Pc12002-393-03-Sp-003, Rev 1 Specification For F&G Detectors

PDIL DOC. NO.
PC12002-393-03-SP-003 PAGE: 1 OF 34
1 12-Oct-12 Issued for Construction MJD MSA KJN

A 28-Sep-12 Issued for Approval MJD MSA KJN
Initial Signature Initial Signature Initial Signature
Rev Date Description
Prepared by Checked by Approved by
MOL Pakistan Oil & Gas CO. B.V.
Plot No 5/A, Crown Plaza, CLIENT
F-7 Markaz, Islamabad. REFERENCE
CLIENT Pakistan 44000
Tel.: +92 51 2655802-10
Fax : +92 51-2655827 CON282/12
Email: info@molpakistan.com
PRESSON DESCON INTERNATIONAL LIMITED PDIL

18 KM Ferozepur Road, Lahore-54760, Pakistan PROJECT NO.
Telephone: +92 42 35923710 Fax: +92 42 35923719-20
Email: info@pdil.com; Website: www.pdil.com PC12002
DESCON INTEGRATED PROJECTS (PVT.)

DIPL
LIMITED
6483-01-001-S1379-001-01
PROJECT NO.
18-Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore-54760, Pakistan
PH: +92 42 35990053 FAX: +92 42 3581 0867
Email: dipl@descon.com; Website www.descon.com 6483
PROJECT MAKORI FIELD DEVELOPMENT SURFACE FACILITIES
TITLE SPECIFICATION FOR F&G DETECTORS

PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED DATE DOCUMENT NO. REV.
DIPL #
MJD MSA KJN 12-Oct-12 PC12002-393-03-SP-003 1
EN-FRM-301
CLIENT: MOL PAKISTAN OIL & GAS CO. B.V. DOC NO. PC12002-393-03-SP-003
PROJECT: MAKORI FIELD DEVELOPMENT SURFACE FACILITIES REV. 1
TITLE: SPECIFICATION FOR F&G DETECTORS PAGE 2 OF 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 SCOPE.............................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.............................................................................................................4
1.3 AREA CLASSIFICATION.............................................................................................................................4
2.0 CODES AND STANDARDS..........................................................................................................................5
2.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................5
2.1.1 CODES AND STANDARDS..........................................................................................................................5
2.1.2 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE...........................................................................................................................7
3.0 DESIGN METHOD/ PHILOSOPHY..............................................................................................................7
3.1 Design Principles.............................................................................................................................................7
4.0 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM........................................................................................................................9
4.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................9
4.2 Types of Fire Detection.................................................................................................................................10
4.2.1 MANUAL CALL POINTS – DETECTION BY PERSONNEL..................................................................10
4.2.2 OPTICAL TYPE FIRE DETECTORS..........................................................................................................11
4.2.3 CCTV FLAME DETECTORS......................................................................................................................12
4.2.4 SMOKE DETECTORS.................................................................................................................................12
4.2.5 ULTRA-HIGH SENSITIVITY SMOKE DETECTORS..............................................................................13
4.2.6 HEAT DETECTORS.....................................................................................................................................14
4.2.7 COMBINED HEAT AND SMOKE DETECTORS......................................................................................15
4.2.8 ASPIRATED GAS DETECTION.................................................................................................................15
5.0 GAS DETECTION SYSTEM.......................................................................................................................16
5.1 General...........................................................................................................................................................16
5.2 Flammable Gas Detection..............................................................................................................................16
5.2.1 INFRARED TYPE DETECTORS................................................................................................................17
5.2.2 CATALYTIC TYPE DETECTORS..............................................................................................................17
5.3 Open Path Gas Detectors...............................................................................................................................18
5.3.1 AREA/PERIMETER MONITORING..........................................................................................................18
5.4 Toxic Gas Detection......................................................................................................................................19
5.4.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL TYPE...........................................................................................................19
5.4.2 SEMI-CONDUCTOR TYPE.........................................................................................................................19
5.4.3 H2S GAS DETECTION................................................................................................................................20
5.4.4 OTHER GAS DETECTION..........................................................................................................................20
6.0 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS..........................................................................................................20
6.1 General...........................................................................................................................................................20
6.2 Location of Detectors.....................................................................................................................................21
6.2.1 GAS DETECTORS (GENERAL).................................................................................................................21
6.2.2 FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTORS.............................................................................................................21
6.2.3 SMOKE DETECTORS.................................................................................................................................22
6.2.4 FIRE AND HEAT DETECTORS.................................................................................................................22
6.3 Location and Positioning of Warning Devices..............................................................................................23
6.3.1 BEACONS.....................................................................................................................................................23
6.3.2 MANUAL CALL POINTS...........................................................................................................................23
7.0 MONITORING AND ALARMS (FIRE AND GAS)...................................................................................24
7.1 Critical Controls Panel...................................................................................................................................24
7.2 Hard Wired Mimic Panel...............................................................................................................................25
7.3 Telecommunication System...........................................................................................................................26
7.4 Fire and Gas Alarms (Sirens and Beacons)...................................................................................................27
7.5 Fire and Gas Detection Mapping...................................................................................................................28
8.0 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS.........................................................................................................29
8.1 General...........................................................................................................................................................29
8.2 Instrument Identification................................................................................................................................30
8.3 Performance Definitions................................................................................................................................30
8.3.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT FOR F&G SYSTEMS.......................................................................32
8.3.2 MIN. REQ. FOR ESTABLISHING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SET OF DETECTORS......................32
8.4 Inspection and Testing...................................................................................................................................32
9.0 SPARE PARTS & SPECIAL TOOLS..........................................................................................................33
10.0 SITE SERVICES...........................................................................................................................................33

11.0 TRAINING....................................................................................................................................................34
1.0 GENERAL
MOL Pakistan Oil & Gas Co. B.V., as the Operator of the TAL Exploration Block in North
West Frontier Province (NWFP) in Kohat District, under a Joint Venture with Oil & Gas
Development Corporation Limited (OGDCL), Pakistan Oil Fields Limited (POL), Pakistan
Petroleum Limited (PPL) and Government Holding (Private) Limited (GHPL) intends to
develop the Makori Gas Processing Facility at the Manzalai Central Processing Facility
(CPF) site for the production and sale of natural gas, oil/condensate and LPG using gas
primarily from the Makori wells (other wells will also be included).
The new facility will produce Stabilized Oil/condensate that will be transported to the
nearest operating refinery through tank trucks and dewpointed sales gas that shall be
injected into the Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Company's (SNGPL) gas transmission
network. LPG will also be loaded to trucks.
1.1 SCOPE
This document covers the criteria to be used in the design of the Fire and Gas Detection
System for the Makori Gas Processing Facility.
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Equipment Location : Outdoor
Ambient temperature, minimum : 32°F (0°C)
Ambient temperature, maximum : 108°F (42.2 °C)
Relative Humidity, minimum : 9%
Relative Humidity, maximum : 93%
ICE/snow : None
Wind velocity maximum : Maximum 100 mph (160 km/h)
Seismic Load : UBC zone 2B
Maximum sound pressure level : <85dBA
Altitude : 2087 ft from MSL
1.3 AREA CLASSIFICATION

