ME 3213

Refrigeration Systems
ENGR. LOUIE A. LARIOSA
FACULTY ME DEPARTMENT
CTU-MAIN
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Refrigeration Systems

2. Fundamental Concepts

3. The Refrigeration Cycle

4. Refrigerants

5. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Compressors)

6. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Condensers)

7. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Expansion Valves)

8. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Evaporators)

9. Conventional and Alternative Refrigeration Systems

CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Refrigeration Systems

2. Fundamental Concepts

3. The Refrigeration Cycle

4. Refrigerants

5. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Compressors)

6. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Condensers)

7. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Expansion Valves)

8. Refrigeration Components and Systems (Evaporators)

9. Conventional and Alternative Refrigeration Systems

Refrigeration System Components,
Functions and Performance
 ME 3213
Refrigeration
Systems
REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS AND
SYSTEMS
(THE COMPRESSOR)
COMPRESSORS

Compressors are mechanical

devices that compresses gases.
It is widely used in industries
and has various applications.
 COMPRESSORS

The compressor has two main functions within the

refrigeration cycle.
1. To pump the refrigerant vapor from the
evaporator so that the desired temperature and
pressure can be maintained in the evaporator.
2. To increase the pressure of the refrigerant vapor
through the process of compression, and
simultaneously increase the temperature of the
refrigerant vapor. By this change in pressure the
superheated refrigerant flows through the system.
 COMPRESSORS

Refrigerant compressors, which are known as the heart of the vapor-

compression refrigeration systems, can be divided into two main categories:
• dynamic compressors - is a continuous flow compressor is characterized
by rotating impeller to add velocity and thus pressure to fluid.
• displacement compressors - causes movement by trapping a fixed
amount of air then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the
discharge pipe.
 COMPRESSORS

The refrigerant compressors are

expected to meet the following
requirements:

• high reliability,
• long service life,
• easy maintenance,
• easy capacity control,
• quiet operation,
• compactness, and
• cost effectiveness.
 COMPRESSOR FORMULAS

Where:
CLEARANCE VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, 𝜂𝑣𝑐
𝑚 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑣1 𝑣1 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝜂𝑣𝑐 = 100 − 𝑚 −1
𝑣2 𝑣2 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
DISPLACEMENT RATE OF COMPRESSOR,𝐷𝑟 𝑁 = 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝐷𝑟 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑁 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐿 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐿 = 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
ACTUAL VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY, 𝜂𝑣𝑎 𝑣𝑓1 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝑚𝑟 )(𝑣1 )
𝑣𝑓1 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜂𝑣𝑎 = × 100% 𝑚𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
ℎ1 − ℎ4
𝐷𝑟
ℎ1 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY, 𝜂𝑐 ℎ2 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ4 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜂𝑐 = × 100% 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑚
𝑊𝑐 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑚𝑟
Problem 1: Catalog data for a six-cylinder 𝑅 − 22 compressor operating at 29 𝑟𝑝𝑠 indicate a refrigerating capacity of 96.4 𝑘𝑊 and a
power requirement of 28.9 𝑘𝑊 at an evaporating temperature of 5℃ and a condensing temperature of 50℃. The performance data are
based on 3℃ liquid subcooling and 8℃ superheating of the suction gas entering the compressor. The cylinder bore is 67 𝑚𝑚 and the
piston stroke is 57 𝑚𝑚. Compute,
(a) the clearance volumetric efficiency if the clearance volume is 4.8%
(b) the actual volumetric efficiency
(c) the compression efficiency

From Refrigerant Table properties,

GIVEN: @evaporator suction
𝑛=6 𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = 259.1
𝑁 = 29 𝑟𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑒𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 96.4 𝑘𝑊 @compressor suction
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 28.9 𝑘𝑊 𝐿 𝑘𝐽
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 67 𝑚𝑚 = 0.067 𝑚 𝑣1 = 43.2 , ℎ1 = 413.1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐿 = 57 𝑚𝑚 = 0.057 𝑚
@compressor discharge
𝐿 𝑘𝐽
REQUIRED: 𝑣2 = 14.13 , ℎ = 444.5
𝑘𝑔 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂𝑣𝑐 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠 4%
𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂𝑣𝑎
𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂𝑐
Problem 1: Catalog data for a six-cylinder refrigerant-22 compressor operating at 29 𝑟𝑝𝑠 indicate a refrigerating capacity of 96.4 𝑘𝑊 and
a power requirement of 28.9 𝑘𝑊 at an evaporating temperature of 5℃ and a condensing temperature of 50℃. The performance data are
based on 3℃ liquid subcooling and 8℃ superheating of the suction gas entering the compressor. The cylinder bore is 67 𝑚𝑚 and the
piston stroke is 57 𝑚𝑚. Compute,
(a) the clearance volumetric efficiency if the clearance volume is 4.8%
(b) the actual volumetric efficiency
(c) the compression efficiency
And,
SOLUTION: 𝑅𝑒𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 96.4 𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑔
(c) 𝜂𝑐
𝑚𝑟 = = = 0.626
(a) 𝜂𝑣𝑐 if 𝑚 = 4.8% ℎ1 − ℎ4
413.1
𝑘𝐽
− 259.1
𝑘𝐽 𝑠 From,
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
ℎ2 − ℎ1
From, Thus, 𝜂𝑐 = × 100%
𝑊𝑐
𝑣1 𝑘𝑔 𝐿 𝐿
𝜂𝑣𝑐 = 100 − 𝑚 −1 𝑣𝑓1 = 0.626
𝑠
43.2
𝑘𝑔
= 27.04
𝑠 Where,
𝑣2
Also, 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑚 28.9 𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝐽
43.2 𝑊𝑐 = = = 46.17
𝜂𝑣𝑐 = 100 − 4.8 −1 𝐷𝑟 = 𝑛 ∙ 𝑁 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ 𝐿 𝑚𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
14.13 0.626
2 𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝜋 0.067 𝑚3
𝜼𝒗𝒄 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟏𝟐% 𝐷𝑟 = 6 29 𝑚2 0.057 𝑚 = 0.0349 Therefore,
𝑠 4 𝑠
(b) 𝜂𝑣𝑎 𝐿 444.5 − 413.1
𝐷𝑟 = 34.97 𝜂𝑐 = × 100%
𝑠 46.17
From,
𝑣𝑓1 Therefore, 𝜼𝒄 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟎𝟐%
𝜂𝑣𝑎 = × 100% 𝐿
𝐷𝑟 27.04
𝜂𝑣𝑎 = 𝑠 × 100%
Where: 𝐿
34.97
𝑠
𝑣𝑓1 = 𝑚𝑟 𝑣1 𝜼𝒗𝒂 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟑%