Angles and Constructions: Sample

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5 Angles and
constructions
E
Getting started
1 Two angles of a triangle are 55° and 70°.
PL
a Work out the third angle.
b What is the name of this type of triangle? Choose the correct word.
equilateral isosceles right-angled perpendicular
2 a Work out the size of angle D. b Work out the value of x.
C
D 127°
50°
42° B x°
A 154° x°
M

3 There are two parallel lines in this diagram.

76°
SA
One of the angles is 76°.

Copy the diagram and write in the values of the other angles.
You do not have to draw the angles accurately.
4 a Use the measurements
P 4 cm Q
shown to make an accurate
drawing of this shape. 100° 140° 2.5 cm
b Measure the length R

of RS. 5 cm
105
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2021. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
5 Angles and constructions
The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°. Can you remember the first
time you were shown this?
You may have measured the angles and added them.
You may have cut a triangle out of paper and folded it.
This does not prove that the sum of the angles of any triangle is 180°.
It only shows that it is true for the triangles you have drawn and that
it is a reasonable conclusion.
E
A proof is a logical argument in which a reason is given for each step.
Over 2000 years ago the Greek mathematician Euclid wrote a book
called The Elements. He used logical arguments to prove many facts in
geometry and arithmetic. His book was the most successful textbook
ever written. It is still in print today.
PL
Euclid started by defining basic things such as a point and a straight
line. He also made a set of statements which he thought everyone could
agree with. These were called axioms.
An example of one of his axioms is:
Things that are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
From this simple starting point, he proved many complicated results.
In this unit you will look at several proofs.
5.1 Parallel lines

M
In this section you will … Key words
• use geometric vocabulary for equal angles formed when alternate angles
lines intersect. corresponding
angles
SA
This diagram shows two straight lines. geometric

Angles a and c are equal. They are called a b transversal
vertically opposite angles. d c
vertically
Angles b and d are equal. They are also
opposite angles
vertically opposite angles.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
Angles a and b are not equal (unless they
are both 90°).
They add up to 180° because they are angles on a straight line.
106
5.1 Parallel lines
The arrows on this diagram show that these

two lines are parallel. The perpendicular
distance between parallel lines is the same Tip
wherever you measure it.
We usually
Here, there is a third straight line crossing label pairs of
two parallel lines. It is called a transversal. parallel lines with
Where the transversal crosses the parallel matching arrows.
lines, four angles are formed.
E
Angles a and e are called corresponding a b
angles. Angles d and h are also corresponding
d c
angles. So are b and f. So are c and g.
Corresponding angles are equal.
Angles d and f are called alternate angles.
PL
e f
Angles c and e are also alternate angles.
h g
Alternate angles are equal.
These are important properties of parallel
lines. Tip
To help you remember:
Alternate angles
• for vertically opposite angles, think of the letter X are always
between the
• for corresponding angles, think of the letter F parallel lines.
M
• for alternate angles, think of the letter Z.
Exercise 5.1
1 Look at the diagram.
u
a Write four pairs of corresponding angles. t
v
w
SA
b Write two pairs of alternate angles. q

p
r
2 a One angle of 62° is marked in the s
diagram.
Copy and complete these sentences.
i Because corresponding angles
are equal, angle = 62°
ii Because alternate angles are equal, 62° a b
angle = 62° d c
b Write the letters of a pair of vertically
opposite angles.
107
3 The sizes of two angles are marked in

the diagram. 105° 75°
a Which other angles are 105°? p q
b Which other angles are 75°?