All instruments shall be certified as EEx'd' IIA / IIB per ATEX Directive.
All electrical installation materials shall be suitable and certified for use in this area
classification and shall have weather protection to IP 65 as minimum.
Instruments shall be selected based on Area classification drawings (by Electrical).
2.0 CODES AND STANDARDS
2.1 GENERAL
Codes, specifications and standards referred to within the design criteria, form a part of
the requirements of the criteria in a manner and to the extent specified within those
codes and standards. Unless otherwise specified, the latest edition or revision to these
codes specifications, and standards in force at the time of request for quotation and/or
Purchase Order shall apply.
No deviations from the Codes and Standards listed in this document will be allowed
unless such deviations are clearly identified in the bids, with the reasoning. In addition,
they must be approved in writing by COMPANY.
Where only British standards are quoted, other internationally acceptable codes and
standards may be put forward in lieu for COMPANY approval. All the applicable codes
and standards shall be of the latest edition at the time of order.
2.1.1 CODES AND STANDARDS
IEC 79 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
API/RP 2001 Fire Protection in Refineries.
API 2510A Fire protection considerations for LPG facilities
ANSI/ NFPA 70 National Electric Code
ANSI/ NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signalling Code
FM 6310/6320 Combustible Gas Detectors
CSA22.2 No. 152 Combustible Gas Detection Instruments
FMRC 3260 Flame radiation detectors for automatic fire alarm

signalling
ISA RP12.1 Electrical Instruments in Hazardous Atmosphere

ISA RP12.13.02 Recommended Practice for the Installation, Operation,

and Maintenance of Combustible Gas Detection
Instruments
ISA RP12.13PTII Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Combustible

Gas Detection Instruments
ISA TR12.13.01 Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and

Vapours
ANSI/ ISA- S 84.01 Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for the

Process Industries
ANSI/ISA-91.00.01 Identification of Emergency Shutdown Systems and

Controls that is critical to maintaining safety in process
industries
ANSI/ ISA-S 92.0.01 Performance Requirements for Toxic Gas Detectors
ANSI/ ISA-S 92.0.01 Part I Performance requirements for carbon monoxide

detection instruments {50-1000 ppm full scale)
ANSI/ ISA-S 92,0.01 Part II Installation, Operation and Maintenance of Instruments

used to detect Oxygen deficient/ Oxygen-enriched
atmospheres
API/RP 550 Manual on Installation of Refinery Instruments and Control

Systems
NFPA 101 Life Saving Code
NFPA 325 Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids,

Gases and Volatile solids
IEC 50014 Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmosphere-

General Requirement
IEC 50019 Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmosphere-

Increased Safety EExe.
IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres

IEC 61000 Electrical Installation Guide
OSHA Federal "Occupational Safety and Health Standards"
SAMA PMC-33.1 Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Process Control

Instrumentation.
2.1.2 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

In case of conflicting requirements amongst any of the specified Standards, the
Standard having the most stringent requirement shall be governing.
3.0 DESIGN METHOD/ PHILOSOPHY
The purpose of fire and gas detection system shall be to detect a fire or gas release and
automatically initiate audible and visual alarms in the CCR and at field in the vicinity of
hazard. Fire protection system shall automatically respond to Fire and Gas system
(F&G). F&G shall automatically initiate the plant shutdown as per the Cause & Effect
matrix/ diagram
This document specifies requirements for the type, selection and specification for fire
and gas detectors installation or layout.
3.1 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Fire and gas detectors, horns and beacons shall be provided at different locations of the
gas processing facility as well as Wellhead Areas of Makori 1, Makori 3 and Makori 4
(including Christmas trees, choke valves, gas scrubbers) and Valve Assembly No. 1 and
No. 2.
Fire and gas detectors and one integrated siren and beacon shall be installed at
PLC/RTU passive shelter to cover the Christmas tree and the flow line. The detectors
will communicate PLC/RTU to shut down the well locally.
Fire and gas detector signals at the Wellhead or Valve Assembly areas shall be directly
hardwired to the corresponding RTU/ PLC panel. Corresponding alarms shall be sent
from RTU/ PLC panel to DCS (at remote control room) for indication and operator action.
Fire and gas detector signals at different areas of the Gas Processing Facility shall be
directly hardwired to the ESD system. Corresponding alarms shall be sent from ESD
system to DCS for indication and operator action.
F&G detection location/ layout F&G mapping shall be carried out during Detailed
Engineering phase. F&G layouts shall be developed using the Mapping software(s) and
utilizing the 3-D models of the facilities. F&G mapping services shall be taken from the
F&G consultants as per the approved vendors list. The Contractor or Vendor shall
provide the details of the consultant and Techniques to be used in developing the
layouts, company will review and approve the provided information prior to conducting
the layout study.
The hardwired interface between the detector or control unit and the ESD system shall
be either 0-20 mA or potential-free contact.
All F&G detectors installed shall be HART compatible for communication with the main
control system.
For the Makori Gas processing Facility one common PLC system shall be used for the
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) and the Fire and Gas (F&G) system.
Fire and gas detection system as part of plant ESD system shall comply with the
requirements of instrument protective functions as specified by the SIL analysis. This
includes determining the required SIL, the required degree of fault tolerance and the
maximum probability of failure on demand for the defined set of detectors that are to
detect the identified fire or gas release. In this regard, installation of three devices at
same location using 2 out of 3 logic shall be considered for better reliability of F&G
system.
An F&G study shall be carried out during detailed engineering to decide the exact
number and location of F&G devices and their associated equipment (horns, beacons,
etc.) and to determine the appropriate zoning scheme of the devices. Such detectors
and their location shall be indicated on the master plan of fire safety systems. Details of
zoning monitoring or individual point monitoring shall be reviewed during Detail
Engineering and upon SIL determination. Significant input from site operation will be
required.
Building fire alarm system shall be separate from the plant F&G and ESD systems. A
soft link shall be established between both systems to integrate information of fire and
gas detection. Building fire alarm system shall be installed in all buildings (MCC,
Rack/Marshalling room, UPS and Battery room, operator room, offices etc.). The system
shall be comprised of a control panel, fire/smoke detectors, heat detectors, manual call
points, hooters/sirens/beacons etc. Fire alarm control panel will be installed in each
building and its alarm repeater control panel will be installed in the main/existing
Ambulance/Fire Brigade building.
For buildings, a ring type communication shall be established between Fire detectors
and Control cabinet. No hard wired signals will be implemented for the building fire alarm
system.
In order to quickly assess the overall situation in the event of an alarm in highly
hazardous and low-manned areas with limited direct visibility, the addition of remote
plant surveillance by means of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) shall be included.
Fire and gas detectors, horn and beacons shall be rated for the specified area
classification and Ingress Protection.
The fire protection system can also be activated manually from the CCR or locally.
F&G vendor to supply the calibration tools, supply of test gas kits required for site
calibration, testing and alignment tool/equipment (required for the F&G detectors).
4.0 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
4.1 GENERAL
Fire detection system shall be installed where the possibility of a fire constitutes a
hazard to the facility and personnel.
The fire detection system shall be designed to detect at an appropriately early stage the
presence of a fire and/or the presence of smoke from smouldering or incipient
The fire detection system as part of the ESD system shall provide visual and audible
alarms in the CCR and in the field. It shall initiate preventive and/or shutdown actions at
an early stage to mitigate the consequences of a fire, alert personnel to danger, provide
alarms and initiate the fire protection system.
The choice of fire detectors for an area shall reflect the anticipated prime indication of a
fire. Heat, smoke and flame detectors shall be considered, depending on the risk and
location.
When locating fire detectors, the following shall be considered:
 Ventilation air flow patterns
 Anticipated flow of hot combustibles

