Methods of Structural Analysis

Methods of Structural Analysis
Prof. A.R.Santhakumar
Types
• Elastic Analysis
• Plastic Analysis
• Advanced Analysis ( Annex B)
• Dynamic Analysis ( IS 1893)
Lateral forces
• High wind pressures on the sides of tall

buildings produce base shear and
overturning moments.
• These forces cause horizontal deflection
• Horizontal deflection at the top of a
building is called drift
• Drift is measured by drift index, /h,
where,  is the horizontal deflection at
top of the building and h is the height of
the building

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures 3
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
Lateral forces - 1
h Drift index = /h
Lateral drift
IS code require drift index to be not more than

0.002 of total height.

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEMS
• Rigid frames
• Shear walls
• Braced frames
• Advanced structural forms

Rigid frames
• Framed with moment resisting connections

between beams and columns.
• Used economically to provide lateral load
resistance for low-rise buildings
• Less stiff than other systems
• Moment resisting connections may be
necessary in locations where loads are
applied eccentrically with respect to centre
line of the columns

Moment resistant connections - 1
Stiffeners
Shop welded and field bolted connection

Stiffener Top plate
Erection angle
Field welded and field bolted connection

End plate
Stiffener
End plated connection

Shear walls
• Shear walls are specially designed RC walls parallel
to the direction of load are used to resist lateral
loads by acting as deep cantilever beams fixed at
foundation
• Interior concrete core walls around the elevator,
stair etc. may be considered as shear walls
• Advantages of shear walls:
– Very rigid in their own plane and hence are effective in
limiting deflections
– Act as fire compartment walls
• For low and medium rise buildings, the construction
of shear walls takes more time and is less precise in
dimensions than steelwork
• Have lesser ductility and may not meet the energy
required under severe earthquake

Braced frames
• X-bracing system
– Works well for 20 to 60 storey height
– Does not give room for openings such as doors and
windows
• To provide more flexibility for the placing of
windows and doors, K-bracing system or full-
storey knee bracing system can be used
• Knee bracing is efficient in energy dissipation
during earthquake loads by forming plastic
hinge in beam at the point of their intersection
with the beam

Shear wall
Moment resisting frames Shear wall frames Braced frames
Lateral load resisting systems

X - brace K- brace Knee brace
Bracing systems

Connections
Depending upon structural behaviour,
connections are classified as:
• Simple connections
– Detailed to allow beam end to rotate freely
and beam behaves as a simply supported
beam
– Transfers shear and axial forces between
connecting members but does not transfer
bending moment

Connections - 1
• Rigid connections
– Detailed to ensure a monolithic joint such
that angle between beam and column before
deformation remains same even after
deformation
– Transfers shear, axial force and bending
moment from beam to column
• Semi-rigid connections
– Designed to transmit full shear force and a
fraction of the rigid joint bending moment
across the joint
– Analysis of frames with such joints is
complex

ADVANCED STRUCTURAL FORMS
• Framed tubes
– Lateral resistance is provided
by very stiff moment resisting
frames that form a tube
around the perimeter of the
building
– Gravity loading is shared
between tube and interior
columns
– Appropriate for buildings
having 40 to100 storeys

ADVANCED STRUCTURAL FORMS - 1
Braced tube structures

– Tubular system with X-
bracing over many stories
– Structure behaves under
lateral loads more like a
braced frame reducing
bending in the members of
the frames.
– Spacing of the columns can
be increased and depth of
girders will be less, thereby
allowing large size windows
than in conventional framed
tube structures

Tube-in-Tube Structures
– A type of framed tube
consisting of an outer-framed
tube together with an internal
elevator and service core.
– Outer and inner tubes act
jointly in resisting both
gravity and lateral loading in
steel-framed buildings

Other advanced structural forms:
• Bundled tube
• Bundled tube with belt truss
• Tapered bundled tube

LOADING
• Gravity loads
• Wind load
• Earthquake load

Wind load
• Most important factor that determines the design

of tall buildings over 10 storeys, where storey
height approximately lies between 2.7 – 3.0 m
• Appropriate design wind loads are estimated

based on:
– Static approach
– Dynamic approach

Wind load- 1
280
Total steel
240
Weight of
steel (kg/m2) 200
160
Wind bracing
120
80 Columns
40
Floor framing
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of floors
Weight of steel in multi-storeyed buildings
Earthquake load
• Seismic motion consists of horizontal and vertical

ground motions
• Vertical motion is much smaller in magnitude and
factor of safety provided against gravity loads will
accommodate additional forces due to this motion
• Horizontal motion of ground causes most
significant effect on structure by shaking
foundation back and forth
• Mass of building resists this motion by setting up
inertia forces throughout structure.

