Work,Power and Energy

By JEEPROGRESS

Work F F
The work W done by a constant force F when its point of θ
application undergoes a displacement s is defined to be
W = F s cosθ s
The work W done by the force F when
its point of application undergoes a
displacement s is W = F.s = Fs cos θ

Where  is the angle between F and s as indicated in figure. Only the component of F along s, that is,
F cos  , contributes to the work done. Strictly speaking, the work is done by the source or agent that
applies the force. Work is a scalar quantity and its Sl unit is the joule (J) from equation, we see that
1 J = 1 N-m
Work is also defined as the dot product of force and its displacement as given by equation
W = F. s

In terms of rectangular components, the two vectors are F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k and

s = xi + y j + z k; Hence, equation may be written as

W = Fx x + Fx y + Fz z
The work done by a given force on a body depends only on the force, the displacement, and the angle
between them. It does not depend on the velocity or the acceleration of the body, or on the presence of
other forces.
Since the work is a scalar, its value also does not depend on the orientation of the coordinate axes. Since
the magnitude of a displacement in a given time interval depends on the velocity of the frame of reference
used to measure the displacement, the calculated work also depends on the reference frame.
Example 1 A box is moved a horizontal path by applying force F = 60 N at an angle  = 30 to the
horizontal. What is the work done during the displacement of the box over a distance of
0.5 km?
Solution By definition, W = F s cos 
Here F = 60 N ; s = 0.5 km = 500m;  = 30
 W = ( 60)(500) cos30 = 26 kJ
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Example 2 A load of mass m = 3000 kg is lifted by a string with an acceleration a = 2 m/s 2 . Find
work done during the first one and a half second from the beginning of motion.
1
Sol. The height to which the body is lifted during the first t second is h = at 2 .
2
The tension in the spring is given by T
T = mg + ma
Work done is given by a
1 
W = Th = m ( g + a )  at 2 
2  mg
Here m = 3000kg , a = 2m/s ; g = 10 m/s ; t = 1.5s.
2 2

1 2
 W = ( 3000 )(10 + 2 )  ( 2 )(1.5 ) 
2 
or W = 81kJ
Positive and Negative Work
Work done by a force be positive or negative depending on the angle  between the force and
displacement. If the angle  is acute (  90) , then the work done is positive and the component of
force is parallel to the displacement. (See figure a)

  90 F
F   90
θ s θ s

(a ) (b )
Negative Work done by a force F
Positive Work done by a force F

If the angle  is obtuse (  90) , the component of force is antiparallel to the displacement and the
work done by force is negative (See figure b)
Zero Work Done
It is clear from the equation that the work done by a force is zero when
(a) F =0 N v
WF = 0
(b) s=0 WN = 0
v F
(c) cosθ = 0

or θ = 90 (a ) (b )
When the force and the displacement are perpendicular, the work done by
the force is zero.
(a) The normal reaction N is perpendicular to displacement, therefore,
WN = 0

JEEPROGRESS (b) The centripetal force is perpendicular to displacement, thus WF = 0.

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Work Done by Friction

There is a misconception that the force of friction always does negative work. In reality, the work done by
friction may be zero, positive or negative depending upon the situation as shown in the figure.
s
s fk A F
s=0 s s F
A fk
F F F B B
fk

(a ) (b ) (c)

(a) When a block is pulled by a force F and the block does not move, the work done by friction is zero.
(b) When a block is pulled by a force F on a stationary surface, the work done by the kinetic friction is negative.
(c) Block A is placed on the B. When the block A is pulled with a force F, the friction force does negative work on block
A and positive work on B. The displacement of B relative to the table is in the forward direction. The work done by
kinetic friction on block B is positive.

Work Done by Gravity

Consider a block of mass m which slides
down a smooth inclined plane of angle s
 as shown in figure. N h yi
Let us assume the coordinate axes as
shown in the figure, to specify the y
components of the two vectors although yf
mg
the value of work will not depend on the x θ
orientation of the axes.
(
The work done by given is Wg = −mg y f − yi = + mgh )
Now, the force of gravity, Fg = −mg j and the displacement is given by

s = xi + y j + z k
The work done by gravity is

(
Wg = Fg . s = −mg j x i + y j + z k )
or Wg = −mg y ( j. i = 0, j. j = 1, j k =0 )
Since y = y f − yi = h Wg = −mg ( y f − vi ) = +mgh

If the block moves in the upward direction, then the work done by gravity is negative and is given by
Wg = −mgh
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Important
1. The work done by the force of gravity depends only on the initial and final vertical coordinates, not
on the path taken.
2. The work done by gravity is zero for any path that returns to its initial point.
When several force act on a body one may calculate the work done by each force individually. The net
work done on the body is the algebraic sum individual contributions.
Wnet = F1. s1 + F2 . s2 + ............. + Fn . sn or Wnet = W1 + W2 + ........................... + Wn

Work Done by a Variable Force

When the magnitude and direction of a force vary in three dimensions, it can be expressed as a function
of the position vector F ( r ) , or in terms of the coordinates F ( x, y, z ) . The work done by such a force in
an infinitesimal displacement ds is
dw = F. ds
The total work done in going from point A to point B as shown in the figure. i.e.,
B B
WA→B =  F.ds =  ( F cos  ) ds
A A
B
ds
In terms of rectangular components, θ
F F
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k θ
ds
and ds = dxi + dy j + dz k therefore, A
xB yB zB (a) A particle moves along a curved path subject
WA→B =  Fx dx +
xA
 Fy dy +  Fz dz
yA zA
to a variable force F. The work done by the force
in a displacement ds is dw = F . ds

Work done by a spring

If x be the displacement of t he free end of the spring from Fs
its equilibrium position then, the magnitude of spring force is
given by
Fx = − kx Fs

The negative sign signifies that the force always opposes the
extension ( x  0) or the compression ( x  0) of the spring. x
x=0
In other words, the force tends to restore the system to its
equilibrium position.
The force exerted by an ideal spring is given
The work done by the spring force for a displacement from by Hooke's law:
xi to x f is given by FS = −kx, Where x is the extension
or compression of the spring.
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xf xf

Ws =  F dx = −  kxdx
xi
s
xj

Fs
or Ws = − k ( x 2f − xi2 )
1
2
xi xf
Note x

➢ The work done by a spring force is

negative.
➢ The work done by the spring force only The work done by the spring when the displacement of its free end
changes from xi to x f is the area of the trapezoid;
depends on the initial and final points.
1
(
Ws = − k x 2f − xi2 )
➢ The net work done by the spring force is 2

zero for any path that returns to the

initial point.

Graphically, the work done by the spring force F( x)

in a displacement from xi to x f is the shaded
area (as shown in the figure) which is the
difference in the areas of two triangles.
In general, the work done by a variable force
F ( x ) from an initial point xi to final point
xi xf x
x f is given by the area under the force –
(a) The work done by a nonconstant force is approximately
displacement curve as shown in figure. equal to sum of the areas of the rectangles.
(b) The area under the curve is given by the integral
Area (work) above the x – axis is taken as W =  Fx dx
positive, and vice – versa.

