Alnukhba College

.Air Conditioning and Cooling Dept

Heat Transfer
Final Report
Convection Heat Transfer
:By
Mashaan Daham Motlaq
:Supervisor
Dr. Saad Sabah

2022
 Convection (heat transfer)
Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of
heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid.
Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat
transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined
processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat
transfer by bulk fluid flow). Convection is usually the
dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases.

Note that this definition of convection is only applicable in

Heat transfer and thermodynamic contexts. It should not to
be confused with the dynamic fluid phenomenon of
convection, which is typically referred to as Natural
Convection in thermodynamic contexts in order to
distinguish the two
:Overview
Convection can be "forced" by movement of a fluid by means other
than buoyancy forces (for example, a water pump in an automobile
engine). Thermal expansion of fluids may also force convection. In
other cases, natural buoyancy forces alone are entirely responsible
for fluid motion when the fluid is heated, and this process is called
"natural convection". An example is the draft in a chimney or
around any fire. In natural convection, an increase in temperature
produces a reduction in density, which in turn causes fluid motion
due to pressures and forces when fluids of different densities are
affected by gravity (or any g-force). For example, when water is
heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan is displaced
(or forced up) by the colder denser liquid, which falls. After heating
has stopped, mixing and conduction from this natural convection
eventually result in a nearly homogeneous density, and even
temperature. Without the presence of gravity (or conditions that
cause a g-force of any type), natural convection does not occur, and
only forced-convection modes operate.

The convection heat transfer mode comprises one mechanism. In

addition to energy transfer due to specific molecular motion
(diffusion), energy is transferred by bulk, or macroscopic, motion
of the fluid. This motion is associated with the fact that, at any
instant, large numbers of molecules are moving collectively or as
aggregates. Such motion, in the presence of a temperature gradient,
contributes to heat transfer. Because the molecules in aggregate
retain their random motion, the total heat transfer is then due to the
superposition of energy transport by random motion of the
molecules and by the bulk motion of the fluid. It is customary to
use the term convection when referring to this cumulative transport
and the term advection when referring to the transport due to bulk
fluid motion

Types:
Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished:

Free or natural convection: when fluid motion is caused by

buoyancy forces that result from the density variations due to
variations of thermal ±temperature in the fluid. In the absence of an
internal source, when the fluid is in contact with a hot surface, its
molecules separate and scatter, causing the fluid to be less dense.
As a consequence, the fluid is displaced while the cooler fluid gets
denser and the fluid sinks. Thus, the hotter volume transfers heat
towards the cooler volume of that fluid.[2] Familiar examples are
the upward flow of air due to a fire or hot object and the circulation
of water in a pot that is heated from below.
Forced convection: when a fluid is forced to flow over the surface
by an internal source such as fans, by stirring, and pumps, creating
an artificially induced convection current.
 Convective heat transfer
The basic relationship for heat transfer by convection is:

Q is the heat transferred per unit time, A is the area of the

object, h is the heat transfer coefficient, T is the object's surface
temperature, Tf is the fluid temperature, and b is a scaling
exponent.

The convective heat transfer coefficient is dependent upon the

physical properties of the fluid and the physical situation.
Values of h have been measured and tabulated for commonly
encountered fluids and flow situations.