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persCIna I pronou ns; possesstves 0,

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VI
grammar summary V}
V,
l, you, he, she, it, we, you, they ,r, r,o'r, him,, her, it, us, you, them C)
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves each other
tt.)
C
We use pronouns when it is not necessary or not possible, to use a more exact noun phrase.
Mrs Parker phoned. She said . . . (The spea ker uses the persona I pronou n she because it is not necessary to o
repeat Mrs Parker.) C
Ann talks to herself all the time. (lt is unnecessary to repeat Ann.) C)
lnthissectionweexplain personal pronouns (l,me,you etc); possessives(my,your etcand mine,yourselc);
reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself etc); and eoch other.
('5
lndefinite pronouns (somebody, anything etc) are explained in Section 12, together with some and any.
Relative pronouns (who, which etc) are explained in Section 19.
V1
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6-piece stainless steel
chef's knife set
LET US use our experience
FIIEE to find you a first-class
when you buy your second-hand car
furniture from us!

Presewts for hLvw, her

govt awd thewtt

CANADIANS BELIEVE WHEN YOU

charles
LOStr YOURStrLF woqnington
YOII FIND YOIJRSELF.

a new idea in banking:

it's your money, not ours

PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES 185

 personal pronouns: I and me etc
fiffi
SUBJECTS I you he she it we yau they
OTHER USES me you him her it us you them
SUBJECTS: t, HE ETC I like Mary. He needs help. They want your address.
oBJECTS: ME,HtMETc Marydoesn'tlikeme. Helphim. Don'ttell themanything.
AFTERPREPoSITIoNS: ME,HtMErc Lookatme. WhyisJanewithhim? lsthatforus?
AFTER 8E: ME, HtM ErC 'who's there?' 'lt's me.' (nOt t[-a# OR 1+it+) 'ls that JoeT' 'Yes, that's him.'
INFoRMAL ANSWERS: ME, HtM ETC 'Who said that?' 'Me.' 'l'm tired.' 'Me too.'
.:.,
ii'i:r Circle the correct answer.
>lrl'lMe don'tunderstand. 5 'Where'syourbrother?"That's he/himover
1 twho said that?' 'ltwas she / her! there.'
2 Tell we / us your address. 6 Where are the children? Can you
3 This isn't for you, it's for he / him. s ee they / them?
4 I don't think they / them are here today. 7 Ask she / her why she / her is crying.

*, Put in he, him, she, her, they or them.

1 'Does your father speak EnglishT' ' ............... understands a littlel
2 'l'm seeing Lucy and Pete on Tuesdayl 'Oh, give my lovel
3 'Mr Carter's here.' Ask to wait downstairs.'
4 Where are your friends? ...............'re very late.
5 'Have you spoken to Mrs Lewis?' 'Not yet. l'm going to speak to this eveningJ
6 'Where's Ann?' '...............'s in Germany all this weeki

We use it, they and them for things, including (usually) countries and animals.
I like Scotland, but it's cold in winter. She sold her horse because it cost too much.

i:.., Put in it, they or them.

1 'Where are my keys?' '...............'re on that chair.'
2 'Where did that cat come from?' '.............-. came in through the windowl
3 'What did you think of the film?' '...............'s not very goodl
4 'What shall I do with these letters?' Just put on the table.'
5 'Can I have John's address?' 'l'll give to you this afternoonl
6 'Did you enjoyyour holiday in lreland?' 'Yes, ...............'s a wonderful placel
7 'Where are your glasses?' 'l've lost
8'Would you like tickets for the concert?"How much do ............... cost?'

We use if to talk about times, dates, distances and the weather.

It's five o'clock. lt's Tuesday. lt's December 1 7th today. tt's my birthday.
It's 20 miles from my house to the centre of Oxford. today. It's raining.
lt's cold

**1.1 Write true answers to these questions beginning tt3 ...

1 What time is it? lt's 3 What's the date?
2 What day is it? 4 How far is it to London?

186 PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES

 We don't usually leave out personal pronouns. (For exceptions in spoken English, see page 293.)
Jan arrived in America in 1976. He found a job in a clothes shop. (NoT @ .. .)
'What languages do you know?' 'l can speak some German.'(NoT @< ...)
'ls your room OK?' 'Yes, I like it.' (ttot 4es)like.)
]

ffi write answers, using l,you etc.

> 'What time is the next trainT'(8.30 / leaves / at)
It Leaves at I so.
1 'Where's John?' (has / London / to / moved)

2 'Have you seen my glasses?'(on / chair / are / that)

3 'What do you think of my new shoes?'(/ike)

4 'What's Elisabeth going to do7'(medicine / study / going to / is)

5 'l'm learning Greeki 'ls it easy?'(No / difficult / is)

6 'Where's my bicycle?'( put / in / the garage)

7 'What do you do at weekends?'(play / tennis)

8 'Do you like my picture?'(ls / beautiful)

,W
.:*tr4
GRAMMAR AND voCABULARY: weather
Make sure you know the adjectives and verbs in the box. Use a dictionary if necessary.
Then label the pictures.