Example 3 A 5 kg block moves in a straight line on a

horizontal frictionless surface under the 10
influence of a force that varies with F (N)
5
position as shown in figure. Find the work
done by the force as the block moves from 0 2 4 6 8 x ( m)
the origin to x = 8m.
−5
Solution The work from x = 0 to x = 8m is he area
under the curve.
1 1
W = (10  2 ) + (10 )( 4 − 2 ) + 0 + ( −5)(8 − 6 ) = 25 J
2 2
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Classroom Practice Paper

1. Which of the following may not be conserved?

(a) Energy (b) Potential energy (c) Mechanical energy (d) Kinetic energy
2. A particle moves along the x − axis from x = 0 to x = 5m under the influence of a force given
( )
F = 7 − 2 x + 3x2 N. The work done in the process is

(a) 70 J (b) 270 J (c) 35 J (d) 135 J

3. A body moves a distance of 10 m along a straight line under the action of a force of 5 N. If the work
done is 25 J, the angle which the force makes with the direction of motion of the body is
(a) 0 (b) 30 (c) 60 (d) 90

Work energy Theorem

Let us study which physical quantity changes when work is done on a particle. If a constant force F acts
through a displacement x, it does work W = Fx = ( ma ) x on the particle.

Since the acceleration is constant, we can use the equation of kinematics

v2f = vi2 + 2 ax

m v 2f − vi2  1 1
Thus, W = = mv 2f − mvi2
2 2 2
The quantity
1 2
K= mv
2
Is a scalar and is called the kinetic energy of the particle.
Kinetic energy is the energy that a particle posses by virtue of its motion.
Thus, the equation takes the form
W = K f − K i = K

The work done by a force changes the kinetic energy of the particle. This is called the Work – Energy
Theorem.
In general
The net work done by the resultant of all the force acting on the particle is equal to the change in kinetic
energy of a particle.
Wnet = K
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Important
(i) The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the amount of work needed to increase its speed
from zero to a given value
(ii) The kinetic energy of a particle is the work it can do on its surrounding is coming to rest.
(iii) Since the velocity and displacement of a particle depend on the frame of reference, the numerical
value of the work and the kinetic energy also depend on the frame
N
Example 4 A block of mass m = 4 kg is dragged 2m, along a
horizontal surface by a force F = 30 N acting at 53° to F
53°
the horizontal. The initial speed is 3 m/s and k = 1/ 8. f

(a) Find the change in kinetic energy of the block mg

The change in the kinetic energy of
(b) Find its final speed the block is given by the net work
done on it.

Solution (a) The force acting on the block are shown in the figure. Cleary, WN = 0 and Wg = 0,
whereas WF = Fs cos θ
W f = − fs = −  k Ns where N = mg − F sin θ

The work – energy theorem,

K = Wnet = WF + W f

Therefore, K = F s cosθ − k ( mg − f sin  ) s

1
= ( 30 )( 2 )( 0.6 ) − ( 40 − 24 )( 2 ) = 32 J
8
1 2 1 2
(b) Now K = mv f − mvi = 32 J
2 2
Since vi = 3 m/s.

Therefore, v f = 5 m/s

Example 5 A block of mass m = 2 kg is attached to a spring Fs

whose spring constant is k = 8N/m . The block N
f
1
slides on an incline for which k = and
8
θ = 37 . mg
If the block starts at rest with the spring  =37
unextended, what is its speed when it has moved The work done by gravity is positive;
a distance d = 0.5m down the incline? the work done by the spring and by
friction are negative.
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Solution This problem can be solved by using Newton's second law. However, the force exerted
by the spring varies with position and therefore, so does the acceleration. We avoid this
difficulty by using the work – energy theorem. (Unless you are solving a problem in
static equilibrium, it is a good idea to think of the energy approach rather than dynamic
when you see a spring)
The work done by the force due to the spring was found in equation
xi = 0 and x f = + d

The works done by each of the force on the block are

Wg = + mgd sin θ

Wf = −k Nd = −k ( mg cosθ ) d

1
Ws = − kd 2
2
1 2
Of course, WN = 0. The work energy theorem, with K = mv − 0, tells us
2
1 1
mgd sin θ − k ( mg cosθ ) d − kd 2 = mv 2
2 2
3 4 1
Putting m = 2kg ; d = 0.5 m; k = 8 N/m;sin  = ;cos  = ; k =
5 5 8
1 1 1
We get, ( 2 )(10 )( 0.5)( 0.6 ) − ( 20 )( 0.8)( 0.5) − (8)( 0.5) = ( 2 ) v2
2

8 2 2
v = 2 m / s.
Example 6 A box of mass m is gently placed on a
conveyor belt that moves at a constant speed v.
The coefficient of kinetic friction is k . m v

(a) What is the work done by friction?

(b) How far does the box move before A box of mass m is gently placed on
reaching its final speed? conveyor belt moving at constant
velocity v.
(c) When the box reaches its final speed, how
far has the belt moved?
Solution (a) when the box is first placed on the belt there will be slipping between the two. But
the force of friction on the box and its displacement are in the same direction.
Consequently, the work done by kinetic friction is positive. Since the final speed of
the box is v,
1
W f = K = + mv 2 (i)
2
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(b) The force of friction is f = k N = k mg and W f = + fd .

Thus from equation (i),

1
+ k mgd = + mv 2 (ii)
2
v2
Thus, d =
2 k g
(c) If the box takes a time t to reach speed v, then v = at where a is the acceleration of
1 1 1
box. In this time it will move d = at 2 = at 2 = vt. Since the belt's speed is
2 2 2
fixed, in time t it moves a distance vt = 2d.
The belt moves twice as far as the box while the box is accelerating.
Example 7 A horizontal force F very slowly lifts the bob of a simple pendulum from a vertical
position to a point at which string makes an angle θ o to the vertical. The magnitude of
the force is varied so that the bob is essentially in equilibrium all times.
What is the work done by the force on the bob?
Solution

L T θ
y θ ds
F θ dy j
yo
x θ dxi
mg
(a) To move the bob at constant speed the force must vary
with the angle θ
(b) An infinitesimal displacement has vertical and
horizontal components

Figure is a free body diagram of the system and show the force acting on the bob. Since
the acceleration is zero, both the vertical and horizontal components of the force
balance:
 Fx = F − T sin θ = 0

 Fy = T cos θ − mg = 0

Eliminating T we get
F = mg tan θ (i)
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This work done F in an infinitesimal displacement ds along the circular arc is

dW = F. d s = Fx dx
= mg tan θ dx (ii)
dy
From figure, we see that = tan  , thus dy = tan  dx .
dx
Equation (ii) becomes dw = mg dy, therefore, the total work done from y = 0 to y = yo
is
yo

W =  mgdy = mgyo = mgL (1 − cos θo )

0

where the vertical displacement is

yo = L (1 − cosθo )

Classroom Practice Paper

4. A 2 kg block is pulled 3m along a frictionless horizontal plane by a 10 N force that acts at 37°
above the horizontal. What is the work done by the force on the block?
5. A 1.8 kg block is moved at constant speed over a surface for F
which  k = 0.25. The displacement is 2 m. It is pulled by a 45
force directed at 45 to the horizontal as shown in figure.
Find the work done on the block by
(a) The force F (b) Friction (c) Gravity
6. A 200 g ball thrown vertically up with an initial speed of 20 m/s reaches a maximum height of 18
m. Find
(a) The change in its kinetic energy
(b) The work done by gravity
(c) Are the two quantities just calculated equal? Explain why or why not?
7. A force varies the position as shown in the figure. Find the work F (N)
done by it from
(a) x = −4 to + 4m
10
(b) x = 0 to − 2 m −4 −2
x ( m)
2 4

−10
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8. Two block of masses m1 = 5 kg and m2 = 2 kg hang on either side of a frictionless

cylinder as shown in the figure. If the system starts at rest, what is the speed of m1 after
it has fallen 40 cm?
m2

m1

Potential Energy
When we throw a ball upwards with an initial velocity, it rise to a certain height and becomes stationary
for a moment. What happens to the lost kinetic energy? We know with our experience that the ball returns
back in our hands with a speed equal to its initial value. The initial kinetic energy is somehow stored and
is later fully recovered in the form of kinetic energy. The ball must have something at the new height that
it does not have at the previous level. That something by virtue of its position is Potential Energy.
Potential energy is associated with the relative positions of two or more
Rest
interacting particles.
Potential energy fits well the idea of energy as the capacity to do work.
For example, the gravitational potential energy of an object raised off the
ground can be used to compress or expand a spring or to lift another v
weight. As a coil spring unwinds, or a straight spring returns to its natural
length, the stored potential energy can be used to do work. For example, if
a block is attached to a compressed spring, the elastic potential energy can The block gains kinetic energy when
be converted in to kinetic energy of the block as shown in figure. the compressed spring is released.