4 Angle APY is marked on the diagram. r s
Complete these sentences. t u
X
a APY and CQY are .................. angles.
E
B
b APY and XQD are .................. angles. P
c APX and ......... are corresponding A
angles. D
d CQX and ......... are alternate angles. C Q
e CQP and ......... are vertically Y
PL
opposite angles.
5 PQ and RS are parallel lines.
Q
c 136°
P S
a d
b
R
M
Find the sizes of angles a, b, c and d.
Give a reason in each case.
6 Look at this diagram.
C
A
SA
X 50° S
130° 40° T
140° Y
B
Explain why AB and CD cannot be parallel lines.
108
5.1 Parallel lines
7 This diagram has three parallel lines and a transversal.

a Write a set of three corresponding angles that includes a b
angle f. d c
b Write a pair of alternate angles that includes angle c. e f

c Write another pair of alternate angles that includes angle c. h g
8 Look at this diagram.
Write whether these are corresponding angles, alternate
E
angles or neither. i j
l k
a a and d
b b and f f h
e g
c c and g b d
d d and e a c
9
e a and h
Think like a mathematician
a
b
h g
c
d
PL
Arun gives this explanation of why angles h and d are equal.
h = b because they

are corresponding angles.
b = d because they are
M
f e
alternate angles.
Therefore h = d.
a Arun’s explanation is not correct. Write a correct version.

b Write a different explanation of why h = d that does not
use corresponding angles.
SA
10 AB and CD are parallel. C D

a Give a reason why a and d are equal. d c e
b Give a reason why b and e are equal.

c Use your answers to a and b to show that the sum of
a b
the angles of triangle ABC must be 180°.
A B
109
11 Show that the sum of the angles of triangle XYZ must be 180°.
X
Tip
Y Use your answer
to Question 10 as
a guide.
E
Z

12 ABCD is a trapezium.

PL
Two sides are extended to make the triangle AXB.
a Show that the angles of triangles ABX and DCX are the same size.
Show that angles A and D of the trapezium
add up to 180°.
What can you say about angles B and C
of the trapezium?
Give a reason for your answer.
13 ABCD is a parallelogram.
A
D C
B A
D
X
B
M
A Tip
a Show that opposite angles of the
parallelogram are equal. B Extend the
b Compare your answer to part a sides of the
D parallelogram.
with a partner’s answer. Can you
improve his or her answer? Can you C
improve your own answer?
SA
Imagine you have to explain corresponding angles to someone who does not
know about them. How can you convince him or her that corresponding angles
are equal?
Summary checklist
I can recognise vertically opposite angles and I know that they are equal.
I can identify corresponding angles and alternate angles between parallel lines.
110
5.2 The exterior angle of a triangle
5.2 The exterior angle

of a triangle
In this section you will … Key word
E
• learn to identify the exterior angle of a triangle exterior angle of
a triangle
• use the fact that the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum of the two interior opposite angles.
Here is a triangle ABC.
PL
A
The side BC has been extended to X.
Angle ACX is called the exterior angle of the
triangle at C.
The angles marked at A and B are the angles B C X
opposite C.
We know that a + b + c = 180°, the sum of A
the angles in a triangle. a
So a + b = 180° − c
Also d + c = 180°, the sum of the angles on b c d
M
a straight line. B C X
So d = 180° − c
Compare these two results and you can see that d = a + b
This shows that:
The exterior angle of a triangle = the sum of the two interior
opposite angles.
SA
This is true for any triangle.
111
Worked example 5.2

Work out x and y.
B
40° 45°
y°
E
C
105°
D
x°
A
Answer
PL
x is an exterior angle of triangle ABD so x = 40 + 105 = 145°
y is an exterior angle of triangle BCD
Angle BDC = 180° − 105° = 75° because angles on a straight line = 180°
So y = 75 + 45 = 120°
Exercise 5.2
M
The diagrams in this exercise are not drawn to scale.
1 Calculate the sizes of angles a, b and c.
80° b 134°
20°
20° c
45° a
86°
SA
2 a Work out each of the exterior angles b Work out the size of the exterior
shown in this triangle. angle x in this quadrilateral.
x
c
70°
65°
67° b
a 80°

112
5.2 The exterior angle of a triangle
3 An exterior angle of a triangle is 108°.