 Shielding by beams, equipment, cable trays and piping
 Process system configuration
 Maintenance/ testing accessibility
4.2 TYPES OF FIRE DETECTION

Detectors shall be selected from the following list:
 Detection by personnel (with manual call points)
 Infrared (IR) fire detectors
 Ultraviolet light (UV) fire detectors
 CCTV flame detectors
 Smoke detectors i.e. scattered-light type detectors and ionization type

detectors
Other types of detectors may be considered with Company approval for specific
applications, such as Heat Detectors:
 Quartzoid bulbs
 Fusible alloy links or plugs
 Heat sensitive cable
 Rate-compensated heat detectors
 Combination of fixed temperature and rate-compensated heat detectors
 Fire detection tubing
Fire detectors shall be of re-settable type such that after activation they can be restored
to normal surveillance without the renewal of any components.
4.2.1 MANUAL CALL POINTS – DETECTION BY PERSONNEL

Manual fire alarm stations shall be strategically located throughout the plant and along
escape routes. Manual call points shall be of Break Glass push button auto-release type
specifically manufactured for this purpose with manual key reset.
The complete housing of manual call points installed outdoors shall be constructed in
accordance with requirements for the classified hazardous areas, and shall be corrosion
resistant and fully weather-proofed. For identification, they shall be red in
Once operated the station shall remain in the alarm position until manually reset.
The siren shall be Electronic Multi-tone EExd with Sound Level 123dB @ 1m,
Frequency Response 1.6 kHz, Colour Red, IP66, M20 cable entry, Operating Temp. 55
deg F. Certification shall be ATEX approved Ex II 2G, EEx’d’ IIB T5.
4.2.2 OPTICAL TYPE FIRE DETECTORS

Optical type fire detectors provide rapid response and good space detection.
Optical detectors shall have automatic self-checking facilities.
The following provides a description of two types of optical detectors:
a) Infrared Type Fire Detectors
IR detectors are preferred for flame detection in process areas.
These shall be solar blind, i.e. unaffected by sunlight, and should be applied where
fast detection of a hydrocarbon fire, or other flammable products with high
hydrocarbon content, is of prime importance.
The design of the detectors is based on the flame-flicker principle, i.e. the detector
responds to the flickering of most hydrocarbon fires. They are not suitable for the
detection of smouldering fires.
Infrared flame detection is the preferred technology for detecting hydrocarbon fires.
They have an upper ambient temperature limit of 75 °C.
Triple-band IR flame detectors are available that employ more advanced signal
processing techniques. Triple-band flame detectors have the advantage of improved
false alarm rejection and improved sensitivity to flame.
b) Ultraviolet light type fire detectors
Ultraviolet light type detectors are extremely fast in detecting fire, but they should not
be applied in dusty environments or in environments where airborne oil droplets are
likely or where fires are expected to produce heavy smoke.
UV detectors have an upper ambient temperature limit of 150 °C, but they are
subject to interference from welding activities, X-rays used in non-destructive testing,
direct sunlight and lightning.
Ultraviolet (UV) flame detectors shall only be used in restricted high temperature
applications e.g. inside turbine acoustic enclosures and only with approval by the
COMPANY.
Flame detector can also employ ultraviolet/infrared technology.
Transmitters shall be equipped with onboard diagnostics and 4-20 mA isolated output
signal. Tricolour LED Indication on the detector faceplate is required for detector status
condition: Normal, Fire and Fault.
Each detector shall be equipped with swivel mounting kit, optical air purge guard for
keeping optics clean and optical window cleaning solution.
Detectors shall have an auto test feature for Automatic Optical Integrity Test and high
immunity to oil mist and interferences such as arc welding, sunlight and X-ray.
Flame detectors shall have 120° cone of vision.
4.2.3 CCTV FLAME DETECTORS

CCTV technology and suitable software can deliver robust fire detection for a wide range
of combustion products. CCTV technology has the potential to differentiate friendly fires
from those of interest, and in principle is solar blind. CCTV technology also enables the
detector's field-of-view to be matched to the application, and the technology has the
potential to issue a warning when this is changed.
CCTV based fire detectors provide visual confirmation of an event, thus eliminating the
need to send personnel into potentially hazardous situations to investigate an alarm.
This subsequently reduces the time required to initiate appropriate safety measures.
CCTV fire detection shall only be used following approval by the COMPANY.
4.2.4 SMOKE DETECTORS

Smoke detectors should be employed in closed areas such as Equipment Rooms, CCR
and MCC Building only. Their use in open areas shall be subject to approval by the
COMPANY.
There are two basic types of smoke detector, each having its own characteristic
strengths and weaknesses:
a) Optical Smoke Detectors
Optical smoke detectors employ light scattering by smoke particles to detect the
presence of smoke. Optical smoke detectors are more sensitive to smoke particles
having a diameter greater than 0.5 micrometer. This characteristic makes them
particularly sensitive to incipient and smouldering fires.
Cable fires and hydrocarbon fires are examples that produce smoke consistent with
the larger particle size range. Optical smoke detectors are recommended for
electrical areas and areas containing hydrocarbon products.
Open path (IR) smoke detectors also employ light scattering techniques to detect the
presence of smoke. Open path smoke detectors typically have a working range of 30
m and are set to alarm when the visibility changes by 0.5 dB (11 %) over the path
length.
Open path smoke detectors have sensitivities similar to those of point smoke
detectors for a working range of approximately 4 m. At longer path lengths, open
path smoke detectors are more sensitive than point smoke detectors.
Open path smoke detectors employ a combined transmitter and receiver