In the above discussion we have seen that in the case of gravity and elastic spring the kinetic energy
imparted initially is stored as potential energy for a short time which is regained, later on. But this is not
true in all cases.
For example, consider block placed at rest on a rough horizontal surface. If we impart it some initial
kinetic energy, it starts sliding on the surface, the frictional force does negative work on the block,
decreasing its kinetic energy to zero. But it does not come back to our hand no matter how long wait! The
frictional force has used up the kinetic energy in a non-reversible way.
The forces, such as gravity and spring force, which does work in a reversible manner, is called a
conservation force. In contrast, the force, such a frictional force, which does work in an irreversible
manner, is called an non-conservative force.
B
Important
1. The work done by a conservative-force is independent of 1
path. It depends only on the initial and final positions. In 2
contrast, the work done by a non-conservative force
depends on the path.
2. The work done by a conservative force around any closed A
path is zero. The work done by a conservative force
from point A to point B is the same for
JEEPROGRESS any two paths such as 1 and 2.
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v=0 v=0

v = v1 f
d d

f θ θ
v = v1

UP : = Wg = mgdsinθ; Wf = −fd DOWN : = Wg = mgdsinθ; Wf = −fd

A block slides up and down on a rough inclined plane. In the complete trip, the work
done by gravity is zero whereas the work done by friction is negative.

The potential energy is defined only for conservative forces.

The change in potential energy as a particle moves from point A to point B is equal to the negative of the
work done by the associated conservative force
U = U B − U A = −WC
Using definition of work
B
U B − U A = −  FC . ds
A

From equation, we see that staring with potential energy U A at point A, we obtain a unique value U B at
point B, because WC has the same value for all paths. When a block slides along a rough floor, the work
done by the force of friction on the block depends on the length of the path taken from point A to point B.
There is no unique value for the work done, so one can not assign unique values for potential energy at
each point. Hence, non-conservative force cannot have potential energy.
When the forces within a system are conservative, external work done on the system is stared as potential
energy and is fully recoverable.
Note that the potential energy is always defined with respect to a reference point.
Gravitational potential energy (near the Earth's Surface)
The work done by gravity on a particle of mass m whose vertical coordinate changes from y A to y B is

Wg = −mg ( yB − yA )

From equation, we have Wg = −U g = − (U g − U A ) .

Thus gravitational potential energy at the point B near the surface of the earth is given by U B = U A + mgh

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If we assume potential energy at the point A to be zero, then potential energy at the point B is given by
U B = 0 + mgh = mgh

Spring potential energy

The work done by the spring force when the displacement of the end changes from xi to x f is given by
equation

k ( x 2f − xi2 )
1
WS =
2
By definition Ws = −U S = − (U f − Ui ) , therefore,

U f = Ui + (
1 2
2
x f − xi2 )

1 2
US = kx
2 U sp

If assume the potential energy stored in the spring at

equilibrium is zero and all the displacements are measured
from equilibrium, then xi = 0 and U i = 0.
Thus, final energy stored in the spring is

Uf =
1 2
2
kx ( x f = x)

The potential energy function for an ideal spring is a The potential energy of an ideal spring is
parabolic function as shown in figure. a parabolic function of the displacement
x from equilibrium.

Example 8 A uniform rod of mass M and length L is held

vertically upright on a horizontal surface as shown
in the figure. Find the potential energy of the rod if L M
y
the zero potential energy level is assumed at the
horizontal surface. x
O
Solution Since the parts of the rod are at different levels with respect to the horizontal surface,
therefore, we have to use the integration to find its potential energy. Consider a small
element of length dy at a height y from the horizontal.
Mass of the element
M
dm = dy
L
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Its potential energy is given by

dU = ( dm) gy

M
or U = gydy
L dm
On integrating, we get y
y
L
Mg x
L 0
U= ydy
O
L
Mg y 2
or U =
L 2

1
or U = MgL
2
Note that the potential energy of the rod is equal to the product of Mg and height of the
L
centre of mass   from the surface.
2

Conservation of mechanical Energy

From the previous section we know that the work done by a conservative force in terms of the change in
potential energy is given by

U = −WC

where U is the potential energy and WC is the work done by a conservative force. From the work-energy
theorem, we known that

Wnet = K

Where Wnet represents the sum of work done by all the forces acting on the mass.

If a particle is subject to only conservative forces, then

WC = Wnet = K . Thus, the equation becomes,

U = −K U + K = 0
The equation tells us that total change in potential energy plus the total change in kinetic energy is zero if
only conservative forces are acting on the system.

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  ( K +U ) = 0

or E = 0
where E = K + U
The quantity E = K + U is called the total mechanical energy.
According to equation, when only conservative forces act, the change in total mechanical energy of a
system is zero, in otherwords,
If only conservative forces perform work on and within a system of masses, the total mechanical energy
of the system is conserved.
Alternatively, the equation may be written as

(K f + U f ) − ( Ki + U i ) = 0

or K f + U f = K i + U i

Since E = 0, integrating both sides.

We get E = constant.

E = 0 + mgH

y H Energy

1 2
E= mv + mgy
2 E = K +Ug
Ug
v 1 2
E= mvmax + 0 K
2 O y
x
vmax

(a ) (b )
(a) As an object falls from height H, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
1
At height H, the energy is E = mgH . Just as it lands, E = mvmax
2
.
2
(b) The potential energy and the kinetic energy vary linearly with vertical height y. The
1
mechanical energy E = K + U = mv 2 + mgy stays constant.
2
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A 1 2
E = 0+ kA
v 2

1 2 1 2
E= mv + kx
x 2 2 E
U SP

1 2 K
E= mvmax + 0
2 x
X =0 −A +A
(b )
(a )
1 2
(a) A block connected to a spring. At the maximum extension x = A, the energy E = kA . When x = 0, the
2
1
energy is E =
2
mvmax
2
(b) The variation of K and U with x. The energy of the block spring system is constant
1 2 1 2
E= mv + kx = constant.
2 2

Problem Solving Strategy

1. Draw diagrams of the system showing initial and final configuration and assume a coordinate
system.
2. Specify the reference level for potential energy. In case of spring, it is advisable to assume zero
potential energy at the natural length of the spring. In case of gravity, any convenient level can be
chosen as reference frame.
3. Looking at the initial configuration, ask yourself
What forms of energy are present?
1 2
- If the particle is moving include mvi
2
- If the particle is not located at the reference level, include mgyi

1 2
- If the spring stretched or compressed, include kxi
2
4. Looking at the final configuration, ask yourself
What forms of energy are present?
1 2
- If the particle is moving include mv f
2
- If the particle is not located at the reference, include mgy f
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1 2
- If the spring is stretched or compressed, include kx f
2
5. Equate the initial and final total energies
Ki + U i = K f + U f

1 v 1 1 1
mvi + mgyi + kxi2 = mv 2f + mgy f + kx 2f
2 2 2 2
6. Solve for the unknown.