ADJECTIVES: cloudy cold foggy / hot sunny warm windy

VERBS: hail / rain snow

)b
\!\-" vc')'.'--'--'
o
o o^
so To.o
ff"' b
tt
[
r---'.+-=& r, '-

..tt'.r.1?.ilv*s,., > ..lll:.fp.e92,.... 2 ..................... 3 ............... .. ... .

,'llMt
ff."'
5 ..................... 6..................... 7 ..................... 8 .....................

ln some answers, both contracted forms (for example /m, don't) and full PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES 187
forms (for example lam, do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
 possessives: my, your etc ffuls ls r*v rr:*f "

3G
I *** my This is my coat.
you * *- your That'syour problem.
he ---r his John's visiting his mother.
she **-.r' her Ann looks Iike her brothers.
if --** its The club has its meetings on Tuesdays.
we ---?- our Our friends Joe and Pat are staying with us.
they --*r' their The children hove spent all their money.
who? --'> whose? Whose coat is this?

Possessives don't change for singular and plural.

our friend our friends (Not oarslriends)
Note how we use hrs and her:if a boy or man has something, we use his;if a girl or woman has
something, we use her.
I saw John ond his sister yesterdoy. (NoT ... Jehfr-afrd+er5is+er ...)
Mary and her brother are students. (nor MarfandhisSrother ...)
We often use possessives with parts of the body and clothes.
Phil has broken his arm. (Not Phithas$rokn+heam )
She stood there with her eyes closed and her honds in her pockets

{S Put in the correct possessives.

> Would you like to wash ..4?.+.Y..... hands?
) We're taking ..?.T.{....... holiday in June.
1 Tina's lost ............... keys.
2 Peter says ............... wife is ill.
3 ............... car is that outside?
4 My bank has changed ............... name.
5 l'm going to sell ............... motorbike.
6 My students have got ............... exam next week.
7 Stephen writes to girlfriend every day.
8 Maria lives with father in Portugal.
9 Come in and take coats off.
10 Robert broke............... leg skiing lastwinter.
1 1'What fi lm did you see?''Sorry, l've forgotten ............... name.'
12 Elizabeth did well in ............... exams.

'Your loving soni

188 PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES

 --, Who sold what to who? Make sentences.

AMY: car .-+ JAMES: bike 'o' CARLOS: dog ?- SARA: house ..--:*" PAT AND SAM:motorbike .--+*
HARRY: piano .c. ALICE: coat .. .ib. MICHAEL: camera ".-ru HELEN:guitar .+ MARILYN: hair dryer .i
TOM: dictionar!- * AMY

..1:y.a .t rt. l .\g :. :.?:. :. l.q y !.+ 6

1 James sold to Carlos. 7
2 Carlos 6
5 9
4 10
5

= =' Look at the picture and complete the text.

> ..*.ry*?... and ..i19I.1.':.:9.?.1:4.Y?.YP. went on holidaywith r ............................ and
2............... in : ............ There's room for six in the van, so Anna invited
4............... togowiththem,butshedidn'task s.......... .,becauseMarkdoesn't
get on with Lucy. Mark asked o but she said no, because she doesn't like Frank. Then
Markasked 7............... buthewasn'tfree.However, 8............. washappytogo
with them, so everything was OK.
2 Mark and Anna's
) Anna > Anna's husband Mark 1 Mark and Anna's son Joe daughter Emma

Mark and Anna's

camper van
/ \/'- (
4
L.:
,/,
.t
j- _4
l]'.:i'i 5 Anna's sister
7 Mark's brothgr
:|.:t:.t' Lucy
r{
l ::,,r;ii simon |\\'
**rli,/ r':.'
Mark and Anna's
4 Anna's brother 6 Mark's sister
friend Pete
Frank Lou ise

We don't use a/an, the, this or that before possessives.

my car (not theay<a+) fh,s idea oR my idea (Not this-nyidee)
Don't confuse ifs (possessive) and it3 (='it is'or'it has'- see page 301). Compare:
The company had its annual meeting yesterday. lt's losing a lot of money.

ln some answers, both contracted forms (for example /m, don? and full PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES 189
forms (for exam ple I am, do not) are possible. Normally both are correct.
 possessives: mine, yours etc ffuvs l.r nriru*.
nffi
DETERMINER PRONOUN DETERMINER PRONOUN

my coat mtne its price

your cor yours our house ours
his choir his their problem theirs
her book hers

We use mine, yours etc without nouns. Compare:

That's not my coat. This is mine. (NoT Therf#e-n+r,ce) /s thot your carT I thought yours was q Ford.
Their garden is much bigger than ours. (NoT . . . eursSerden)
We can use the question word whose with or without nouns.
Whose coat is that? Whose is that coat?