(transceiver), and a retro-reflector to return the infrared beam. Smoke entering the
beam at any point is detected and differentiated from optical fouling and beam
interruption.
Open path smoke detectors, like other smoke detectors, are sensitive to fog.
b) Ionization Type Smoke Detectors
Ionization type smoke detectors may be considered when optical (scattered light
type) detectors are not suitable for the application, ionization-type smoke detectors
are more sensitive to the smaller (less than 0.5 micrometer) smoke particles
produced by fully developed fires, which release fine aerosols. If used for the
detection of smouldering fires in buildings, ionization type detectors should be
applied only in conjunction with heat detectors. The application of this type of
detector may be restricted due to the fact that the detection principle employs a small
radioactive source and faulty detectors need to be disposed of properly.
4.2.5 ULTRA-HIGH SENSITIVITY SMOKE DETECTORS

Ultra-high sensitivity smoke detectors (also called high sensitivity smoke detection
systems or Air Aspirated Smoke Detectors) are used for the early detection of incipient
fires in control buildings, system cabinets, computer rooms, etc. They are usually
configured around an aspirated system. The COMPANY shall be consulted for the
selection of this type of equipment.
If ultra-sensitive smoke detection systems are installed, the detection threshold should
be set accordingly to avoid nuisance alarms. All alarms need to be investigated, and the
use of low detection thresholds makes the task of confirming the presence of early
combustion products difficult.
For the Makori GPF project ultra sensitive smoke detection system will be implemented
for Equipment Room, UPS and battery Room, CCR and MCC Building only. All other
buildings shall be equipped with ionization type smoke detectors.
4.2.6 HEAT DETECTORS

Heat detectors should be applied for the detection of fires that are expected to build up
quickly and generate much heat. They generally have a low spurious alarm rate, but are
slow in detecting fires. They may also be applied as a backup for fire detectors in, for
example, gas turbine enclosures.
If heat detectors are applied in open areas for general fire detection, they should be
spaced so that one detector covers approximately 25 m2, and heat shields should be
installed to encourage heat build-up where detectors are more than 8 m above potential
fire sources.
Heat detectors are classified as follows:
a) Fixed Temperature Detectors
These detectors are either of the linear type, such as fire detection tubing and heat
sensitive cable, or spot type, such as quartzoid bulb and fusible alloy links and plugs.
b) Rate-of-Rise Heat Detectors
These detectors are designed to function when the temperature of their operating
element rises at a rate exceeding a predetermined amount, regardless of the
temperature level.
They are typically used in those applications where, under normal circumstances,
appreciable variations in ambient temperature may be expected, for example during
the start up and normal operation of gas turbines.
c) Combination Type Detectors
Combination-type detectors may employ more than one operating principle. A typical
example is a combination of fixed temperature and compensated rate-of-rise
detector, which is capable of responding accurately to both slow and fast
temperature rises. They should therefore be applied where a combination of the
circumstances described under fixed and compensated rate-of-rise detectors are
expected.
d) Rate Compensated Type Detectors
Rate-compensated detectors have the ability to operate whenever the surrounding

air temperature reaches the set point under all conditions of rate of rise in
temperature.
Where the above detectors are used in open areas, consideration shall be given to
installing heat shields to encourage the build-up of heat.
4.2.7 COMBINED HEAT AND SMOKE DETECTORS

Combined heat and smoke detectors are compact devices, and typically incorporate a
temperature sensitive element and an optical smoke detector.
Most commonly, the temperature sensitive element is a thermistor, producing a linear

response against temperature. Variations exist, but combined heat and smoke detectors
are normally fixed temperature devices with a set point at 60 °C.
Smoke detection is typically optical light-scattering from visible smoke particles as stated
earlier in this document.
Combined heat and smoke detectors can offer benefits where a large number of
combustion processes are likely. For example, some fires (fast burning and some liquid
fires) produce little or no visible smoke, but they do produce significant heat. Combined
heat and smoke detectors may well be suited to such applications, but the COMPANY
shall be consulted on their use.
4.2.8 ASPIRATED GAS DETECTION

Aspirated gas detection systems are available for detecting gas in difficult working
environments such as high temperatures or those requiring special apparatus for
access, or where general access is difficult. Examples are gas turbine enclosures or
under-floor voids. Such systems function by drawing air mixtures from the measurement
volume, which are then directed to the measuring detector.
5.0 GAS DETECTION SYSTEM
5.1 GENERAL
Flammable and toxic gas detection system shall be provided on installations where
accidental release or ignition of such gas constitutes a possible threat to the installation
or personnel.
The gas detection system shall be designed to:
 provide visual and audible alarms in the control room and locally
 detect escaped flammable gas as early as possible
 detect toxic gases and warn personnel of impending danger
 allow preventive actions to be taken at an early stage in order to reduce

leakage and isolate ignition sources
 F&G system to initiate plant shutdown as per Cause & Effect drawings.
5.2 FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTION

Flammable gas detectors shall be installed throughout the installation and will be
detailed on the Fire and Gas detector layout drawing. F&G layouts shall be developed
using the Mapping software(s) and utilizing the 3-D models of the facilities. F&G
mapping services shall be taken from the F&G consultants as per the approved vendors
list. The Contractor or Vendor shall provide the details of the consultant and Techniques
to be used in developing the layouts, company will review and approve the provided
information prior to conducting the layout study.
The correct choice of flammable gas detector is most important if early detection is to be
achieved. It is equally important that the detector is correctly positioned, and properly
mounted.
The following philosophy shall be adopted for the various types of gas detector:
 point OR open path/ beam type detectors in all enclosed or semi-

enclosed areas where hydrocarbons may accumulate
 point detectors in high pressure gas areas
 open path/ beam detectors around the periphery of process plant or

groups of equipment
 hydrogen detectors in battery rooms
The exact location of detectors shall take into account:
 leakage sources within the area
 gas density relative to air
 ventilation air flow patterns
 system configuration
 access for maintenance and calibration
Flammable gas detectors shall be selected from the following types, which are listed in
order of preference:
 Infrared absorption type
 Catalytic gas detection
The Point watch type HC detectors shall have 0 to 100 % LEL detection range.
5.2.1 INFRARED TYPE DETECTORS

Infrared type gas detectors have distinct advantages with respect to:
 faster response time
 poison resistance
 do not under-read in oxygen reduced atmospheres
 reduced maintenance load
 higher degree of fail-safety
 self-diagnostic features
Infrared type gas detectors respond to a limited group of hydrocarbons, and may
therefore not cover all situations. For example, infrared detectors cannot be used to
detect hydrogen. Otherwise, infrared absorption is the preferred technology for detecting
flammable gas releases
5.2.2 CATALYTIC TYPE DETECTORS