Example 9 Two blocks with masses m1 = 3kg and m2 = 5kg are

connected by a light string that slides over a
frictionless pulley as shown in figure. Initially, m2 is
held 5m from the floor, while m1 is on the floor. The
system is then released. At what speed does m2 hit
m2
the floor?

h
m1

Solution The initial and final configurations are shown in the figure.
It is convenient to set U g = 0 at the floor. Initially, only m2 has potential energy. As it
falls, it loses potential energy and gains kinetic energy. At the same time, m1 gains
potential energy and kinetic energy. Just before m2 lands. It has only kinetic energy. Let
v the final speed of each mass. Then using the law of conservation of mechanical
energy.

v2 = 0 v2 ' = v
y2 = h y2 ' = h

y
v1 = 0 v2 ' = v
x y1 = 0 y2 ' = 0
O
Initial Final
(b ) (c)
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Example 10 A chain of length l = 80 cm and mass

m = 2 kg is hanging from the end of a
plane so that the length lo of the vertical
segment is 50 cm as shown in the figure. lo
The other end of the chain is fixed by a
nail. At a certain, instant the nail is
pushed out, what is the velocity of the
chain at the moment it completely slides
off the plane? Neglect the friction
Solution We assume the zero potential energy level at the horizontal plane. The. Initial and final
configuration of the chain are shown in the figure. Initially, Ki = 0
y
m   l 
U i = 0 +  lo  g  − o 
 l   2
x
2
ml
or U i = − o
g
2l O lo

Initial

Note that the part of chain lying over the table has zero potential energy.
1 2 y
Finally, K f = mv
2
Where v is the final velocity of the chain. x

1
And U r = −mg O
2
Using the law of energy conservation
K f + U f = Ki + U i

1 2 1 ml 2 g
mv − mg = − o
2 2 2l Final v

or v =
l
( l − lo )
g 2 2

Putting l = 0.8m; lo = 0.5 m; g = 10m / s 2 , we get

v = 5m/s

or v = 2.23 m / s
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Example 11 Two blocks with masses

m1 = 2 kg and m2 = 3 kg hang on
either side of a pulley as shown
in figure (8.24) Block m1 is on
an incline (θ = 30) and is
m1

attached to a spring whose k

m2
stiffness constant is 40 N/m. The
system is released from rest with

the spring in its natural length.
Find
(a) The maximum extension of the spring
(b) The speed of m1 when the extension is 0.5 m. Ignore friction and mass of the
pulley.
Solution To use E f = Ei we would need to assign the initial heights of the blocks arbitrary values
hi and h2 . The corresponding potential energies, m1 gh1 and m2 gh2 would appear in both
Ei and E f and hence would cancel.

We avoid this process by using the form K + U = 0 instead, since it does not require
U = 0 reference level.
(a) At the maximum extension xmax, the blocks come to rest, and thus K = 0. next
we must find the changes in U g and U s . When m2 falls by xmax , the spring
extends by xmax and m1 rises by xmax sin θ. Therefore,
K + U g + U s = 0

1 2
0 + ( −m2 gxmax + sin θ ) + kxmax =0
2
2g
Thus xmax = ( m2 − m1 sin θ ) = 0.98 m
k
1
(b) In this case the change in kinetic energy is K = ( m1 + m2 ) v 2 .
2
The change in potential energy has the same form as in part (a), but xmax replaced
by x = 0.5m ,.
1 1
( m1 + m2 ) v2 + ( −m2 gx + m1 gx sin θ ) + kx 2 = 0
2 2
Putting the given values we find v = 139 m/s
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Example 12 A body slides down

shown an inclined N
surface which ends v
into a vertical loop of
radius R = 40cm. What mg
H
must be the height H of R
the inclined surface for
the body not to fall at
the uppermost point of
the loop? Assume
friction to be absent
Solution Let v be the velocity of the particle at the highest point.
According to Newton's second Law, the net force
Fnet = N + mg Provides the centripetal force.

mv 2
Therefore, N + mg =
R
The body is not detached from the loop if N  0. In the limiting case, N = 0.
mv 2
That is mg = or v 2 = gR
R
Applying energy conservation at the initial and highest point of the loop, we get
1
mgH = mg ( 2 R ) + mv 2
2
Using v 2 = gR, we obtain,
1
mgH = mg ( 2 R ) + m ( gR )
2
5
or H = R = 2.5R
2
Putting R = 40 cm = 0.4m, we get

H = ( 2.5)( 0.4) = 1m.

Example 13 The bob of a simple pendulum of length L = 2m has a mass m = 2 kg and a speed
v = 1m / s when the string is at 35 to the vertical. Find the tension in the string at
(a) The lowest point in its swing
(b) The highest point.
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Solution The problem requires use dynamics and the

conservation of mechanical energy. The forces
on the bob are shown in the figure.
The acceleration has both radial and 
L
tangential components. T
L (1 − cos θ )
The equation for tangential component,
 Fx = mg sin θ = ma Ug = 0
mg
Since the bob is moving in a circular path of x
radius L, the equation for the radial
component is
mv 2
 Fy = T − mg cos  = (i)
L
To find the tension we need the speed, which can be found from the conservation law.
We set U g = 0 at the lowest point.

Note that the height is y = L − L.cos  The mechanical energy is

1
E − mv 2 + mgL (1 − cos θ ) (ii)
2
1
( 2kg )(1m/s ) + ( 2kg )(9.8N/kg )( 2m )(1 − 0.8) = 9 j
2
=
2
(a) At the lowest point  = 0; hence (ii) becomes
1 2
E= mvmax + 0
2
Since E = 9 j we find vmax = 3 m/s.
Now we have the speed we can find the tension at  = 0. from (i),
2
mvmax
T − mg = , from which we find
L
T = 20 + 9 = 29N
(b) At the highest point v = 0; hence, (ii) becomes
E = 0 + mgL (1 − cosθmax )
31
Using E = 9 j lead to cos θ max =
40
Since v = 0, therefore, T = mg cos θ max = 15.5 N
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Example 14 A block of mass m = 0.2 kg is held against,

but not attached to a spring ( k = 50N / m)
d
which is compressed by 20 cm, as shown
in figure, when the block is released, the x x=0
block slides 50 cm up the rough incline Us = 0
before coming to rest. Find
Ug = 0
(a) The force of friction
(b) The speed of the block as it leaves 37
the spring.
Solution We could set U g = 0 at x = 0, but if we use the lowest point instead, all subsequent
values are positive. Again the total energy has three terms E = K + U g + U s .

1 2
(a) We set xo = 0.2 m and d = 0.5 m. Both K i and K f are zero, so Ei = kxo and
2
E f = mgd sin θ. From work – energy theorem. E f − Ei = Wnc
1
mgd sin θ - kxo2 = − fd
2
Thus f = 0.82 N
(b) The initial energy Ei is the same as above, but the final value at x = 0 is
1 2
Ef = mv + mgxo sin θ
2
From work energy theorem,
E f − Ei = Wnc
1 2 1
mv + mgxo sin θ − kxo2 = − fxo
2 2
After solving we get, v = 2.45m/s.

Conservative Forces and potential Energy Function

We now consider how we can find a conservative force if we are given the associated potential energy
function. According to equation, an infinitesimal change in potential energy dU is related to the work
done by the conservative force Fc in an infinitesimal displacement ds as follows

dU = −Fc .ds
In one dimension, the above equation reduces to dU = − Fx dx
dU
Thus, Fx =
dx
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Let us see how equation can be used for the common known cases :

For gravitational potential energy,

dU
U g = mgy Fy = − = −mg
dy

1 2
For spring potential energy, U S = kx
2

dU
Fx = − = −kx
dx

A conservative force can be derived from a scalar potential energy function

Consider an arbitrary potential energy function U ( r ) as shown in figure.