Earthquake load - 2
(a) F = Ma (b) F < Ma (c) F > Ma
Force developed by earthquake

BRACED FRAMES - METHODS OF
ANALYSIS FOR LATERAL LOADS
• Member Force Analysis
• Analysis of forces in a determinate triangulated
braced frame can be made by method of sections
• Drift Analysis
• Drift is a result of flexural and shear mode
contributions
• In low rise braced structures, shear mode
displacements are most significant
• In medium to high rise structures, higher axial
forces and deformations in columns, cause flexural
component is dominant

Drift Analysis - 1
Virtual work drift analysis

• A force analysis of structure is carried out for
design lateral loads
– To determine axial force Pj in each member j
– To determine bending moment Mxj at sections x along
those members subjected to bending
• A second force analysis is then carried out with

structure subjected to only a unit imaginary
lateral load at the level N whose drift is required
– To give axial force pjN
– Moment mxjN at section x in the bending members

Member Force Analysis - 2
N 1
N
N -1
x Typical
Mx x mxjN
member j
j
Pj pjN
x x
Member forces in a typical braced frame

Drift Analysis - 3
Resulting horizontal deflection at N is;
j
 P   Mx 
 N   p jN   
 EA  j  m xjN   dx
 EI  j
0
• This method is exact and can easily be

systematised by tabulation

ANALYSIS OF FRAMES WITH MOMENT
RESISTANT JOINTS FOR LATERAL LOADS
• Methods employed for lateral load analysis of
rigidly jointed frames:
– Portal method
– Cantilever method
– Factor method

• Portal method and Cantilever method yield good
results only when the height of a building is
approximately more than five times its least lateral
dimension

Portal Method
• Satisfactory for buildings up to 25 stories
• Simplifying assumptions made in portal method:
– A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each beam

– A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each
column
– Total horizontal shear at each storey is distributed
between columns of that storey in such a way that each
interior column carries twice the shear carried by each
exterior column
• Above assumptions convert indeterminate multi-

storey frame to a determinate structure

Portal Method - 1
Steps involved in analysis of frame;
• Horizontal shears on each level are distributed

between columns of that floor
• Moment in each column is equal to column shear
multiplied by half the column height
• Girder moments are determined by applying
moment equilibrium equation to joints
• Shear in each girder is equal to its moment divided
by half the girder length
• Finally, column axial forces are determined by
summing up beam shears and other axial forces at
each joint

Cantilever Method
• Gives good results for high-narrow buildings
compared to those from the Portal method and it
may be used satisfactorily for buildings of 25 to 35
storeys tall
• Simplifying assumptions:
– A point of contraflexure occurs at centre of each beam

– A point of contraflexure occurs at centre of each column
– Axial force in each column of a storey is proportional to
the horizontal distance of the column from centre of
gravity of all columns of storey under consideration

Cantilever Method - 1
Steps involved:
– Centre of gravity of columns is located
– Axial force in one column is assumed as F and axial
forces of remaining columns can be expressed in terms of
F by taking moments about centroid of columns of the
storey
– Beam shears are determined joint by joint from column
axial forces
– Beam moments are determined by multiplying shear in
beam by half span of beam
– Column moments are found joint by joint from beam
moments
– Column shears are obtained by dividing column moments
by half-column heights

Factor Method
• More accurate than either portal method or
cantilever method
• Based on assumptions regarding the elastic

action of the structure
• For application of Factor method, relative

stiffness (k = I/), for each beam and
column should be known or assumed

Factor Method - 1
Application of Factor method involves following

steps:
– The girder factor g, is determined for each joint from the
following expression
g 
 kc
k
 kc - Sum of relative stiffnesses of column members
meeting at that joint
 k - Sum of relative stiffnesses of all members meeting
at that joint
– Column factor c, is found for each joint from following
expression
c = 1-g
Factor Method - 2
– At each end of every member, there will be factors from

step 1 or step 2. To these factors, half the values of
those at the other end of the same member are added
– Sum obtained as per above step is multiplied by relative

stiffness of respective members. This product is termed
as column moment factor C, for columns and girder
moment factor G, for girders
– Calculate column end moments
– Calculate beam end moments

ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS FOR
GRAVITY LOADS
• Simple Framing
– Shears and moments can be determined by statics

• Semi Rigid Framing
– Designed using techniques developed based on
experiments
• Rigid Framing
– Rigid frame buildings are analysed by one of approximate
methods to make an estimate of member sizes before
going to exact methods such as slope-deflection or
moment-distribution method

Substitute frame method
• A short version of moment distribution method
• Only two cycles are carried out in analysis and

also only a part of frame is considered for
analysing the moments and shears in beams and
columns
• Assumptions for this method:
– Moments transferred from one floor to another floor are

small. Hence, the moments for each floor are separately
calculated
– Each floor will be taken as connected to columns above
and below with their far ends fixed.

Substitute frame method - 1
0.6 
Stiff column frame Flexible column frames
Substitute approximate models for analysis of frames

Drift in Rigid Frames
• Lateral displacement of rigid frames subjected to

horizontal loads is due to following three modes:
– Girder Flexure
– Column Flexure
– Axial deformation of columns
• Sum of storey drifts from the base upward gives

drift at any level and the storey drifts can be
calculated from summing up contributions of all
three modes in that particular storey

COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAMES
• A typical model of rigid frame consists of an

assembly of beam-type elements to represent both
beams and columns of frame
• Columns are assigned their principal inertia and
sectional areas
• Beams are assigned with their horizontal axis
inertia and sectional areas
• Torsional stiffnesses and shear deformations of
the columns and beams are neglected

CONTENTS
• CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMES
• IDEALISATION OF MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR FOR ANALYSIS
OF FRAMES
• EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
• SIMPLIFIED SWAY METHOD
• ELASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES
• STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER
ELASTIC-PLASTIC FAILURE LOADS
• SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-
RANKINE-WOOD EQUATION
• PLASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES
• SUMMARY
©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG 42
CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMES
• Sway Frames
• Non Sway Frames
• A frame in which sway  is prevented is called a

“non-sway” frame.
• For non-sway frame lateral stiffness is provided by
one of the following
– rigidity of the joints.

– provision of bracing system.
– connecting the frame to a braced frame, shear core,
shear wall or a lift well.

CLASSIFICATION OF FRAMES -1
• The inter storey deflection (s) (i.e. the difference in

deflection of top and bottom end of a column in that storey)
is used to quantify the lateral stiffness of the frame.
• The maximum si for any storey is taken as a measure of the

frame stiffness.
• For a frame to be of the non-sway" type the maximum inter

storey deflection permitted in any storey is generally taken
as follows: hi
si  for bare frames
4000
hi
 for frames with cladding
2000
wn
pn
i
wi pi
floor i
hi
w2 p2
w1 p1
(a) (b)
wI = f (wdi+ wli)
wdi= dead load on ith floor
wli = live load on ith floor
w = factored load on i th
floor
I
si P
pi
i
hi
i = Total ith storey deflection

Si = Interstorey deflection for ith floor
P =Column Load
pi =Assumed lateral load 0.5% of
P
factored load
(c)
Approximate calculation of frame stiffness

for classification of frames

IDEALISATION OF MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR FOR
ANALYSIS OF FRAMES
• Elastic Behaviour
• Elastic – Plastic Behaviour
• Rigid Plastic Behaviour

fy
Stress
Stress
tan-1E
tan-1E
Strain
Strain
(a) Elastic behaviour
(b) Elastic-Plastic behaviour
fy
Stress
Idealisation of Material
Behaviour curve
Strain
(c) Rigid-Plastic behaviour
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS
• Limited Frame Method
ku
k c  ku
k1 
k1 1  kbt kc  ku   kbt
Column under
examination kc=I /  kc  kl
k2 
 kbb kc  kl   kbb
k2 2
Limited Substitute Frame

kl

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF COLUMNS-1
• Effective length for Non-sway (k3 = ) and sway

k3=0 frames
k1 P
k 3 =
kbt
e
kbb k1 =Distribution coefficient at top
kbt =Sum of beam stiffness I/ at top
k2 kbb=Sum of beam stiffness I/ at bottom
P k2 =Distribution coefficient at bottom
k3 =Bracing stiffness
Non sway frame (k3=)
= (since braced)