Catalytic Bead detectors may be used where hydrogen may be present or infrared
technology is not appropriate. The use of catalytic gas detectors requires approval from
the COMPANY.
Where catalytic combustion type detectors are selected, these shall be poison resistant.
The use of non-poison resistant sensors requires the approval of the COMPANY, who
shall be made aware of the restricted lifetime of non-poison resistant sensors.
Catalytic gas detectors suffer from both short-term and long-term drift. Short-term drift
may result from temperature variations at the head, and from the control card itself.
Long-term drift results from aging of the pellistor, and this aging is accelerated by the
presence of gas.
The design shall ensure that all water from direct hose-down and windblown rain is
deflected from the sensing chamber and shall not affect detector operation.
5.3 OPEN PATH GAS DETECTORS

Open path or beam type or Line-of-Sight (LOS) gas detectors make use of the
properties of gases to absorb infrared energy at certain wavelengths but not others. This
property, coupled with high-energy sources, enables LOS gas detectors to sense gas
over relatively long distances.
For reliable operation, LOS gas detectors require rigid supports that do not vibrate.
Manufacturers of LOS gas detectors provide misalignment data for their products which
must be followed.
Open path gas detectors are ideally suited for detecting gas accumulations or gas cloud
migration in open facilities. They are preferred over point type gas detectors for this
purpose.
5.3.1 AREA/PERIMETER MONITORING

Open path gas detectors can be used to monitor a complete area or to monitor the
perimeter of a process unit. These optical-type instruments monitor a given area or
perimeter for the presence of flammable gas.
For area monitoring, at least two open path instruments shall be applied. For monitoring
a jetty or, for example, the border between an existing operating process unit and a unit
under construction or shutdown, one monitor is normally sufficient.
Open path gas monitors typically have a (recommended) minimum alarm level setting of
0.5 LELm (50% LEL extended for one metre). That is, it can be set to give an alarm if
there is a flammable gas cloud of 5% LEL over a distance of 10 m or, 0.5% LEL over a
distance of 100 m. Recommended alarm thresholds for open path (line-of-sight) gas
detectors are; 1 LEL m & 3 LEL m respectively for Low/High level alarms.
The open path type combustible gas detectors shall have 40 to 120 meter standard
detection range.
Transmitter and receiver for the open path detectors shall be complete with integral
junction boxes with 2 x M20 entries along with Ex d Dead Plugs.
Vendor to provide or include in the supply alignment equipment for these detectors.
5.4 TOXIC GAS DETECTION

Release of toxic gases, i.e. carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulphide into the atmosphere
can create a health hazard and lead to a potential explosive hazard. Generally the
concentrations at which toxic gases need to be detected are far lower than for
flammable gas detection. Flammable gas detectors shall therefore not be used for the
detection of toxic gas, even if the latter co-exists with a flammable gas of a different
compound, i.e. H2S in conjunction with a hydrocarbon mixture.
Detection for toxic gases shall be fast and reliable and preference shall be given to
speed of response over precision.
Toxic gas detectors shall be selected from the following types:
 Electrochemical cell type
 Semi-conductor type
5.4.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL TYPE

This type is based on a electrochemical cell, developed to react exclusively to the toxic
gas. As a result of the chemical reaction of the cell organic electrolyte with the toxic gas,
an electric current is generated that is proportional to the toxic gas concentration in the
sample gas.
Electrochemical cells have a restriction from the date of installation, but life is not
adversely affected by ambient conditions.
Electrochemical sensor has proven to be more reliable in wet and humid atmospheres.
5.4.2 SEMI-CONDUCTOR TYPE

The semi-conductor type is based on the adsorption of the toxic gas molecules on the
surface of a solid-state semi-conductor crystal, which causes a change in resistance of
the electrical circuit of which the semi-conductor forms part. The change in resistance is
proportional to the toxic gas concentration in the sample gas.
Semi-conductor type sensors theoretically have an infinite lifetime. However, their life is
adversely affected when exposed to poisonous contaminants (i.e. paint solvents) or to
humid atmospheres (even for periods of less than 24 hours) or when they are not
regularly exposed to toxic gas concentrations (causing a loss of speed of response).
Use of semi-conductor type the toxic gas detectors in dry climates is generally good.
Installation in humid or wet conditions is generally poor.
5.4.3 H2S GAS DETECTION

Flammable gas detectors shall not be used to detect the presence of H2S when
concentrations of H2S in the production stream exceed 500 ml/m³ (in the gas phase at
equilibrium after flashing to atmospheric pressure).
If H2S detectors are installed, they should be typically mounted at 1.2 m above grade.
H2S detection is not applicable to Makori GPF project as there is no "sour" service.
5.4.4 OTHER GAS DETECTION

For the detection of carbon monoxide and most other toxic gases electro-chemical
sensors are commonly used.
6.0 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
6.1 GENERAL
Detector spacing shall be in accordance with national/local fire protection standards and
the Manufacturer's recommendations and requirements. Closer spacing shall be applied
wherever the characteristics of the protected hazard would impair the effectiveness of
detection.
Sensor heads shall have safe access for maintenance, i.e. from grade or from a
platform. Access shall be possible without the need for scaffolding.
Sensors shall be installed no lower than 1 m above grade or ground level, and they shall
be positioned so that they are not adversely affected by sand, dust, water spray, direct
rain, salt spray, strong winds or high velocity flows. They should not be installed inside
ducting. Instead, they may be installed at the inlet or outlet openings, but with sufficient
protection, i.e. by wind protection hoods or equivalent.
This is particularly true for catalytic gas detectors that have flame arrestors, or IR
detectors that have filters fitted inside their weather baffle.
Protective filters should not be used on IR gas detectors as such filters can lead to
reduce response to gas and eventual failure to respond if not properly maintained.
Detectors may be positioned at approximately the same elevation as the potential

source of leakage, but should not be less than 1 m above grade level to avoid damage
by ingress of splash water. If catalytic gas detectors are employed, their correct
positioning is most important, otherwise they are likely to under-read.
6.2 LOCATION OF DETECTORS

The type of detector and its location should be based on typical leakage calculations
(kg/s), taking into account plant and equipment lay-out and the heat and material
balance statistics for the process. Prevailing wind speed, direction and local atmospheric
conditions should be considered.
General guidelines and requirements are given below.
6.2.1 GAS DETECTORS (GENERAL)

Detectors with shutdown action are typically located where air is 'normally' free from
flammable gas, such as:
 Air inlets for HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning)
 Air outlets of enclosed hazardous areas/modules, etc.
 Air inlets to analyzer houses
 The suction of instrument air compressors
 Inlets to furnaces in gas plants
 Inlets to air compressors in gas plants

