GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

AND DESIGN

TALL BUILDING DESIGN – IX

LESSON PLAN -3B

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings – Part II

 QUICK RECAP OF LESSON PLAN – 1 & 2
• Definition of Tall buildings- structural viewpoint. Height
intertwined with ‘tall-ness’

• The role of CTBUH

• Historical Development of Tall Buildings

• Gilded Age of America and its overall impact including

proliferation of Tall Buildings.

• Rigid Frame, Flat Plate, Core system, Shear Wall Systems,

Shear Frame Systems
 CONTENT OF LESSON PLAN – 3B

• Mega Column (mega frame, space truss) systems.

• Mega Core Systems.

• Untriggered frame systems.

• Tube systems
➢ Framed tube systems
➢ Trussed tube systems
➢ Bundled tube systems

• Diagrid System
 MEGA COLUMN(MEGA FRAME, SPACE TRUSS) - SYSTEMS
• Horizontal connections are of primary importance.

• Due to the probable insufficiency of floor slabs

acting as rigid floor diaphragms, to support this
behaviour of restraining the columns laterally, belts,
vierendeel frames and mega braces are used.

• In this way, all external mega columns and/or shear

walls are connected together to participate in the
lateral stiffness of the structure.
▪The Vierendeel truss/girder is characterized by having only vertical members between the top and bottom
chords and is a statically indeterminate structure. Hence, bending, shear and axial capacity of these members
contribute to the resistance to external loads. The use of this girder enables the footbridge to span larger
distances and present an attractive outlook. However, it suffers from the drawback that the distribution of
stresses is more complicated than normal truss structures.
 VIERENDEEL GIRDER - Examples

State Trading Corporation Tower

Ar. Raj Rewal, 1976
MEGA COLUMN(MEGA FRAME, SPACE TRUSS) - SYSTEMS

Commerzbank Tower
 MEGA COLUMN(MEGA FRAME, SPACE TRUSS) - SYSTEMS
• Belts and vierendeel frames consist of at least one
storey depth horizontal shear trusses or shear walls that
are located at least two or more levels throughout the
height of the building as in the case of the
Commerzbank .

• 6 Mega shear walls connected with Vierendeel

beams.

• Mega braces are multi-storey diagonals that are

placed continuously throughout the height of the
building as in the case of Bank of China Tower (Hong
Kong, 1990) which has four composite mega columns
connected with both mega braces and belts.
MEGA COLUMN(MEGA FRAME, SPACE TRUSS) - SYSTEMS
 MEGA COLUMN(MEGA FRAME, SPACE TRUSS) - SYSTEMS
• Taipei 101 is a 101 storey, 508 M high (Taipei
2004) has 8 composite mega columns at the ground
floor with rectangular cross-sections of 2.4 x 3.0 M
MEGA COLUMN(MEGA FRAME, SPACE TRUSS) - EXAMPLES
• 73 storey, 346m High Centre (Hong Kong, 1998)
which have 12 mega columns of which the largest have
square cross-sections of 2.5 x 2.5 m at the ground
floor.
 MEGA CORE SYSTEMS
• RCC or Composite core shear walls with much
larger cross-sections than normal, running
continuously throughout the height of the building.

• Since the mega core can resist all the vertical and
lateral loads in this system, there is no need for
columns or shear walls on the perimeter of the
building.

• Floor slabs cantilevered from core shear wall.

• Can also have strengthened cantilever slabs with

discontinuous perimeter columns.
MEGA CORE SYSTEMS
 MEGA CORE SYSTEMS - SOME EXAMPLES
• 36 storey, 300m Aspire Tower (Doha, 2006) which
has a RCC shear wall with circular cross-section with an
external dia varying between 18 – 13 M and thickness
varying between 2 – 1M.
 MEGA CORE SYSTEMS - SOME EXAMPLES
• 52 storey, 235m 8 Shenton Way (Singapore, 1986)
which has a RCC core shear wall with circular cross-
section with an external dia of 25M and thickness
varying between 1.65 – 1M.
 MEGA CORE SYSTEMS - SOME EXAMPLES
• 57 storey, 190M HSB Turning Torso
(Malmo,2005) which has a RCC core shear wall with
circular cross-section with an external dia of 15.6 –
11.4M and thickness varying between 2.5 – 0.4M.
 OUTRIGGERED FRAME SYSTEMS
What is an “Outrigger”?
An outrigger is a stiff beam
that connects the shear walls to
exterior columns at one or
more levels throughout the
height of a Tall building frame.
 OUTRIGGERED FRAME SYSTEMS
• Contains a horizontal shear truss or shear wall (or
deep beam).

• Adequate stiffness against flexure and shear.

• To make them sufficiently effective, these are made

at least one storey deep.

• Outriggers affect the interior space, they are

generally located at the mechanical equipment floors
in order not to hinder the use of normal floors.

• Due to axial tension/compression between

outriggers and shear core, stiffness is increased.
 OUTRIGGERED FRAME SYSTEMS
• At the level of the outriggers, connecting the
perimeter columns to each other with belts improves
efficiency of the system by equalizing the axial column
loads along the perimeter.

