combustion reaction occurs when the heat released when a certain amount
of a combustible pure substance is burned (in oxygen) to form incombustible
products. The enthalpy of combustion is always negative since enthalpy is
the whole heat content of a system. Because heat is released during
combustion reactions, the total heat content must decrease.

Examples:

When a candle is lighted, interactions between carbon and hydrogen in the paraffin
wax are broken, and bonds between carbon and oxygen (to produce carbon
dioxide) and hydrogen and oxygen are formed (to make water).

Burning wood in a fire is an example of a combustion reaction. In the combustion

reaction, the carbohydrates in wood combine with oxygen to form water and
carbon dioxide. This reaction is very energetic, and it generates heat and light as it
releases that energy.

The combustion of ethane is simply a 'combustion reaction' in which ethane burns

in oxygen. The reaction produces both carbon dioxide and water vapor.

2. Enthalpy of Fusion

– The enthalpy change that accompanies the melting (fusion) of 1 mol of a

substance. Change of enthalpy that occurs when substances is exposed with certain
energy: most likely heat that will cause melting.

Examples:

In making coins, solid zinc and copper are inserted in a casting furnace and heated
by the heat of fusion process until they reach the liquid phase. The molten zinc and
copper are poured into a mold and molded into long bars once they have reached
liquid phase.
 Solid ice melting into liquid water is the most common example. Melting, also
known as heat of fusion, is a process that causes the molecules in a substance to
become less structured.

The vast majority of examples where heat of fusion is commonplace can be seen in
the manufacturing industry. The glass vase on your fireplace mantel and the plastic
soda bottle from the vending machine all went through a heat of fusion
manufacturing process.

3. Enthalpy of Vaporization
-
The enthalpy change that accompanies the vaporization of 1 mol of a substances.
Enthalpy of Vaporization is the amount of energy that must be given to a liquid
substance in order for it to be converted into a gas. The enthalpy of vaporization
depends on the pressure at which the transformation occurs.

Examples:

The temperature of water in a teapot rises when the heat from your stove's flame is
applied. The temperature remains constant despite the fact that energy is
continually being absorbed. When the physical properties of water alter to allow it
to be transformed to vapor, this happens. The heat that is consumed fuels these
changes.

When lava meets the ocean. The heat from the lava converts liquid water from the
ocean to clouds of steam with dramatic effect.

The most typical example of enthalpy of vaporization is drying garments in the

sun. The evaporation process removes the water from the clothes that is present
when they are washed and hung on the line.

4. Enthalpy of Solution

The change in enthalpy that occurs when a specified amount of solute dissolves in
a given quantity of solvent.

Examples:

Sodium chloride (table salt) dissolves in water in an endothermic reaction. This is

because the energy required to break apart the hydrogen bonding interactions
between water molecules, as well as the electrostatic attractions between sodium
and chloride ions, is greater than the energy required to form new solute-solvent
attractions between water molecules and aqueous ions in solution.
 Freon and other refrigerants are evaporated in refrigerators. The enthalpy of
vaporization (the energy conversion from liquid to gas) is the same as the
temperature of your food.

Outside, some people wear chemical heat packs (hand warmers). The pack begins
to warm your hands when you shake it. The pack's many reactants are exposed to
air.