 Inlets to breathing air systems
6.2.2 FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTORS

For flammable gas detection in ducting, the sensor(s) shall be installed at the inlet air
opening. This ensures the fastest possible response time and obviates the need for
sampling systems.
The elevation at which the flammable gas detectors are mounted shall reflect the
presence of heavier or lighter-than-air gases. Such releases may well be neutrally
buoyant if released under atmospheric conditions.
6.2.3 SMOKE DETECTORS

Ionization-type and scattered light type smoke detectors shall be used for enclosed
spaces and buildings such as offices, archives, store rooms, medical centres, computer
rooms and instrument auxiliary rooms, etc.
The following shall be taken into account when selecting the actual location for diffusion-
type detectors:
 room ventilation patterns, i.e. draught due to air conditioning
 the diluting effects of air conditioning and ventilation systems
Aspirating type detectors are generally recommended for the following locations:
 under elevated floors in computer rooms, auxiliary rooms and inside

electrical and instrumentation cabinets in auxiliary rooms
 on cable trays in building
A typical aspirating type smoke detector features a detector cabinet containing up to 5

detectors connected to sample points via sample lines. The detectors share a common
aspirating pump, drawing the sample through the lines to the detectors.
6.2.4 FIRE AND HEAT DETECTORS

Heat detectors shall respond promptly to the development of a fire. Response times
depend on the amount of heat transferred from the fire to the detector. Therefore, the
following factors shall be taken into account for the positioning of detectors:
 height of ceiling and depth to which the detector projects below the
ceiling
 ventilation patterns in the building/room

 objects possibly blocking the heat flow to the detector, i.e. system
cabinets
Where heat detectors are installed in open areas, heat shields shall be installed to
improve early detection.
Optical type fire detectors are line-of-sight devices and shall therefore be positioned so
that they can see the entire section to be protected. They shall be mounted so that they
are free from the effects of vibration and shock, and spaced in accordance with the
detection objectives.
Infrared (IR) lenses shall be protected against the effects of water and the possibility of
freezing.
Ultraviolet (UV) detectors shall be protected from possible fouling of their windows/
lenses but such protection shall not impair their operation.
6.3 LOCATION AND POSITIONING OF WARNING DEVICES

6.3.1 BEACONS
Beacons shall be positioned so that they will be visible in the area for which they are to
provide a warning, but they should be accessible for maintenance. Suggested locations
are pipe racks, top corners of buildings and the principal passages inside auxiliary
buildings.
6.3.2 MANUAL CALL POINTS

Manual call points shall be positioned so that they stand out against the background, i.e.
they shall be clearly recognizable from a distance. If necessary they shall be provided
with signs to enhance their visibility.
Manual call points should be positioned as follows:
 along roads in the plant area at intervals not exceeding 100 m,

preferably at or near to lamp posts
 along roads in storage / tank areas not exceeding intervals of 200 m
 near or at locations having a higher risk such as remote pump floors, oil
catchers, manifolds, motor control centers, jetty heads
 on offshore locations, at escape routes (entrance to bridges and

staircases)
 Inside buildings, office entrance, canteens, warehouses, medical

centers, gate and guardhouses, etc.
 inside the plant
 outside power station(s)
 outside analyzer house(s)
 outside control room(s)
 outside utility buildings
 outside hazardous enclosed areas
 along logical escape routes
7.0 MONITORING AND ALARMS (FIRE AND GAS)
7.1 CRITICAL CONTROLS PANEL

The common Critical Controls Panel shall be provided in the control room for the
emergency shutdown services as well as the F&G system.
Local fire panels shall be provided for all enclosed buildings.
Fire and Gas detection alarm status (grouped by fire zone) shall be shown on Critical
Controls Panel.
The Critical Controls Panel shall include pushbuttons for fire protection actions, which
will be defined in the cause and effect charts. The Critical Controls Panel shall also
include status lamps such that the operator can determine critical F&G status across the
entire Makori installation.
All inputs from field detectors and outputs to execute control functions shall be hardwired
to ESD system that is used for the Fire and Gas system.
All ESD outputs for Fire and Gas shall be normally open contacts with line monitoring.
Outputs shall be provided for:
 Stopping ventilation in buildings
 Alarming in ESD system
 Activating warning lights and sirens at strategic locations.
 Start fire pumps

 Deluge valve release
 Inert gas system release
Telecommunication facilities such as telephone, plant radio, public address system etc.
shall be provided on the Critical Controls Panel.
For all intrinsically safe circuits isolation barriers shall be installed in the panel.
Panels located in technical/process buildings shall be powered by dual independent 240

VAC UPS power supplies with built-in redundant 24 VDC battery systems rated for one
hour quiescent operation and one hour in alarm condition.
Panels located in non-technical buildings shall be powered by single 240 VAC non-UPS
power supplies with dual 24 VDC battery systems rated for one hour quiescent operation
and one hour in alarm condition.
7.2 HARD WIRED MIMIC PANEL

The mimic panel shall form an integral part of the Critical Controls Panel. The panel shall
be visible from the main operating console.
The mimic panel is to be a geographical layout of the Wellhead and Valve Assembly
Areas as well as the Gas Processing Facility indicating fire and gas status for the various
areas. The hardwired mimics shall contain simplified geographical layouts of the plant
areas which are to be monitored, showing all traffic access gateways, roads and major
plant equipment for each process unit. The layout shall be in accordance with the plot
plans. The indications on the mimic panel shall be driven via hard-wired signals from the
ESD/Fire & Gas system.
The mimic panel shall incorporate separate confirmed (voted) fire, flammable gas and
toxic gas alarms as well as system fault alarms. Alarms associated to individual
detectors (non-voted) may be incorporated in the DCS.
The ESD/Fire & Gas system shall group together all types of F&G inputs for a single
zone, unit or equipment item(s). If any zone is in the confirmed alarm state, a zone or
unit alarm LED on the mimic panel shall operate. Separate 'zoned' indications shall be
provided for fire, flammable gas, toxic gas and system alarms.
Detector types shall be identified by means of coloured LEDs. The colour code shall be
as follows:
 Toxic gas : yellow

