Intellectual Revolution that Defined Society

Science is Transformed by Science and Technology

Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543

- Heliocentrism
- “initiator of the Scientific Revolution”

Charles Darwin
- The Origin of Species (1859) and Descent of Man (1871)
- Man descended from apes
- Natural species have changed or evolved over time
- Natural selection or “ struggle for existence and the elimination of the unfit” natural
process of survival

Darwin’s ideas on evolution

- In biological science, it sheds light on fossils and vice versa
- In psychology, evolution makes sense. We do what we do, and think how we think
because of that innate drive to survive.
- Literature, technology, music, religion and others also make use of the theory of
evolution
- In application to cutting edge technology, the so-called “Ecological Niche Modeling”
determines the likelihood of an organism surviving in a particular ecosystem

Sigmund Freud
- Austrian physician
- Emphasized the role of psychoanalysis in dealing with personality
- Three aspects of personality that significantly influenced human behavior
■ Structures of the mind
■ Structures of personality
■ Psychosexual stages of development

Three levels of Mind

Conscious mind- consists of our thoughts, desires, and wishes
Pre-conscious mind- consists to experiences that we are not aware of but made
conscious by simply focusing on them
Unconscious mind- contains repressed urges, thoughts, memories, and wishes which
are disturbing and threatening
Three structures of Personality
ID- animalistic nature of man
-destructive and pleasure-seeking
EGO (self)- human nature of man
acts according to laws and morals
- bound by limits of reality
SUPER EGO (conscience)- strives for perfection
-to be good and honorable
Psychosexual stages of development

Stage

Oral (0-1 year) Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing.

Anal (1-3 years) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with
demands for control

Phallic (4-6 years) Pleasure zone is genitals; coping with incestous sexual feelings
(Oedipus complex)

Latency (7-12 years) Dormant sexual feelings.

Identification process- gender identity

Genital (13+ years) Maturation of sexual interests

Mental abnormality can occur if a stage is not completed successfully and the person
becomes ‘fixated’ in a stage.
Information Technology
- The changing times and invention of computer have transformed every aspect of our
society
- It has opened up a whole learning environment
- Personalized learning has come to the fore
- Businesses have become more profitable with the help of various advanced  machines

Mesoamerican Science and Technology (Maya civilization)

- Most advanced of all pre-Columbian civilizations
- Maya hieroglyphs
- Maya cities have observatories with attached libraries
- Maya calendar
- Buildings and public places are covered with pictographs

Asian Science and Technology

- There is a burst of knowledge and innovation that ignited economic growth in a way
never before experienced
- Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China together produce a staggering 90% of the
world’s digital gadgets

Science and Technology in the Middle East

- Jordan is a typical society that represents S&T in the Middle Egypt
- Jordan government is laying the foundation for a digital transformation
- Auto technology organizations have been very successful in providing training to
thousands of students
- Telehealth technology
- Cloud-based platform

Science and Technology in the  Africa

- Achievement of science and technology in various sectors such as medical, industrial,
entertainment, education, infrastructure for development