{9 Rewrite the sentences with possessive pronouns.

> That's my newspape ,. ..!gl!:.y!.*?:.............
1 I prefer our house to their house. I prefer our house to ..............
2 Her hair looks better than your hair. Her hair
3 Your hair looks terrible.

:irl.:*,Tirril:r*
7 My cooking is better than his cooking.
8 ls this bike your bike?

€i$ cnnrvrrvrnR AND vocABULARy: the bathroom

Look at the pictures of David and Natashat bathroom, and use the words in the box
to make sentences with his, hers or theirs. Use a dictionary if necessary.

dressing gown
hair dryer make-up razor shampoo soap toothbrush
toothbrush toothpaste towel washcloth ./ washcloth

..JT9 red washoLath 6

1 The ........... is not theirs. 7
2 8
3
4 10
5 11

nk
) John's 1
2 John's

4 John and Mary's

w *K
1t'' *:
r* "l
5,

Jr,|.
Mary's i
i
*.e6,'.*r*1c,lr#- -r-l&F
10 John and Mary's 11 John and Mary's
190 PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES
reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself etc

I a, myself you --"e" yourself he **+' himself she -**- herself it -*- itself
we *-w ourselves you --w yourselves they --e" themselves

We use myself, yourself etc when an object is the same person/thing as the subject.
I cut myself shaving this morning. (NoT t€u++ae ... ) We must ask ourselves some questions
He tried to kill himself . (Different from He tried to kill him.)

Circle the correct answer.

1 She doesn'tlove him / himself. l'm going out tonight, so you will all have to
2 She likes looking at her / herself in the mirror. cookfor yourself / yourselves.
3 Old people often talk to them / themselves. Ilike Bill, but I don't understand him / himself.

Put in myself , yourself etc.

1 l'm teachinS ................... to play the guitar. 5 Mary talks about .. all the time.
2 'Who's John talking to?' 6 Find chairs for .. and sit down.
3 Get a drink for 7 They just want to make money for ...................
4 We really enjoyed .. last night.

We can also use myself etc to emphasise - to say'that person/thing and nobody/nothing else'.

It's best if you do it yourself . I want to speak to the monager himself, not his secretary.

Putin myself , yourself etc.

1 Did you cut your hair ................................. ? 4 Can you repair this, or must we do it
2 Peter and Ann built their house ......... ..........?
3 I answer all my letters 5 We got a letter from the Queen

Note the difference between ourselves etc Each other or -selves?

and each other. 1 Henry and Barbara write to

Ms
every week.
2 Joe and Pat have bought a flat
for .............
3 Do you and Julia tell ............
everything?
They're Iooking at themselves.
4 You'll need photos of ........................... for
your passports.
5 Ruth and I have known
for years.

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY: some common expressions with reflexive pronouns

by myself/yourself etc ( = 'alone') enjoy myself/yourself etc Take care of yourself.
Help yourself. ( = 'Take what you wanti) Make yourself comfortable.

191
personal pronouns and possessives: more practice

Forms. There is one mistake in each column. Find the mistakes in columns 2-5 and correct them.

1 2 3 4 5
I me my mines myself
you you your yours rself
he him his his himself
she her hers hers herself
it it its itself
WE our our ours ourselves
you you your yours
i+s Lhe\4 them their theirs theirselves

Mixed structures. Correct the mistakes.

> H€r didn't say'Helloi ..F.h.q.... 1 1
'Where are your gloves?' 'l've lost its.'
1 John and her wife have gone to Greece. 12 'Who did that?' 'lt was ll
2 This coat is my. 13 'Which girl is your sister?' 'That's she in the
3 Their house is much bigger than our. red dressl
4 That dog has hurt it's ear. l4 cold again today.
ls
5 'What about this music?' 'l likei ............ 15 'What's her name?' 'Have forgotten.'
6 There are five miles to the nearest station. 16 Lucy broke the leg skiing.
17 'What's the date?' 'ls December 17th.'
7 We areTuesday.
8 Where's the station?' 'He's over there.' ............ 18 ls that the my coat?
9 Theirwereall late. 19 Whos car is this?
10 'Did you like France?' 'l thought was wonderful.' 20 'Who's that?' 'l am.'