 Flammable gas : blue
 Fire : red
 System fault : white
 Fire water pump run light : green
 Other alarms : red
Colour coding to be checked and finalized during Detailed Engineering.
Flammable gas visual alarms should distinguish between low alarm and high alarm
values by assigning one LED for low alarm and one LED for high alarm.
The LEDs shall be mounted so that they protrude at least 3 mm above the surface of the
panel to enable an alarm to be recognized from various angles.
The following plant common alarms shall be grouped in the top left-hand corner to
facilitate quick appraisal by operating personnel. Each alarm shall be presented by
means of a coloured lamp and the corresponding text as appropriate.
 Fire
 Flammable gas
 Toxic gas
 Fire-water pump auto-start stand-by indication
 System fault
 Utility fault
 UPS fault
The normal situation shall be indicated by extinguished LEDs and lamps on the mimic.
In the event of an alarm, the relevant LEDs and lamps shall start flashing. After
acknowledgement the flashing shall stop and change to a steady light, but it shall be
reactivated on the recurrence of any alarm condition. Return to the normal situation,
after acknowledgement, shall extinguish the LEDs and lamps.
The audible alarm shall be annunciated in the control room by means of a buzzer
mounted at the rear of the mimic, having an intermittent tone at 2000 Hz which shall stop
when the operator acknowledges the alarm by means of a button on the mimic. An all-
clear signal shall not be provided in the control room.
A "common" false alarm will be displayed on the mimic panel. Key operated output
inhibit switches shall be provided through which each shutdown can be individually
isolated to enable testing. A shutdown circuit complete with indicating lamp shall be
provided to prove that the logic is operating correctly.
A mimic panel shall also be located in the existing fire building.
7.3 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

A telecommunication system shall be provided for voice communication and data
transfer. Channels for voice and data communication shall be separate and to ensure
high reliability. The equipment for data transmission shall have redundancy built-in.
7.4 FIRE AND GAS ALARMS (SIRENS AND BEACONS)

A confirmed gas or confirmed fire alarm from buildings and process areas shall initiate
the fire and gas alarm sounder or fire bells/ rotating beacons. Common alarms shall also
be relayed to any building outside the plant fence, e.g. administration building and gate
houses.
A fire alarm from any buildings outside the plant fence shall initiate fire bells within that
building and relay a common alarm to the main fire and gas panel, but shall not activate
plant-wide alarms.
Rotating beacons shall be located in noisy areas, e.g. power generation, fire water
pumps, etc.
Fire alarm bells shall be provided in all buildings. The number and location of the bells
shall be specified in Detail Engineering phase.
Audible and visual alarms shall be initiated in control room when a detector activates.
Automatic shutdown actions and plant-wide alarms shall be initiated when a "confirmed"
signal is received either from the detector, i.e. UV/IR type or a second detector in a
voting loop activates.
The all-clear signal in the control room shall be a continuous ring of the bell. The
duration of the all-clear shall be adjustable between 10s and 120s. The same
arrangements should also be applied in satellite buildings, gate house and fire station.
Fire, gas and smoke alarms in buildings, including auxiliary rooms and offices, shall be
annunciated in the buildings themselves by means of a bell with an intermittent ring.
Detection of toxic and flammable gas shall be indicated by stroboscope beacons and
shall be announced by audible means in different process areas at field.
All detectors, manual call points, horns, beacons and loudspeaker positions shall be
clearly indicated on the plot plan of the F&G lay-out drawing(s) in the Detailed
Engineering phase.
The beacons shall have the colour coding, to ensure that the correct action is taken in
the event of an emergency.
The Flash Beacons shall be Xenon Beacon type of 5 Joule, 24Vdc, Flash Rate 60/min,
Body: Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP), 2xM20 Entries, Certification: ATEX approved
Ex II 2G, EEx d IIB T5, IP66/67, Lens Color: Red/Amber. The red beacon is used for fire
alarm and amber beacon is used for gas leakage.
The beacons shall be located so that they will be visible in the area for which they are to
provide a warning and are accessible for maintenance. Suggested locations are pipe
racks, top corner of analyzer houses, main passages inside auxiliary buildings and on
field-mounted panels. At wellhead and valve assemblies the beacons and siren shall be
installed on top of the RTU shed or any other suitable high rise structure. Attention shall
also be given to the rigidity of supports and the routing and clamping of cables. Tag
numbers shall be assigned and be clearly visible from accessible locations.
Toxic and flammable gas alarms shall be audibly annunciate in the plant by means of
two separate audio-amplifiers. Line and distribution audio-amplifiers shall be suitable to
provide the required output levels as specified in the datasheets.
The loudspeaker annunciation for toxic gas shall be by means of an interrupted tone.
The loudspeaker annunciation for flammable gas shall employ two different frequencies.
The all-clear signal shall be a continuous tone of 2000 Hz.
Siren annunciation for fire shall be an on-off modulated tone.
The sound level of loudspeakers and sirens shall be at least 6 dBA above the area noise
in all areas, but not more than 120 dBA at 1 m distance on the main axis. The number of
loudspeakers and sirens shall be selected accordingly.
Manual call points with the facility of an electronic location code should be wired into
loops so that the resulting alarm indication will direct fire appliances and personnel to the
specific spot, road or building from where the call was initiated.
7.5 FIRE AND GAS DETECTION MAPPING

For F&G detection location/ layout F&G mapping shall be carried out during Detailed
Engineering phase. F&G layouts shall be developed using the Mapping software(s) and
utilizing the 3-D models of the facilities. F&G mapping services shall be taken from the
F&G consultants as per the approved vendors list. The Contractor or Vendor shall
provide the details of the consultant and Techniques to be used in developing the
layouts, company will review and approve the provided information prior to conducting
the layout study.
Many of the F&G detection mapping techniques require a 3D model to operate on. If this
is not available, a skeleton model can be produced from plot plans and digital images
taken at site.
8.0 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 GENERAL
Infrared gas detection shall be the technology of choice for the Makori GPF project.
Infrared gas detectors are preferred to catalytic detectors because they provide rapid
response to gas, and they do not under-read in oxygen-reduced atmospheres. They also
show improved sensitivity to higher order hydrocarbons, (which is desirable) and the
technique is immune from poisoning by airborne pollutants such as silicones, lead
compounds and H2S.
Catalytic Bead detectors may be used where hydrogen may be present or infrared
technology is not appropriate.
When point type gas detectors are used, a minimum of 3 detectors shall be installed at
or near the potential leakage points to enable voting on a 2 out of N (where N is greater
than 2) basis.
In battery rooms where hydrogen accumulations may occur, only a single H2 detector
shall be required.
At 40% LEL gas detection (2 out of N), initiate the ESD.
At 20% LEL gas detection (1 out of N), initiate an alarm.
At 10% LEL gas detection (any detector), initiate an pre-alarm.
For gas detector status, the following colors will be used:

