Unit Understand Policy Instruments

Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|1

TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

INFORMATION SHEET MD-2.1.1

“Policy Instruments”

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Explain policy instruments and its nature.
2. Understand policy instruments as the use of government resources
3. Identify the different levels of state involvement.

What are Policy Instruments?

- According to Bridgman and Davis (2004: 64) are the means by which governments achieve
their ends’. Governments confront public problems using a range of instruments, programs,
tools, approaches, and techniques to achieve their goals.
- More than one instrument might be used to solve a problem.

Nature of Policy Instruments

• Policy instruments can be conceived of and understood as manifestations of the way
government uses its resources to address a policy issue or problem.
• Policy instruments can be categorized according to who has the control and ability to
address the policy issue.
• Policy instruments can be broadly conceived in terms of the nature and the level of
government involvement in addressing the policy problem. Each discussed below:

Policy Instruments as the Use of Government Resources

In 1986, Christopher Hood argued that it made sense to understand policy instruments in terms of the
resources that governments deployed rather than by making long lists of policy instruments. Hood
divided policy instruments into four (4) groups organized around the nature of the resources used by
governments to address policy problems:
1. Information Instruments- use information and knowledge to influence behavior of public and
private sector interests.

2. Treasury Instruments- use government money and other resources to influence, coerce and
manipulate behavior.

3. Authority Instruments- use legal and official powers of government to enforce behavior, and

4. Organization Instruments- use the organization and actions of government agencies to shape
behavior.

PREPARED BY: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

ND
MODULE 2
MIDTERM
7 Meeting MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Administrator
 Unit Understand Policy Instruments
Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|2
TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

Later, Bridgman and Davis (2004) adopted these themes, renaming them to reflect contemporary
influences:
1. Advocacy- using information and education to manipulate behavior.
2. Money- using financial incentives, spending and taxing.
3. Government action- delivering services directly or indirectly facilitating their delivery, and
4. Law- legislation, regulation and compulsory provisions to achieve compliance.

Policy Instrument as Control

An alternative to the above classification is that instruments can also be organized in terms of where
the control lies in implementing policy. Ouchi (1980) identified three main mechanisms through which
control is exercised to achieve policy outcomes:
• Market forces- involve interventions that change free market pricing, so that the new prices
motivate actors to change their behavior. In tourism, entrance fees and user-pays charges are
examples.

• Bureaucracies- exercise control through regulation. For example in tourism site licenses, park
permits for operators and visitor permits are ways of controlling the timing, levels and
distribution of visitation in national parks.

• Clans- allude to the control that can be exercised through self-regulation and because of the
actors’ belongingness to a community of interest. Accreditation programs, membership of
industry associations, charters and code of ethics are examples.

Examples of Tourism Policy Instruments

PREPARED BY: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

ND
MODULE 2
MIDTERM
7 Meeting MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Administrator
 Unit Understand Policy Instruments
Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|3
TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

Level of State Involvement

A. Voluntary Instruments
- designed to manage the effects of tourism and to influence tourist and operator behavior is
growing. These include self-regulatory codes of conduct for operators, tourists, businesses
and self-imposed. As an example, Planning in Practice: ‘Code of conduct-sexual exploitation’,
discusses an attempt to foster behavioral change among tourism operators so that ‘clan
pressure’ will reduce the sexual exploitation of children by tourists.

CODE OF CONDUCT- SEXUAL EXPLOITATION

In 2004 ECPAT (End Child Prostitution and Trafficking), a network of organizations and individuals
working towards the elimination of child prostitution, pornography and trafficking, the World Tourism
Organization and UNICEF developed a code of conduct for the suppliers of tourism services. This code
entitled the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and
Tourism, seeks suppliers’ commitment to developing ethical standards and practices in the conduct of
their businesses. The code comprises six (6) simple directives:
1. To establish an ethical policy regarding commercial sexual exploitation of children.
2. To train the personnel in the country of origin and travel destinations.
3. To introduce a clause in contracts with suppliers, stating a common repudiation of commercial
sexual exploitation of children.
4. To provide information to travellers by means of catalogues, brochures, inflight films, ticketslips,
home pages, etc.
5. To provide information to local ‘key persons’ at the destination.

PREPARED BY: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

ND
MODULE 2
MIDTERM
7 Meeting MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Administrator
 Unit Understand Policy Instruments
Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|4
TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

6. To report annually.

B. Mixed Instruments
- Use a combination of measures, such as voluntary adoption of standards, regulation,
subsidies, and taxes, to achieve certain outcomes.
- It relies on the combined efforts of market, civil society and governments to address shared
tourism objectives.
- Mixed instruments include, for example, eco-accreditation and eco-labeling programs such
as Green Globe 21. In Green Globe 21 operators adopt a set of industry-wide standards for
their operations and seek voluntary accreditation.

C. Compulsory Instruments
- Such as regulation and legislation, requires government to proscribe solutions for addressing
tourism issues and problems and penalties for non-compliance.
- It is usually developed via public consultation and rigorous legal drafting process. It needs
high degree of transparency.
- For example, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) was established by
the Commonwealth Government under Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975, to provide
for the protection, wise use, understanding and enjoyment of the Great Barrier Reef in
perpetuity through the care and development of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.

PREPARED BY: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

ND
MODULE 2
MIDTERM
7 Meeting MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Administrator
 Unit Understand Policy Instruments
Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|5
TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

STUDENT NAME: __________________________________ SECTION: __________________

PERFORMANCE TASK MD-2.1.1

PERFORMANCE TASK TITLE: Policy Instruments
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE: After completing this written work you’ll be able to identify the policy
instruments used in the given case study.
TOOLS AND MATERIALS: None
EQUIPMENT: None
ESTIMATED COST: None
Direction: Read and analyze the case study given below and then identify the policy instruments used.

MIDTERM MODULE 2ND PREPARED BY: APPROVED FOR

7 Meeting IMPLEMENTATION:
MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT
Subject Teacher MR. WILBERT A.
 Unit Understand Policy Instruments
Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|6
TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

MAÑUSCA School
Administrator

Question:
What were the policy instruments used in this case study, and why were they considered
appropriate?

PRECAUTIONS: None
ASSESSMENT METHOD: PERFORMANCE TASK CRITERIA CHECKLIST
 Unit Understand Policy Instruments
Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|7
TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

PREPARED BY: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

MODULE 2ND
MIDTERM
7 MeetingMS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Administrator
STUDENT NAME: __________________________________ SECTION: __________________

PERFORMANCE TASK CRITERIA CHECK LIST MD-2.1.1

CRITERIA SCORING
Did I . . . 1 2 3 4 5
1. Understand the given topic well?
2. Able to answer all the given questions?
3. Applied the knowledge that I learned from the topic to the activities?
4. Interpret and comply with instructions?
5. Identify the policy instruments used in the given case study?
TEACHER’S REMARKS:  QUIZ  RECITATION  PROJECT

GRADE:

5 - Excellently Performed
4 - Very Satisfactorily Performed
3 - Satisfactorily Performed
2 - Fairly Performed
1 - Poorly Performed

___________________________
TPC5-TEACHER

Date: ______________________
 Unit Understand Policy Instruments
Module Understanding Policy Instruments Page|8
TPC5-TPPD Tourism Planning Policy and Development Units: 3.0

PREPARED BY: APPROVED FOR IMPLEMENTATION:

ND
MODULE 2
MIDTERM
7 Meeting MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT MR. WILBERT A. MAÑUSCA
Subject Teacher School Administrator