Reflexives and eoch other. Complete the ca ptions.

n
i*
iY
tq"
L __l
1 He's talking to ...................... 2 She's talking to .................... 3 They're talking to .................
::, r' Mixed pronouns. Put in a personal pronoun (me, you etc), a reflexive pronoun
(myself , yourself etc), each other or nothing (-).
> Shelooked at ..Y9............. and llooked at ..\qf............. butwedidn'tsayanything.
1 When l'm alone I don't always cook for
2 We love .. very much, but we fight all the time.
3 When he looks at ................... in the mirrot he gets very depressed.
4 Don't help ........... I want to do it by

5 Anna and I write to ................... every week.

6 The children really enjoyed .. at your party.
7 I'm sorry.l haven't time to teach
got .. to cook. You'll have to teach
8 'Can we have some coffee?' 'Sure. Help ..........
9 My girlfriend doesn't speak much ltalian, and I don't speak much Chinese, so we sometimes have
trouble understandinS ...................
10 Come in and make .. comfortable.

192 PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES

,,;'ri,lr R efl ex i ve s. (Cl rll e) t h e r i gh t p ro n o u n s.

1 Of all my wife's relations I like myself / herself the best.

(Joseph Cook)

2 Novels are about other people and poems are about themselves / yourself.
(Philip Larkin)
3 An egotist: a person more interestedin himself /yourself than in me.
(Ambrose Bierce)
4 'How do you know you're God?' 'Simple. When I pray to Him I find l'm talking to myself / himself!
(Peter Barnes)

5 We grow neither better nor worse as we get old, but more like ourselves / themselves.
(May Lamberton Becker)
6 You can always get someone to love you - even if you have to do it ourself / yourself .

(Tom Masson)

'iit; Grammar in a text. Choose words from the boxes to complete the text.

each other her his its themselves they your

My brother and r ......... girlfriend have known 2 ................... for about five years,
but : ...................'ve only been going out together for six months.

he her him she their they WC

Before that, he didn't like + .......... and s ......... didn't like him, but later 0 .........
became good friends, and started going out together.

her hers his its it's our their they they're

7 ................... both have smallflats. His flat is in the town centre, and e......... very comfortable.
................... is a long way out, and it's not so nice. So they spend most of t0 ................... free
e
time at r ................... place.

he her hers herself him himself its it's she's

He works in a garage, and rz .. a teacher, but she doesn't let r:..........

touch rc .. car - she looks after it rs
each other I my they them their themselves they're

I like ro .. both very much, and lthink 17 ................... good for t4.........
so le .......... hope zo .. will stay together.

lnternet exercise. Use a search engine (e.9. Google). Which of these three expressions
gets most hits? Can you see why?
"She broke her arml'
"She broke the arml'
"She broke his arml'

pronunciation for grammar

of PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES 193
personal pronouns and possessives: revision test

@ Complete the table.

me my mrne myself
you
he his
hers
it
our
yourselves
they

ffi correct the mistakes.

> r n+m-na*,e+r-se€n today. ..Y.qy p.ry'.\.:.eg*. try.ry...............
1 'ls the soup OK?' 'Yes, I likel
2 There are 20 miles to the shopping centre.
3 We are Friday.
4 Peter and her sister are in Brazil.
5 I like our garden better than their.
6 Olivia and Karl are nice. But theirs children!
7 Whos is this bag?
8 Ann and I write to ourselves every week.
9 I really enjoyed at your party.
10 I'm teaching me to play the guitar.
1 1 Where's the my bike?
12 ls April 1st today.
13 James fell off his horse and broke the arm.
14 'What s Joe's phone number?' 'Have forgottenl ...........
15 I sat down, made me comfortable, and waited for her to say something.

@ eut in a personal pronoun (me, you etc), a possessive (my, your etc), a reflexive
(myself , yourself etc), or each other.
> ..1!.......... is five otlock.
'I I don't like ............ and he doesn't like ............
2 Don't help ........... . She must do it by
3 Oliver and his girlfriend phone ........ ... every day.
4 Thanks for yesterday evening. We really enjoyed
5 I like cooking for other people, but I don't much like cooking for .............
6 Let's work together: the work will go much faster if we help ...........
7 Hi, Paul. Help .......... . to coffee. l'll be with in a minute.
8 'Will you teach the piano?' 'No, sorry, you'll have to teach
9 'Who broke the cup?' 'lt wasn't ........
10 'Which is your mother?' 'That's over there by the windowl
11 My parents don't understand ........... , and my boyfriend doesn't understand
and sometimes I don't understand
12 That girl keeps losing ......... .. shoes.
1 3 Bill's coming this evening with ........... three sisters.
14 I don't like looking at photos of .............. because always look so old.
1 5 Mary's mother's really nice, but I don't like ............ father much.

194 PERSONAL PRONOUNS; POSSESSIVES ln some answers, both contracted forms (for example /ni, don't) and full
forms {for exam ple I am, da not.\ are possible. Normally irotlr are correct.