The radial component of the associated conservative force is negative of the slope of the potential energy
function, that is

dU
Fr = −
dr

The force function may be plotted qualitatively as shown in the figure. If Fr  0, the force is directed
toward positive r, which means repulsion, where Fr  0 means attraction.

The following important points can be easily noticed by looking at the potential energy and force
diagrams.

( r  r2 ) : Fr  0 The particle is weakly repelled.

( r = r2 ) : Fr = 0. At the maximum point of the potential energy function, the particle would be in
unstable equilibrium. If the particle were slightly displaced either to the left or to the right, it would tend
to move away from this point.

( ro  r  r2 ) : Fr  0. The force is attractive, being strongest at r1 where the slope is greatest.

( r = ro ) : Fr = 0. At the minimum point of the potential energy function, the particle would be in stable
equilibrium. If slightly displaced in either direction, it would tend to return to this point.

( r = ro ) : Fr  0. The particles repel each other. The repulsive force becomes stronger as r is reduced
(since the slope of U ( r ) gets steeper).

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U (r )

(a)
r1 r3
O ro r2 r

Fr

(b )

O ro r1 r2 r3 r

From the given potential energy function U ( r ) one can find

the radial component of the force from Fr = −dU / dr, which
is the negative of the slope of the U ( r ) curve. A positive
force means repulsion, and a negative force means attraction.

Example 15 The potential energy function for the force between two atoms is a diatomic molecule
can be expressed approximately as
a b
U (r ) = 12
− 6
r r
Where a and b are constants and r is the separation between the atoms.
(a) Determine the force function F ( r ) .

(b) Find the value of r for which the molecule will be the stable equilibrium.
Solution (a) The force between the two atoms is given by
dU
F (r ) = −
dr
12a 6b
or F ( r ) = −
r13 r 7

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d 2U
(b) For stable equilibrium F ( r ) = 0 and 0
dr 2
12a 6b
Thus, + − =0
r13 r 7
1/ 6
 2a 
Or r =  
 b 

Power
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. If an amount of work W is done in a time interval
t , then the average power is defined to be
W
Pav =
t
The SI unit of power is j/s which is given the name watt (W) in the honour of James Watt.
Thus, 1W = 1 j / s.
The instantaneous power is the limiting value of Pav as t → 0; that is
dW
P=
dt
The work done by force F on a object that has an infinitesimal displacement d s is dW = F.s Since the
ds
velocity of the object is v = , the instantaneous power may be
dt
dW ds
Written as P = = F.
dt dt
or P = F. v
Since the work and energy are closely related, a more general definition of power is the rate of energy
transfer from one to another, or the rate at which energy is transformed from to another.
dE
P=
dt
Example 16 A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant radius r such that its
centripetal acceleration a r is varying with t ar = k 2 rt 2 , where k is a constant, what is
the power delivered to the particle by the forces acting on it.
Solution Let v be the instantaneous speed of the particle, then centripetal acceleration is given by
v2
ar =
r
Since ar = k 2 rt 2 is given, therefore,
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v2
= k 2 rt 2
r
or v = krt
The tangential acceleration is given by
dv
at = = kr
dt
The tangential force is Ft = mat = mkr
Work done by centripetal force is always zero.
Hence it doesn't contribute to the power.
Hence, power delivered is
t = ( mkr )( krt )
p = Fv
or P = mk 2 r 2t

Classroom Practice Paper

9. A body fired vertically up reached a maximum height H. Where is the kinetic energy 75% of the
potential energy? Take U g = 0 at y = 0.

10. A projectile is fired at 25 m/s in a direction 60° above the horizontal from a
rooftop of height 40 m. Use energy considerations to find.
(a) The speed with which it lands on the ground
(b) The height at which its speed is 15 m/s.

m1 m2

11. A 60 g tennis ball thrown vertically up at 24 m/s rises to a maximum height of 26 m. What was the
work done by resistive forces? Take g = 9.8 m/s 2 .
12. Consider the situation as shown in figure. The system is 4.0 kg
released from rest the block of mass 1.0 kg is found to have a
speed 0.3 m/s. after it has descended through a distance of 1
m. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the table.

1.0kg

13. A chain is held on a frictionless table with (1/ n ) th of its length hanging over the edge. If the chain
has a length L and a mass M, how much work is required to pull the hanging part back? On the
table?

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ANSWER TO CLASSROOM PRACTICE

PAPER
1. (b, c, d)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. 24 J
5. (a) 7.2 J (b) −7.2 J (c) Zero
6. (a) −40 J (b) −36 J (c) No, air resistance
7. (a) 30 J (b) −10 J
8. 1.83 m/s
4H
9.
7
10. (a) 37.5 m/s (b) 60.4 m
11. –2J
12. 0.115
mgL
13.
2n 2

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EXERCISE – I

AIPMT/AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

A
1. A weightless rigid rod AB of length l carries two equal masses m, one
secured at the end other at the middle of the rod as shown in figure. The rod
can rotate in vertical plane around the hinge at A. The minimum horizontal
velocity required to be imparted to the end B of rod so as to make the rod go
around in a complete circle is
C
(a) 4 gl (b) 5 gl

24 gl 24 gl
(c) (d)
5 7 B
2. The work done by all the forces (external and internal) on a system equals the change in
(a) Total energy (b) Kinetics energy
(c) Potential energy (d) None of these
3. The work done by the external forces on a system equals the change in
(a) Total energy (b) kinetic energy
(c) Potential energy (d) None of these
4. Two equal masses are attached to the two ends of a spring of spring constant k. The masses are
pulled out symmetrically to stretch the spring by a length x over its natural length. The work done
by the spring on each mass is
1 2 1 1 2 1
(a) kx (b) − kx 2 (c) kx (d) − kx 2
2 2 4 4
5. The work done against gravity in moving the block of mass m a distance s up the slope as shown in
the figure.

(a) mh (b) mgs (c) ms (d) mgh

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6. An object of mass 10 kg falls from rest through a vertical distance of 10 m and acquires a velocity
(
of 10 m/s. The work done by the push of air on the object is g = 10 m/s 2 )
(a) 500 J (b) – 500 J (c) 250 J (d) –250 J
7. A uniform chain of length l and mass m overhangs a smooth table its two third part lying on the
table, then the kinetic energy of the chain as it completely slips of the table is
4 2
(a) mgl (b) mgl (c) mgl (d) none
9 9
8. A chain of mass m and length l is placed on a table with one-sixth of it hanging freely from the
table edge. The amount of work done to pull the chain on the table is
(a) mgl/72 (b) mgl/36 (c) mgl/6 (d) mgl/4
9. Under the action of a force, a 2kg body moves such that its position x as a function of time is given
t3
by x = . where x is in metre and t in seconds. The work done by force in first two seconds is
3
(a) 1.6 J (b) 16 J (c) 160 J (d) 1600 J
10. A person of mass 60 kg is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s. A boy of mass 40 kg is moving with a
speed of 10 m/s. the ratio of kinetic energy of person and boy is
(a) 1:2 (b) 6:1 (c) 1:6 (d) 4:3
11. A pump can hoist 9000 kg of coal per hour from a mine of 120 m deep. Then the power in watts,
assuming that its efficiency is 75 %, is
(a) 4920 watt (b) 5920 watt
(c) 3920 watt (d) None of these
12. A particle moves under the effect of a force F = cx from x = 0 to x = x1. The work done is
1 2
(a) cx12 (b) cx1 (c) cx13 (d) zero
2
13. Work done in time t on a body of mass m accelerated from rest to a speed v in time t1 as function of
time t is
1 mvt 2 mvt 2
(a) (b)
2 t1 t1
2 2
1  mv  2 1  vt 
(c)   t (d) m  
2  t1  2  t1 

14. How much work must be done by a force on 100 kg body to accelerate it from 0 to 20 m/s in 20 s?
(a) 2 103W (b) 2 103 J (c) 2 104 J (d) 4 104 J
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15. A 2 kg body and 3kg body have equal momentum. If the kinetic energy of 3 kg body is 10 J, the
K.E. of 2 kg body will be
(a) 6.66 J (b) 15 J (c) 22.5 J (d) 45 J
16. A running man has half the kinetic energy of that of a boy of half of his mass. The man speeds up by
1 m/s so as the have same kinetic energy as that of the boy, the original speed of the man is

(a) ( )
2 − 1 m/s (b) 2 m /s (c)
1
(d)
1
m/ s
( )
m/s
2 −1 2

17. A heavy weight is suspended from the spring. A person raises the weight slowly till the spring
becomes slack. The work done by him is W. The energy stored in the stretched spring was E. What
will be the gain in gravitational potential energy?