One of the interior angles of the triangle is 40°.
a Work out the other two interior angles of the triangle.
b Work out the other two exterior angles of the triangle.
4 PBC is a straight line. AQ is parallel to PC. 108° 40°
a Explain why y = c A Q
E
b Explain why x = a + y a
y
c Use your answers to a and b to prove
that the exterior angle at B of triangle
ABC is the sum of the two interior
opposite angles. x b c
P B C
PL
5 DX is parallel to BC.
ZD is parallel to AB. C
BDY is a straight line. B
a Explain why angles BAD and ADZ are equal.

b Explain why angles ABD and ZDY are equal. D X
c Use the diagram to prove that the angle sum A
of quadrilateral ABCD is 360°.
Y
Do not use the fact that the angle sum of a triangle is 180°.
Z
6 AB and CD are straight lines.
M
A
D
150°
30° 20°
C 160°
B
Explain why the angles cannot all be correct.

7 Look at the diagram. f
SA
a Explain why d = a + c a
b Write similar expressions for e and f. b

d c e
c Show that the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is 360°.
8 ABC is an isosceles triangle. B
AB = AC. 68°
AB is parallel to DE. E A
Angle ABC = 68°
D
Work out the size of angle EDC.
Give a reason for your answer. C
113
9 This pentagon is divided into a triangle and a quadrilateral.

a Show that the angle sum of the pentagon is 540°.
b Compare your explanation with a partner’s.
Do you both have a similar explanation?
10 PQRS is a parallelogram. P Q
x 39°
a Explain why x must be 22°.
b Work out angle y.
E
y
11 ABCD is a parallelogram.
Show that p + q = r 22°
S R
A
PL
p B
r
D
q
C
12 a Show that w + y = a + b + c + d b Show that w + x + y + z = 360°
w w
c x
d
M
a b
y z y

13 Work out angles a, b and c.
SA
40°
Tip
Use the exterior
a c
angle property of
80° a triangle for each
angle.
95°
114
5.3 Constructions

14 a Explain why x = b + d a
b Explain why y = c + e
c Show that the sum of the angles in the x y
e
points of the star, a + b + c + d + e = 180° b
E
d
Summary checklist
PL
I can identify the exterior angles of a triangle.
I can use the fact that the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of the two interior opposite angles.
5.3 Constructions
M
In this section you will … Key words
• construct triangles arc
• learn how to draw the perpendicular bisector of a line bisector
construct
SA
• learn how to draw the bisector of an angle.

(geometry)
hypotenuse
You need to be able to draw a triangle when you know some of
the sides and angles.
You can do this using computer software. You can also do it using a
ruler and compasses.
Here are four different examples of how to construct triangles.
115
1 When you know two angles and the side C

between them, this is known as ASA.
60° 50°
A B
8 cm
E
Step 1: Draw the side.
Draw an angle at one end.
PL
Step 2: Draw the angle at the
other end.
Where the two lines cross is
the third vertex of the triangle.
A
60°
8 cm
C
B
M
60° 50°
A B
8 cm
2 When you know two sides and the angle C

between them, this is known as SAS.
SA
10 cm
42°
A 12 cm B
Step 1: Draw the angle first.
42°
A
116
5.3 Constructions
Step 2: Open your compasses to 12 C Tip

cm. Put the point of the
compasses on A and draw an An arc is part
10 cm of a circle.
arc to mark B. Mark C in a
similar way. Draw the side BC.
42°
A 12 cm B
E
3 When you know the three sides but no C
angles, this is known as SSS.
4.5 cm 4 cm
Step 1: Draw one side.
PL
Open your compasses to the
length of a second side.
Put the point of the
compasses on one end of the
side and draw an arc.
A
A
5 cm
5 cm
B
B
M
Step 2: Open your compasses to the C
length of a second side.
Put the point of the
compasses on the other end of 4.5 cm 4 cm
the side and draw another arc.
Where the arcs cross is the
third vertex. Draw the other A 5 cm B
SA
two sides.
117
4 When one angle is a right angle, and you C