• In this way the column, which is connected to the

core by the outrigger , distributes the axial load effect
of the outrigger by means of the belt.

• In cases where an outrigger is used at a single level

throughout the height of the building, the most
effective location of the outrigger is approximately
40-60 % of the building height.
 OUTRIGGERED FRAME SYSTEMS

The 128 storey, 632M high Shanghai Tower

OUTRIGGERED FRAME SYSTEMS – BURJ KHALIFA PLAN
 TUBE SYSTEMS
• Innovated in the early 1960s by the famous
structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan. He is
considered as “father of tubular design”.
 TUBE SYSTEMS
• It is like a hollow box column is cantilevering from
the ground and so the building exterior exhibits a
tubular behaviour against lateral loads.

• Used for the first time in the 43-storey, 120 M high

The Plaza building (Chicago, 1966) by Fazlur Rahman
Khan.
 TUBE SYSTEMS – 3 TYPES
• Framed Tube Systems.
• Trussed Tube Systems.
• Bundled Tube Systems.
 FRAMED TUBE SYSTEMS
• Evolved from rigid frame systems and are
alternative to shear frame systems.

• Most significant feature: Vierendeel tube system or

perforated tube system. System consists of exterior
columns spaced equally – usually at 1.5M to 4.5M c/c
connected by deep spandrel beams at floor levels.

• If larger spacing of columns is needed, larger

column sizes and deeper spandrel beams are required.

• We should now discuss shear lag in this context.

 FRAMED TUBE SYSTEMS
• In a framed tube system, pure tubular cantilever
behaviour cannot be achieved because of the flexibility
of the spandrel beams so that there can be slight
bending deformation while transferring shear forces to
the columns.

• This bending deformation increases axial stresses to

the corner perimeter columns. In the internal
columns, the reverse happens. This creates “shear lag”.
 FRAME TUBE SYSTEMS
• 110 storey, 415/417m high WTC (NY, 1972) the
perimeter columns are placed at 1.02M c/c with
0.66M in clear span.
 FRAME TUBE SYSTEMS
• 33 storey, 144M high Torre Agbar (Barcelona,
2004).
 TRUSSED TUBE SYSTEMS
• Framed tube obstruct views.

• In order to get over this, increase in spacing

between columns without compromising on tubular
behaviour connecting the perimeter columns with
external multi-storey braces led trussed tube or braced
tube system.

• Increased stiffness brings it close to pure tubular

cantilever behaviour. Shear lag is also reduced.

• Fazlur Khan said that external braces will act like

inclined columns and increase its efficiency.
 TRUSSED TUBE SYSTEMS
• 59 storey, 279M high Citi Group Centre (NY,
1977).
 TRUSSED TUBE SYSTEMS
• 100 storey, 344M tall John Hancock Centre
(Chicago, 1969). Max column spacing 11.5 – 13.3 M
 BUNDLED-TUBE SYSTEMS
• Combination of more than one tube (framed tube
and/or trussed tube) acting together as a single tube.

• Another innovation by Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan.

• Architectural freedom – ability to create tubes of

different heights in the system.

• Much increased column spacing, controlled aspect

ratio.

•Aspect ratio (height/structural lateral system footprint width or depth) -

Preferably < 6
 BUNDLED-TUBE SYSTEMS
• 108 storey, 442M high Wills Tower (Chicago,
1974).
 BUNDLED-TUBE SYSTEMS
• 108 storey, 442M high Wills Tower (Chicago,
1974).
 DIAGRID STRUCTURES
British Architect Ian Ritchie wrote in 2012:

“The origin of 'diagonal' structures is surely the Russian genius

Vladimir Shukhov. He pioneered new analytical methods in many
different fields, and I have been fortunate to visit some of his
constructed projects more than once. Shukhov left a lasting legacy to
early Soviet Russia constructivism, and as the leading engineer and
mathematician during the late 19th and early 20th century he
created hyperboloid, thin shell and tensile structures of extraordinary
refinement and elegance.”
 DIAGRID STRUCTURES
• Diagrid = diagonal grid.

• Recent application - lattice

framework on the exterior surface
to resist lateral & gravity loads

• triangulation takes care of all the

loads

• Uses less – steel. Example – Hearst

tower – New York uses 21% less
steel.

• Can make large column-free

expanses.
 DIAGRID STRUCTURES
•30 St Mary Axe (informally known as the Gherkin and
previously as the Swiss Re Building) is a commercial skyscraper
in London's primary financial district, the City of London. It
was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004.
With 41 storeys, it is 180 metres
REFERENCES:

• http://www.ctbuh.org/
• Structural Analyses & Design of Tall Buildings
- Bungale S Taranath
• Tall Building: Imagining the Skyscraper – Scott
Johnson
• Tall Buldings Structural Systems and
Aerodynamic Form by Mehmet Halis Gunel &
Huseyin Emre Iglin
ASSIGNMENT
1. Discuss with Sketches: Diagrid System, Bundled Tube
systems and Mega Core systems.