(a) W + E (b) W − E (c) W (d) E

18. An elastic string of unstreched length l and force constant k is stretched by a small amount x. It is
further stretched by another small length y. What is the work done in second stretching?

ky ( 2 x + y )
(
(a) 1/ 2k y 2 − x2 ) (b)
2
(c) 1/ 2 ky 2 (d)
1
2
(
k x2 + y 2 )
19. A block slides down an inclined plane of slope  with constant velocity. It is then projected up the
plane with an initial velocity u. How far up the incline will it move before coming to rest?

u2 u2 u2 2u 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
g sin  2 g sin  4 g sin  g sin 

20. A triangle formed using three wires AB, BC and CA and is placed in a vertical plane. Coefficient of
friction for all the three wires is same. If w1 and w2 is the work done by the friction in moving an
object from A to B through C' and C respectively, then (work done by external agent is same in both
cases)
C' B
A
(a) w1 = w2

(b) w1  w2
C
(c) w1  w2

(d) The relation depends on the length AC and BC

21. The natural length of spring is 0.3 m and its spring constant is 30 N/m. How much work is done by
the applied external force to stretch the spring from 0.1 to 0.2 m?
(a) 0.68 J (b) 0.45 J (c) 0.55 J (d) 0.70 J
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22. Coefficient of friction between block 2 and ground is

1.3/ 2. Work done by the friction force when blocks
m
are released for 1 second is
1
1.3 3mg
(a) mg (b)  =0
m
2 2 2 45 2

1.3
(c) 0 (d) mg
2
23. The kinetic energy K of a particle moving along a circle of radius R depends on the distance
covered as K = aS 2 . Force acting on the particle is
1/ 2
S2  S2  2aR 2
(a) 2a (b) 2aS 1 + 2  (c) 2aS (d)
R  R  S

24. A wind-powered generator converts wind energy into electrical energy. Assume that the generator
converts a fixed fraction of the wind energy intercepted by its blades into electrical energy. For wind
speed v, the electrical power output will be proportional to
(a) v (b) v 2 (c) v 3 (d) v 4
25. A position dependent force F is 7 − 2 x + 3x 2 newton acts on a small body of mass 2 kg and displaces
it from x = 0 to x = 5m. The work done in joules is
(a) 70 (b) 270 (c) 35 (d) 135

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EXERCISE – II

AIPMT/IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. A child builds a tower from three blocks. The blocks are uniform cubes of side 2 cm. The blocks are
initially lying on the same horizontal surface and each block has a mass of 0.1 kg. The work done by
the child is
(a) 4 J (b) 0.04 J (c) 6 J (d) 0.06 J
2. A long spring is stretched by 2 cm; its potential energy is U. If the spring is stretched by 10 cm, the
potential energy stored in it will be
(a) U/25 (b) U/5 (c) 5U (d) 25U

3. ( )
A particle is acted upon by a conservative force F = 7i − 6 j N. The work done by the force when

the particle moves from origin ( 0,0 ) to the position ( −3m, 4m) is given by

(a) 3 J (b) 10 J (c) – 45 J (d) None of these

4. Bob B connected with a massless rod of length l as shown in the figure is given an initial velocity
gl in horizontal direction, the maximum vertical height of the bob from the starting point is

l l 2l
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
2 3 3
5. A block of mass m moves towards a light spring of stiffness k on a smooth horizontal plane. If it
compresses the spring through a distance x0 , then the magnitude of total change in momentum of
the block.

m mk x0
(a) x0 (b) 2mk x0 (c) (d) mk x0
k 2
6. A particle which is constrained moving along the X − axis is subjected to a force in the same
direction which varies with the distance x of the particle from the origin as F ( x ) = kx − ax3. Here k
and a are positive constants. For x  0, the graph of the potential energy U ( x ) of the particle with
its position is

U ( x) U ( x) U ( x)
U ( x)

x x x
(a) x (b) (c) (d)

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7. A block of mass m moving on a smooth horizontal plane a speed v compresses a spring through a
distance x before its speed is halved. The spring constant of the spring is
(a) mv 2 / 4 x 2 (b) 3mv 2 / 4 x 2 (c) 5mv 2 / 4 x 2 (d) 7mv 2 / 4 x 2
8. Consider the situation shown in the figure. Initially the spring is
unstreched when the system is released from rest. Assuming no
friction in the pulley, the maximum elongation of the spring is
mg 2mg
(a) (b)
k k

3mg 4mg
(c) (d) k m
k k

9. A block weighing 10 N travels down a smooth curved track AB A

joined to a rough horizontal surface. The rough surface has a
friction coefficient of 0.20 with the block. If the block starts 1.0m
slipping on the track from a point 1.0 m above the horizontal B
surface, then it would move a distance S on the rough surface.
The value of S is g = 10ms s−2 

(a) m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m (d) 5m

10. A projectile is projected at angle 60° with horizontal with speed 10 m/s. The minimum radius of
curvature of the trajectory described by the projectile is:
(a) 2.55 m (b) 2 m (c) 10 m (d) None of these
11. A smooth track is shown in figure. A part of track is a circle of
radius R. A block of mass m is pushed against a spring of constant
k fixed at the left end and is then released. The initial compression R
P
of the spring so that the block presses the track with a force mg
when it reaches the point P of the track, where R is radius of the k m
track :

mg R 3gR 3mg R 3mg

(a) (b) (c) (d)
3k mk k kr
12. A particle of mass m is attached to one end of a string of length l while the other end is fixed to a
point h above the horizontal table. The particle is made to revolve in a circle on the table, so as to
make P revolutions per second. The maximum value of P if the particle is to be contact with the
table will be

g h 1 g

(a) 2P gh (b)   (c) 2 P   (d)  
h g 2 h
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13. A person wants to drive the vertical on the surface of a large cylindrical wooden well commonly
known as death well in a circus. The radius of wall of the well is R and the coefficient of friction
between the tyres of the motorcycle and the wall is  s . The minimum speed, the motorcyclist must
have in order to prevent slipping should be:
Rg s s g R
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s Rg R g
10
14. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of length L = is whirling in a circular path
3
of radius L in vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum tension to the minimum tension in the
string is 4, what is the speed of stone at the highest point of the circle? (Taking g = 10m / s 2 )
(a) 10 m/s (b) 5 2 m/s (c) 10 3 m/s (d) 20 m/s
a b
15. The potential energy between the atoms in a molecules is given by U ( x ) =12
− 6 , where a and b
x x
are positive constants and x is the distance between the atoms. The atom is in stable equilibrium
when
1/ 6 1/ 6 1/ 6
 a   2a   11a 
(a) x = 0 (b) x =   (c) x =   (d) x =  
 2b   b   5b 
16. A bullet of mass 100 gm leaves a riffle with an initial velocity of 100 m/sec and strikes the earth at
the same level with a velocity of 50 m/sec. The work in overcoming the resistance of air will be
(a) 50 J (b) 500 J (c) 375 J (d) 475 J
17. A small block of mass m is kept on a rough inclined surface of inclination of  fixed in an elevator.
The elevator goes up with a uniform velocity v and the block does not slide on the wedge. The work
done by the force of friction on the block in time t will be
(a) Zero (b) mgvt cos 2  (c) mgvt sin 2  (d) mgvt sin 2