Tip
know the length of the hypotenuse and one
other side, this is known as RHS. The hypotenuse is
9 cm
the side opposite
the right angle.
A 7 cm B
E
Step 1: Draw the side.
Draw a right angle at one end.
PL
Step 2: At the other end, draw an arc
equal to the hypotenuse.
Draw the third side.
A
C
7 cm
9 cm
B
M
A 7 cm B
There are two other constructions that you need to be able to do using a
ruler and compasses:
1 Construct the bisector of a line segment.
This is a line through the mid-point of the line segment and
perpendicular to it.
SA
Step 1: D raw the line segment. Open the

compasses to about the same length
as the line. (You do not need to
measure this exactly.)
Draw arcs from one end of the line
on both sides of the line. A B
118
5.3 Constructions
Step 2: Do the same thing at the other

end of the line segment.
Do not change the angle
between the arms of the
compasses.
A B
E
2 Construct the bisector of an angle.
This is a line that divides an angle
PL
into two equal parts.
Step 1: Open the compasses to a

few centimetres.
You do not need to
measure this.
Put the point of the compasses
M
on the angle and draw arcs that
cross each of the lines.
Step 2: Put the compass point on each

of the crosses and draw an arc Tip
between the two lines.
Do not change the angle When you do any
construction, do
between the arms of the
SA
not rub out your

compasses. Draw a line through
construction lines.
the angle and the last cross.
Draw them faintly
This is the perpendicular
and leave them
bisector of the angle. The two
on your drawing.
angles marked are equal.
119
Exercise 5.3
1 a Draw an accurate copy of this triangle.
C
E
65° 42°
A 6 cm B
b Measure the length of AC and BC.

PL
Y
36°
5 cm
100°
Z
X
b Measure the length of XY and XZ.

M
Q
7 cm
P 50°
10 cm
R
SA
b Measure angle Q
D 10 cm E
117°
6 cm
b Measure angle F.
120
5.3 Constructions
Activity 5.3
All the angles and sides of this triangle are shown.
a Choose either 2 sides and the angle between them 73°
(SAS) or 2 angles and the side between them (ASA). 4.6 cm 5.9 cm
Use your chosen measurements to draw an
accurate copy of the triangle.
63° 44°
E
b Measure the three values you did not choose. 6.3 cm
Was your drawing accurate? If not, where did you
go wrong?
5 The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 12.5 cm.
PL
One of the other sides is 10 cm.
a Make an accurate drawing of the triangle.
b Measure the third side.
c Measure the other two angles.
6 The sides of a triangle are 7 cm, 8.5 cm and 9.7 cm.
b Measure the largest angle of the triangle.
7 The sides of a triangle are 5.8 cm, 7.8 cm and 7.1 cm.
M
b Give your triangle to a partner to check the accuracy of
your drawing.
If necessary, correct your drawing.

8 Two sides of a right-angled triangle are 10.5 cm and 8.3 cm.
SA
Zara and Arun give different answers.
The third side is The third side is

6.4 cm 13.4 cm
Use accurate drawings to show that both of them could be correct.
121
9 a Draw this diagram accurately. C

b Construct the perpendicular
bisector of AB. 7.5 cm
c The perpendicular bisector
of AB intersects AC at D.
Label D on your diagram and 39°
measure AD. A 10 cm B
E
10 RST is a triangle. RS = 5 cm, RT = 6 cm. R
a If ST = 9 cm, use a diagram to show
that angle R is obtuse. 5 cm 6 cm
PL
Write the size of angle R.
b If angle R is obtuse what can
you say about the length of ST? S T
Give reasons for your answer.
11 a Draw this triangle accurately. A

b Construct the bisector of angle A.
c The bisector of angle A intersects 10 cm
7 cm
BC at X.
M
Mark X on your triangle and
measure BX.
12 Read what Marcus and Sofia say. B 8 cm C
If you draw the

perpendicular bisectors The bisectors of
of each side of a each angle of a
SA
triangle, they intersect triangle meet at a

at a single point. single point.
a Draw a triangle. Construct the perpendicular bisector of each