P kbt
k1
k3=0
Roller Roller
k=I/
k2 kbb
P
k3 =Bracing stiffness
Sway frame (k3=0) =0 (since full sway permitted)

Effective Length ratioe/ for a column
in a rigid- jointed frame braced against sidesway
for k3=
Effective Length ratioe/ for a column in a

rigid- jointed frame with unrestricted sidesway
for k3Anna
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, =0 Univ., INSDAG 52
• Effective length of insufficiently restrained columns
in the frames
While using the above charts following limitations should be
considered.
• When a member is either not present or not firmly connected

to the frame, it should be considered to have zero stiffness.
• If a framing member carries nearly full moment (90% of its
capacity) it will not provide resistance for preventing the
column from buckling when plastic hinges have formed. For
such beams, stiffness should be taken as zero.
• If the column under question itself carries full moment (90% of
its capacity) it will develop flexural hinge at top and bottom
and as such its effective length should be taken as .

Effective length of insufficiently restrained columns in the frames
-1
• When the column is attached to the foundation, a rational

value of k at the bottom should be chosen (i.e. k=1 if
pinned, 0.9 if not rigidly connected and 0.5 if rigidly
connected with transverse beams).
• rotational continuity is distributed by either plasticity or by

partial release due to practical foundation problems which
are likely to reduce the restraint at the ends of the column.

• Effective length consideration when the frame is
partially braced
• For a frame partially restrained by filler walls in between the

framing members the above nomograms cant be used.
• The effective length will depends on the relative stiffness of
bracing system provided as these panel walls partially
inhibit sway.
• The relative stiffness of the bracing system to that of the
frame (based on BS5950)
h 2 ΣS p
k3  but  2
80 E Σkc

Effective Length ratioe/ for a column
in a rigid- jointed frame with partial sway
bracing of relative stiffness k3=1
Effective Length ratio e/ for a column
in a rigid-jointed frame with partial sway
bracing of relative stiffness k3=2

• Consideration of realistic beam stiffness based on
buckling mode
• It is assumed that the ends of the beam away from the column
end under consideration is fully restrained.
• This assumption
– is realistic because about 48 to 60 percent of the width of slabs are
available for stiffening beams and for carrying the fixed end
moments of loaded beams.
– but not appropriate for base frames which are not integral with
concrete floor and hence the value I/ used for such floors should
be modified taking into account the critical buckling mode at
failure.

Critical Buckling Mode
of a Braced Frame
Critical Buckling Mode for
an unbraced Frame

consideration of realistic beam stiffness
based on buckling mode -1
• For a non-sway frame, beam stiffness is taken as 0.5 I/.

• In the case of a sway frame, the beam stiffness is taken as 1.5 I/.
• A more exact value for the effective length can be obtained from the
consideration of frame instability.
• It is assumed that the beam members are not subjected to axial
forces.
• In case they are subjected to axial forces, the limited frame method
can still be used, provided the frame is a non-sway one and proper
care is taken to use reduced stiffness for beams based on the level
of axial load carried by it, to its elastic buckling load Pcr.

Effective Length of Columns in
Frames according to IS: 800
Non-sway Frames (Braced Frame)
K
1  0.145(  1   2 )  0.265 1  2 
 2  0.364( 1   2 )  0.2471  2  b1,  2 are

K c
given,  K
c K b
Sway frames (Moment Resisting Frames)
1  0.2  1   2   0.12  1  2 
0 .5
K  
 1  0.8  1   2   0.6  1  2 

SIMPLIFIED SWAY METHOD
• one of the approximate methods recommended by BS 5950 for
elastic design of sway frames
• the effect of instability of the column on bending moments and

deflection is considered by appropriately increasing their
magnitude by a factor
1
P
1 
P cr
• This method has been tested for different ratios of moments
acting at top and bottom of the column

mo=-1 mo=-1/2 mo=0 mo=+1/2mo=+1
3.0
mo=-1
2.6
1 mo=-1/2
S/C
2.0 1 P
Magnification Pcr
Factor 1.8
mo=0
1.4
mo=+1/2
1.0 mo=+1
D/C
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Axial Load P