(
18. A particle is moved from ( 0,0 ) to ( a, a ) under a force F = 3i + 4 j ) y
P ( a, a )
from two paths. Path 1 is OP and 2 is OQP. Let W1 and W2 be the
work done by this force in these two paths. Then
(a) W1 = W2 (b) W1 = 2W2
45
x
(c) W2 = 2W1 (d) W2 = 4W1 Q

19. A particle is given an initial speed u inside a smooth spherical shell of

radius R = 1 m that it is just able to complete the circle. Acceleration
of the particle when its velocity becomes vertical is R U
(a) g 10 (b) g

(c) g 2 (d) g 6
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20. A bob is suspended from a crane by a cable of length

l = 5m. The crane and load are moving at a constant
speed v0 . The crane is stopped by a bumper and the v0
bob on the cable swings out an angle of 60. The
(
initial speed v 0 is g = 9.8m/s 2)
(a) 10m/s (b) 7 m/s (c) 4 m/s (d) 2 m/s
21. If the system in the figure is released from rest in the configuration
shown, find the velocity of the block Q after it has fallen through a
distance 10 meters, given mass of P = mass of Q = 10kg.
(a) 8 m/sec
(b) 8.85 m/sec
A
(c) 9.5 m/sec
(d) 10 m/sec
P
Q

22. A block of mass 1 kg slides down a curved track that is one quadrant of a circle of radius 1m. Its
speed at the bottom is 2 m/s. The work done by the frictional force is
(a) −8 J
(b) + 8J R = 1m

(c) 9 J
(d) − 9 j

23. With what minimum speed v must a small ball should be pushed
inside a smooth vertical tube from a height h so that it may reach
the top of the tube? Radius of the tube is R.

(a) ( 2 g ( h + 2R ))
R
5
(b) R
2 v

(c) g ( 5 R − 2h )

(d) 2 g ( 2R − h )
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24. When an object is allowed to slide down a hill it stops at the point B because A
of friction. If friction force depends only on the normal component of the
reaction force with coefficient of friction variable along the path, the work
done in taking the object slowly from B to A along the hill will be h

(a) mgh (b) 2 mgh

B
(c)  2mgh (d)  mgh
25. A nail is located at a certain distance vertically below the point of suspension of a simple pendulum.
The pendulum bob is released from a position when the string makes 60° with vertical, then the
distance of nail from point of suspension such that the bob will just perform revolutions with nail as
centre is (The length of pendulum is given as one metre)
(a) 80 cm above the point of suspension
(b) 80 cm below the point of suspension
(c) 60 cm below the point of suspension
(d) 60cm above the point of suspension

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EXERCISE – III

MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h with a speed v. The stone hits the ground with
maximum speed. The stone may be thrown.
(a) Vertically downward (b) Vertically upward
(c) Horizontally (d) At an angle of 45° with horizontal
2. Consider two observers moving with respect to each other at a speed v along a straight line. They
observe a block of mass m moving a distance l m on a rough surface. The following quantities will
be different as observed by the two observers
(a) Kinetic energy of the block at time t (b) Work done by friction
(c) total work done on the block (d) Acceleration of the block
3. A block of mass M is hanging over a smooth light pulley through a light string. The other end of the
string is pulled by a constant force F. The kinetic energy of the block increases by 20 J in 1s.
(a) The total work done on the block in 1s is 20 J.
(b) The tension in the string is F
(c) The work done by the tension on the block is 20 J in 1 s.
(d) The work done by the force of gravity is – 20 J in 1 s.
4. The kinetic energy of body moving along a straight line varies with KE
time as shown in the figure. The force acting on the body is
(a) Directly proportional to t

(b) Inversely proportional to t

(c) Directly proportional to velocity
(d) Inversely proportional to velocity t
5. A block of mass M is attached with a spring of spring constant K. the whole arrangement is placed
on a vehicle as shown in the figure. If the vehicle starts moving towards right with an acceleration a
(there is no friction anywhere), the a
Ma
(a) Maximum elongation in the spring is
K M
2Ma
(b) Maximum elongation in the spring is
K
2Ma
(c) Maximum compression in the spring is
K
(d) Maximum compression in the spring is zero.
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6. The velocity – time graph of a particle is shown in figure. The work done in
V
the interval
(a) AB is positive B C
(b) BC is positive
A
t
(c) CD is negative D
E
(d) DE is zero
7. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h in a given direction. The speed with which it hits
the ground
(a) Must depend on the speed of projection
(b) Must be larger than the speed of projection
(c) Must be independent of the speed of projection
(d) Must be smaller than the speed of projection
8. A Particle is acted upon by a force of constant magnitude which is always perpendicular to the
velocity of the particle. The motion of the particle takes place in a plane. It follows that
(a) Its velocity is constant (b) Its acceleration is constant
(c) Its kinetic energy is constant (d) it move in a circular path.
9. No work is done on an object by a force if
(a) The force is always perpendicular to its velocity
(b) The force is always perpendicular to its acceleration
(c) The object is stationary
(d) The object moves in such a way that point of application of force remains fixed.
10. The potential energy U for a force field F is such that U = − Kxy, where K is a constant.
Then
(a) F = kyi + kxjˆ (b) F = Kxi + Ky j
(c) F is a conservative force (d) F is a non-conservative force
11. A sledge moving over a smooth horizontal surface of ice at velocity v 0 drives out on a horizontal
road and comes to halt. The sledge has length l, mass m and friction coefficient between sledge and
road is . Then
(a) No work is done by the friction to switch the sledge from ice to the road
 mgl
(b) A work of is done against friction while sledge switches completely on to the road.
2
v02 l
(c) The distance covered by the sledge on the road is −
2 g 2
v02 l
(d) Total distance moved by the sledge before stopping is +
2 g 2
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12. In projectile motion (if particle is projected on horizontal surface), power of the gravitational force
(a) is constant through out.
(b) Is negative for first half, zero at topmost point and positive for rest half
(c) Varies linearly with time.
(d) Is positive for complete path.
13. A force F = kx3 is acting on a block moving along x − axis. Here, k is a positive constant. Work
done by this force is
(a) Positive if displacing the block from x = 3 to x = 1.
(b) Positive in displacing the block from x = −1to x = −3.
(c) Negative in displacing the block from x = 3 to x = 1.
(d) Negative in displacing the block from x = −1 to x = −3.
14. In the system shown in the figure, the mass m moves in a circular arc of angular amplitude 60°. The
mass 4m remains stationary. Then
(a) The minimum value of coefficient of friction
between the mass 4m and the surface is 0.5. 4m
(b) The work done by gravitational force on the 60
block m is positive when it moves from A to B.
(c) The power delivered by the tension when m m
moves from A to B is zero. m A
B
(d) The kinetic energy of m in position B equals the
work done by gravitational force on the black
when it moves from position A to B.
15. A block is suspended by an ideal spring of force constant k. The block is pulled down by applying a
constant force F and maximum displacement of block from its initial mean position is x0 . Then

(a) Increase in energy stored in spring is kx02

2F
(b) x0 =
2k
2F
(c) x0 =
k
(d) Work done by applied force is Fx0 .