side to test Marcus’s theory.
b Look at the triangles that other learners have drawn.
Do you think Marcus is correct?
c Draw another triangle. Construct the bisector of each angle
to test Sofia’s theory.
d Look at the triangles that other learners have drawn.
Do you think Sofia is correct?
122
5.3 Constructions
You can draw a triangle if you know three side (SSS) or 2 sides and the
angle between them (SAS) or two angles and the side between them (ASA).
Can you draw a triangle if you only know the 3 angles?
Why is this different from the other examples?
Summary checklist
E
I can draw a triangle when I know two angles and the side between them (ASA).
I can draw a triangle when I know two sides and the angle between them (SAS).
I can draw a triangle when I know the three sides (SSS).
I can draw a right-angled triangle when I know the hypotenuse and
PL
one other side (RHS).
I can draw the perpendicular bisector of a line segment.
I can draw the bisector of an angle.
M
SA
123
Check your progress

1 a Write the correct words to complete
these sentences. c d
i c and h are ................... angles. g h
ii f and l are ................... angles. b
a
E
f
iii g and k are ................... angles. e
b Explain why e = j + k
c Explain why c = i + j
j k
2 ABCD is a trapezium. i
l
C D n m

3
64°
B
PL A
105°
Work out the angles of the trapezium.

Give a reason for each answer.
Work out x and y.
M
50°
118°
60°
x
SA
124
4 Show that triangle ABC is isosceles.

D
A
E
40° 70°
B C E
5 The sides of a triangle are 5.1 cm, 6.8 cm and 8.5 cm.
a Draw the triangle.
PL
b Construct the bisector of the smallest angle.
c The angle bisector divides one of the other sides into two parts.
How long is each part?
6 a Draw triangle ABC accurately.
A
6 cm
M
75°
B 8 cm C
b Construct the perpendicular bisector of AC.
The perpendicular bisector meets BC at P.
c Measure PC.
SA
125

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We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of this title.

3 There are two parallel lines in this diagram.

One of the angles is 76°.

b Measure the length R

5 Angles and constructions

5.1 Parallel lines

This diagram shows two straight lines. geometric

5.1 Parallel lines

The arrows on this diagram show that these

b Write two pairs of alternate angles. q

5 Angles and constructions

3 The sizes of two angles are marked in

b Which other angles are 75°?

5.1 Parallel lines

7 This diagram has three parallel lines and a transversal.

b Write a pair of alternate angles that includes angle c. e f

Think like a mathematician

h = b because they

a Arun’s explanation is not correct. Write a correct version.

10 AB and CD are parallel. C D

b Give a reason why b and e are equal.

5 Angles and constructions

Think like a mathematician

5.2 The exterior angle of a triangle

5.2 The exterior angle

Here is a triangle ABC.

This is true for any triangle.

5 Angles and constructions

Worked example 5.2

5.2 The exterior angle of a triangle

3 An exterior angle of a triangle is 108°.

a Explain why angles BAD and ADZ are equal.

Explain why the angles cannot all be correct.

a Explain why d = a + c a

b Write similar expressions for e and f. b

5 Angles and constructions

9 This pentagon is divided into a triangle and a quadrilateral.

12 a Show that w + y = a + b + c + d b Show that w + x + y + z = 360°

Think like a mathematician

• learn how to draw the bisector of an angle.

5 Angles and constructions

1 When you know two angles and the side C

2 When you know two sides and the angle C

Step 1: Draw the angle first.

Step 2: Open your compasses to 12 C Tip

Step 1: Draw one side.

5 Angles and constructions

4 When one angle is a right angle, and you C

Step 1: D raw the line segment. Open the

Step 2: Do the same thing at the other

Step 1: Open the compasses to a

Step 2: Put the compass point on each

not rub out your

5 Angles and constructions

b Measure the length of AC and BC.

b Measure the length of XY and XZ.

5 The hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 12.5 cm.

Think like a mathematician

Zara and Arun give different answers.

The third side is The third side is

Use accurate drawings to show that both of them could be correct.

5 Angles and constructions

9 a Draw this diagram accurately. C

Step 2: Open your compasses to 12 C Tip

Step 1: D raw the line segment. Open the

Step 2: Do the same thing at the other

Step 1: Open the compasses to a

Step 2: Put the compass point on each