Critical Load Pc r
Magnification of Moment due to axial load (non- sway)
Pcr
N Me = Linear elastic moment

MN MN = Non Linear elastic moment
e including instability
Me e =linear elastic response
N =Non-Linear elastic response
including instability
Deflection, 
or
Moment, M
Response (magnified) due to elastic instability

ELASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES
• elastic design as per BS 5950 is made for factored loads when
the deflections are small.
• The deflections should generally be limited to span/200
• The design of beams and columns are made using substitute
frames for gravity loading.
• For horizontal loading the entire frame is considered.
• when elastic design is used, moment redistribution to the extent
of 10% can be made
• Non - sway frames
• For gravity loading non-sway frames are analysed either using
full frame or using substitute frame.
• For load cases involving horizontal load, pattern vertical loading
is not considered and the entire frame is analysed.

ELASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES -1
• Sway Frames
• the frame is analysed for vertical gravity loading considering
also pattern loading as a non-sway frame using effective
length of columns applicable to those braced against
sidesway.
• Next, the effects of sway is considered under all combination
of loading, considering vertical loading effects on sway
• the following two design methods is adopted to get the final
design forces.
– Simplified Design Method
– Amplified Sway Method

STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER
ELASTIC-PLASTIC FAILURE LOADS
• Elastic Critical Conditions
• In a normal elastic frame, the deflection function F () of the

frame is proportional to the deflection f () of the frame under
unit load.
F() =  f()
• The axial forces under applied loading introduce the
instability effects.
•
• At certain critical load factors c1  c2  c3, the stiffnesses
vanish leading to large deflections. These correspond to
critical modes at those load factors.

STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER ELASTIC-PLASTIC
FAILURE LOADS - 1
• Using the orthogonal property of the mode shapes, the

deflection is expressed as
f() = a1f (1) + a2 f(2) + a3 f(3)+ …
• When instability effects are considered the resulting

deflection can be written as
 c1   c2   c3 

f    
 
 a1 f  1   
 
a2 f  2    a3 f  3   ............
 c1     c2     c3   
• the lowest critical load shows the onset of elastic critical

condition.

STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS OF SWAY FRAME UNDER ELASTIC-PLASTIC
FAILURE LOADS - 2
• The elastic critical load factor cr of the frame is the ratio by
which each of the factored loads will have to be increased
to cause elastic instability. This load factor is also required
to be used in the approximate method for evaluating
elastic-plastic failure loads.
• For the rigid frame Fig.1 (a) and 1(b), the sway index of the
ith storey is
si
i 
hi
• If max is the maximum of all i values, then the elastic
critical load factor is
1
cr 
200 max
C 12.9
cr
Z
Load p G 2.15
Factor,  G
Y
1.9
F
F
 X H
D
Y
0 Deflection
Parameter, 
(a) (b)
Load-deflection curve for an elastic-plastic
structure compared with an elastic structure

• Deteriorated Critical Load
• The potential energy U of a structure can be expressed a
– U = Uw + Ue
• For equilibrium
U
0

• On the rising part, i.e., at point X,
 2U
 0 ( Stable)
 2
• On the falling part, i.e. at Z
 2U
 0 (Unstable)
 2
• and at C
 2U
 0 (neutral)
 2

• For a typical elastic-plastic non- linear structure system,
UN = U w + U e + U p
• For equilibrium
U N
 0 Valid for all points on OXFD

• In the plastic zone  U since
2
p the stress is constant
 0
•  
upto F is reached
2
 2U N
0
• 
2
at F i.e at point F
 2U N
0
 2

 2U N
• beyond F in the falling branch of FD 0
• The condition at failure 2  2
 U w  Ve 
0
U 2
• the failure criteria for elastic-plastic structure is similar to

elastic structure with plastically deforming parts
eliminated.
• The elastic portion between plastic hinges will still be

contributing to the energy.
• The structure with the eliminated parts is termed

“deteriorated or depleted”. The critical load obtained under
this depleted or deteriorated structure is known as
deteriorated critical load.