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EXERCISE – IV

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

U
Note : Each statement in Column I has one or more than one match in
Column II. A
1. Potential energy of conservative field versus x graph is as shown in the D
figure, where x is the displacement in the direction of force. Four B
points A, B, C, and D are marked in the graph. Match the column I
C
with column II. x

Column – I Column – II

I. At point A (A)  Fnet = 0

II. At point B (B) Potential energy is maximum.

III. At point C (C) Potential energy minimum.

(D)  Fnet  0
IV. At point D
(E). Potential energy is constant.

U ( x)
Note: Each statement in Column I has only one match in Column II.

2. The potential energy of a particle moving along x-axis is E0

shown in figure, where E0 is the total mechanical energy
of the particle.

x1 x
x2 x3

Column – I Column – II

I. Force on the particle is towards +ve x-axis if (A) x1  x  x 2

II. Particle cannot be found where (B) x2  x  x3

III. Force is towards the equilibrium position if (C) x1  x  x3

(D) x3  x2  x
IV. Force is towards the − ve x-axis if
(E). x1  x  x3

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3. Two blocks A and B are kept on a rough surface of coefficient of

friction  = 0.1. Blocks A is pulled with a time varying velocity B A
v (t )
10 kg 10 kg
v (t ) = 0.1t. Spring constant of the spring is k = 100 N / m. Then
match the following.

Column – I Column – II

I. Work done by spring force on a block A till time t = 1sec (A) Zero

1
II. Work done by spring force on a block B till t =1sec (B) − J
2

1
III. Work done by friction on block A till t = 1sec (C) − J
8

1
(D) J
128
IV. Work done by friction on block B till t = 1sec
1
(E). J
8

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

Direction: Read the following questions and choose

(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not correct explanation of the Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.

1. Assertion: Non-conservative force always change the mechanical energy.

Reason: Work done by non-conservative force is equal to the change in mechanical energy.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
2. Assertion: Total mechanical energy is always greater than or equal to the potential energy.
Reason: Kinetic energy cannot have negative value.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
3. Assertion: Work done by non conservative force over a closed path cannot be zero.
Reason: Potential energy is not associated with the non-conservative force.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
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4. Assertion: When a body moves vertically upwards, then work done by gravity is negative.
Reason: When a body moves vertically upwards, its potential energy increases.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
5. Assertion: In uniform circular motion, work done by tension in a loop is zero
Reason: In uniform motion, tension is always perpendicular to the velocity.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

PASSAGE BASED PROBLEMS

A small sphere of mass m suspended by a thread is first taken aside so that the thread forms the
( )
right angle with the vertical and then released tan −1 2 = 54.7 .

1. The total acceleration of the sphere as a function of angle  with the vertical is

(a) g 1 + cos2  (b) g 1 + 3cos2  (c) g cos θ (d) g sin 

2. Then tension in the string as a function of angle  with the vertical is.

(a) 3 mg cos  (b) mg cos  (c) mg 1 + cos2  (d) mg 1 + 3cos2 θ

3. The tension in the thread at the moment the vertical component of the sphere's velocity is maximum
is
mg mg
(a) mg (b) (c) 3mg (d)
2 2
4. The angle  made by the thread with the vertical at the moment when total acceleration vector of
the particle is directed horizontally is.
(a) 54° (b) 53° (c) 54.7° (d) 53.7°

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EXERCISE – V

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1. A particle slides down from the top outside smooth surface of a fixed sphere of radius a = 10 m.
Find the initial horizontal velocity to be imparted to the particle at the top, if it leaves the surface are
a point whose vertical height above the centre of sphere is
3a
4
(
. g = 10m / s 2)
2. A horse pulls a wagon of 3075 kg from rest against a constant resistance of 90 N. The pull exerted
initially is 600 N and it decreases uniformly with the distance covered to 400 N at a distance of 15
m from starts. Find the velocity of wagon at this point.
3. A uniform chain of length = 1m and mass m = 9kg overhangs a smooth table with its two third
part lying on the table. Find the kinetic energy of the chain as it completely slips off the table.
4. A small body is placed on the top of a smooth hemisphere of radius R = 60m. When the sphere is
given a uniform horizontal acceleration a 0 the body starts sliding down. (a) Find the velocity of
body relative to sphere at the instant of losing contact. (b) Find the angle  between radius vector
(
drawn to the body from centre of sphere at the time of losing contact if a0 = g. g = 10 m/s 2 )
5. A heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by a light inextensible string of length L = 30m is
projected horizontally with speed gL . find the speed of the particle at the instant of the motion
(
when the tension in the string equals the weight of the particle. g = 10 m/s 2 ) O

6. A small bar A resting on a smooth horizontal plane is

attached by threads to appoint P (see Figure) and by
means of weightless pulley to a weight B possessing the
same mass as the bar itself. Besides, the bar is also P A
B
attached to a point O by means of a light non-deformed
spring of length 0 = 50 cm and spring constant k is
5mg
equal to and m is mass of bar. When the thread PA
0 m
is cut, the bar starts moving. Find its velocity (in cm/s)
when its is breaking off the plane. A
C
M
7. A string with one end fixed on a rigid wall passing over a B
fixed frictionless pulley at a distance of 2 m from the B

wall has a point of mass M = 2 kg attached to it at a

distance of 1 m from the wall. A mass m = 0.5kg
attached to the free end is held at rest so that the string is
horizontal between wall and pulley and vertical beyond
the pulley. What will be the speed (in cm/s) with which
the mass M will hit the wall when the mass m is
released?
m D
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8. A light string ABCDE whose mid point is C passes B 2a D

through smooth rings B and D, which are fixed in a C O

horizontal plane distance 2a apart. To each of the points A,
a = 3m
C and E is attached a mass m. Initially C is held at rest at
O(mid point BD) and is then set free. What is the distance
OC when comes to instantaneous rest?
A E

9. A system consists of two identical slabs each of mass m linked m

by compressed weightless spring of stiffness k as shown in
figure. The slabs are also connected by a thread, which is burnt
at a certain moment. Find the lower value of  the initial k
compression of spring; the lower slab will bounce up after the
 mg 
thread is burned through.  Take = 1 m
 k 

10. The flexible bicycle-type chain of length  r/2 and mass per unit
length  is released from rest with  = 0 in the smooth circular
θ
channel and falls through the hole in the supporting surface. Determine r

the velocity v of the chain as the last link leaves the slot.
(given r = 10 m, 10 =  )

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ANSWER

EXERCISE – I

AIPMT/AIEEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)

6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (b)

16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a)

21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 25. (d)

EXERCISE – II

AIPMT/IIT-JEE SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)

6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a)

11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)

16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)

21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b)

EXERCISE – III
MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a, b, c, d) 2. (a, b, c) 3. (a, b) 4. (b, d) 5. (b, d)

6. (a, c) 7. (a, b) 8. (c, d) 9. (a, c, d) 10. (a, c)

11. (b, d) 12. (b, c) 13. (b, c) 14. (a, b, c, d) 15. (c, d)

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EXERCISE – IV

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. I − ( A) , ( B) ; II − ( D) ; III − ( A ) , ( C) ; IV − ( A ) , ( E ) ;
2. I − ( A) ; II − ( C) ; III − ( E ) ; IV − ( B)
3. I − ( C) ; II − ( A) ; III − ( B) ; IV − ( A )

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a)

PASSAGE BASED PROBLEMS

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c)

EXERCISE – V

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1. 5 m/s
2. 2 m/s
3. 40 J
4. 20 m/s, 17°
5. 10 m/s
6. 170 cm/s
7. 336 cm/s
8. 4m
9. 3m
10. 30 m/s

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