4.2
0.2
8.4
0.4
12’ 8.4
0.4
8.4
0.4
Load in tons
15’
Frame analysed by Wood

Elastic Critical
5 4
3 2
cr=12.5 p=2.15  F=1.9

Yield
Plastic hinge
Behaviour of frame analysed by Wood
D=8.5 D=6.3 D=4.05 D=2.3 D=1.6
Deteriorated Critical Loads of Frame analysed by

Wood

SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-
RANKINE-WOOD EQUATION
• Realistic failure load F can be expressed as a function of p

and cr. According to original Merchant Rankine Equation.
1 1 1
 
 F  p c r
• Wood suggested a modification of Merchant Rankine load

considering strain- hardening and restraint provided by
cladding
c r
 10 ; then F   p
p

SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-RANKINE-WOOD
EQUATION - 1
and
λF  λMRW
λ p λcr

λ p  0.9 λc r
λp

λp
0.9 
λc r
• when c r then
10   4;
p
SIMPLIFIED EMPIRICAL APPROACH USING MERCHANT-RANKINE-WOOD
EQUATION - 1
• stocky structures i.e.
c r
• with  10 or cr > 10 and p > 1
p
• ensures that structures have adequate strength.
• For slender structures

• cr
10  4
p

0.9 cr
• 4.6< cr< 10 as used in BS 5950 the values of  p 
 cr 1
and cr > 4.6
• This is applicable to clad frames in which no account has

been taken of cladding.
• These equations are modified for unclad frames or frames
where stiffness of cladding is considered as indicated
below:
• cr5.75 or 5.75  cr < 20
9.5 λcr
• λp  cr  20; use p  1
 λc r when
1
cr
A C 10
1.0 P F= Failure Load
D λc r p =Rigid plastic collapse load
0.87 4
0.8 λp c=Elastic critical load
pc r
F 0.6 F =MR=   
p cr
p
0.4
(Merchant Rankine)
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

F
c r
Merchant - Rankine (modified Load)

PLASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES
• Plastic design of frames can be used for frames, which are

effectively braced against out of plane sway.
• Non Sway Frame

• while considering the sway, the bending stiffness of the
frame should be ignored, as its buckling resistance will not
be available to prevent sidesway when the frame reaches
its plastic capacity.
• Sway Frames
• Rigorous Analysis
• Simplified Empirical Approach

PLASTIC DESIGN OF MUTISTOREY RIGID FRAMES -1
• Simplified Empirical Approach - A simplified frame stability

check, is made using Merchant–Rankine–Wood Equation
provided the following conditions are satisfied.
• The beam side-sway mechanism with hinges in all beam
ends and at base of columns should be applicable. There
should not be other hinges in the column, which may lead
to premature failure.
• The column in the ground floor should be designed to
remain within elastic limit.
• Under the combination of unfactored load and notional
horizontal load to simulate sway (wind force not included),
forces and moments in the frame should be within elastic
limit.

CONCLUSION
• the behaviour of multistorey frames under lateral loads is
described.
• Elastic design of multistorey rigid frames using simplified
design method as well as amplified sway method have
been included.
• Stability consideration of sway frames under Elastic-Plastic
failure loads have been included.
• Finally plastic design of multistorey frame using simplified
approach has been is presented.


Methods of Structural Analysis

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Methods of Structural Analysis

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Methods of Structural Analysis

• High wind pressures on the sides of tall

h Drift index = /h

IS code require drift index to be not more than

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures 4

• Advanced structural forms

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures 5

• Framed with moment resisting connections

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Shop welded and field bolted connection

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures 7

Stiffener Top plate

Field welded and field bolted connection

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End plated connection

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©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures 10

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Moment resisting frames Shear wall frames Braced frames

Lateral load resisting systems

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Braced tube structures

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©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures 18

Other advanced structural forms:

• Bundled tube with belt truss

• Tapered bundled tube

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• Most important factor that determines the design

• Appropriate design wind loads are estimated

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• Seismic motion consists of horizontal and vertical

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(a) F = Ma (b) F < Ma (c) F > Ma

Force developed by earthquake

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Virtual work drift analysis

• A second force analysis is then carried out with

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Member forces in a typical braced frame

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Resulting horizontal deflection at N is;

• This method is exact and can easily be

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– A point of contraflexure occurs at the centre of each beam

• Above assumptions convert indeterminate multi-

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Steps involved in analysis of frame;

• Horizontal shears on each level are distributed

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– A point of contraflexure occurs at centre of each beam

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• Based on assumptions regarding the elastic

• For application of Factor method, relative

©Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures 34