 20 LEL = Yellow blinking slow
 40 LEL = Yellow blinking fast
 Fault = Yellow steady
For fire detector status, the following colors will be used:
 Fire detected = Red blinking fast
 Fault = Red steady
All F&G detectors/instruments shall have analog mA outputs with HART protocol.
Monitors shall display the actual value in % LEL on an indicator and values exceeding
pre-set values for pre-alarm and alarm by LED. Pre-alarm shall be non-latching.
Confirmed alarms shall be latching and require manual reset.
Combustible gas detectors shall be stand-alone detectors and field mounted 4-20 mA
transmitters with non-invasive calibration via magnetic coupling.
Transmitters shall be equipped with onboard diagnostics. Alarm and fault signals shall
be derived from the analog output signal and not from the hardwired transmitter
mounted relays.
Fault signals shall include end-of-life sensor warning indication.
Where detector heads are not accessible, remote heads with calibration points shall be
provided with tubing to a convenient location at the transmitter location for the use of
calibration gas injection.
Detectors shall come with dust/splash guard and mounting kit.
Instrument failures shall generate a system fault at ESD/ F&G system, thereby forcing a
failure alarm for each affected function. Detectors forming part of a 0 - 20 mA monitoring
loop shall be configured so that specific current levels between 0mA and 4 mA shall
reflect specific conditions.
Alarm level settings shall be protected against changes by unauthorized persons, i.e. by
means of a key lock.
The F&G Bypass switch shall be used to bypass the F&G detectors during maintenance,
it will not bypass the manual call points. This function to be included after company
approval.
8.2 INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION

All instruments shall be assigned a unique tag number (i.e. detectors, manual call points,
beacons, etc.) and each instrument will be tagged with a permanent stainless steel tag
number.
8.3 PERFORMANCE DEFINITIONS

Before detectors can be located, the degree of safeguarding needs to be understood.
For F&G detection, the following definitions are appropriate:
Performance (fire detection) The probability that an assigned set of

detectors in a zone will detect a fire of a
defined minimum size in a defined area
(zone) within a defined time period with the
defined safe failure robustness assuming
that all detectors work properly (i.e. the
likelihood of detecting a fire as confirmed
fire).
Performance (gas detection) The probability that an assigned set of

detectors in a zone will detect a gas leak of
a defined minimum size in a defined space
(zone) within a defined time period with the
defined safe failure robustness assuming
that all detectors work properly (i.e. the
likelihood of detecting a gas leak as
confirmed gas).
Performance target The minimum acceptable performance of a

fire or gas detection system.
Fault tolerance Ability of a fire or gas detection system to

continue to perform a required function in
the presence of faults or errors.
Minimum degree of fault tolerance If the minimum degree of fault tolerance is

T, (where T is a specified number of
detectors), this means that any
combination of T detectors shall not
cause the detection performance to drop

below the performance target.
Probability of Failure on Demand (of The fraction of time during which a defined
a fire or gas detection system) set of detectors is not able to meet
the defined performance target (assuming
that the occurrence of a gas leak or fire is
in dependent of the failure of the detection
system.
Definition of failure A failure of a set of fire or gas detectors is

defined as its inability to meet the minimum
performance target. This implies that a
minimum performance target has to be set.
Where this is not the case, the
performance target shall be 85 %.
8.3.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT FOR F&G SYSTEMS

For fire detection, the performance of a fire detection system is defined as the calculated
probability that a fire of a defined minimum size in a defined area will be detected within
a defined time period with the defined safe failure robustness (e.g. a fire in area ABC of
at least 50 kW will be detected by 2 detectors with at least 94% probability).
For gas detection, the performance is defined as the calculated probability that a gas
leak of a defined minimum size in a defined space will be detected within a defined time
period with the defined safe failure robustness.
8.3.2 MIN. REQ. FOR ESTABLISHING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SET OF

DETECTORS
Fire and Gas detectors are continually evolving, often resulting in performance
improvements. It is therefore most important to understand how a detector will respond
to a fire or gas leak. For example, Manufacturers of flame detectors commonly quote
detector performance in terms of the detector's ability to detect a 10 kW (1 ft²) gasoline
pan fire, but the detector's performance in response to other fuels will be very different. It
may also be true that the detector's Field-of-View (FOV) will be significantly different,
and this needs to be considered when determining what a detector "can" and "cannot"
detect.
The above is even more difficult in congested plants where fires or gas leaks may be
concealed. In such cases, the "if in doubt, add more" syndrome commonly prevails,
leading to over-engineering and higher maintenance costs.
Software tools have been developed to help site F&G detectors in congested plants Fire
and Gas detector mapping software is available from a number of sources. The
Contractor shall use Fire and Gas detector mapping software from an acknowledged
source to demonstrate that the intended set of detectors meets the required safety
performance; unless determined otherwise by the COMPANY.
8.4 INSPECTION AND TESTING

Fire and gas detectors shall be inspected and tested the VENDOR'S facility. They shall
undergo a Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) at the VENDOR premises. The FAT will be
witnessed by COMPANY or their representative and the CONTRACTOR. A minimum of
fifteen (15) days notice shall be given to the COMPANY before the FAT.
FAT/SAT procedure should be developed by the vendor and submitted to the company
at least 3-4 weeks prior to the respective test date.
Requirement of additional test shall not be a cause for price variation, unless the test is
excluded in the quotation.
Acceptance of shop tests shall not constitute a waiver of requirements to meet field tests
or relieve VENDOR from his responsibilities. Fire and gas detectors shall not be
dispatched until it is released by COMPANY representative.
The Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT) shall be as per procedures provided by the
CONTRACTORA/ENDOR and approved by COMPANY.
Site Acceptance Test (SAT) shall be done by the CONTRACTOR with the VENDOR at
site to demonstrate satisfactory functionality.
9.0 SPARE PARTS & SPECIAL TOOLS
The VENDOR shall include with the bid the recommended spare parts list as per the
following:
 Itemized recommended spare part list for start-up and commissioning;
 Itemized recommended spare parts list for two (2) years operation in
SPIR forms.
VENDOR shall supply special tools, if any required for configuration and maintenance of
the fire and gas detectors.
10.0 SITE SERVICES
The Fire and Gas CONTRACTORA/ENDOR shall be responsible for the delivery, off-
loading and installation at site. VENDOR shall provide the services of an experienced
ENGINEER to assist the CONTRACTOR for the following site activities:
 Mechanical completion: assistance for system installation and site

preliminary tests
 Power-up, loop checking, functional testing and system commissioning
 Site Acceptance Test
11.0 TRAINING
The scope shall include training for the personnel as per the terms and conditions in the
Purchase Order. Training shall cover the following areas as a minimum:
 Fire & Gas Detector Operation
 Maintenance / Troubleshooting
 Configuration
Training shall be provided for COMPANY personnel for 1 day at VENDOR factory.
For each trainee who will attend a training course, a copy of the complete training
course, notes and drawing shall be provided to the COMPANY.
The copies shall be retained by the trainees on completion of the training course and
shall be the property of the COMPANY.

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Pc12002-393-03-Sp-003, Rev 1 Specification For F&G Detectors

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PDIL DOC. NO.

1 12-Oct-12 Issued for Construction MJD MSA KJN

PRESSON DESCON INTERNATIONAL LIMITED PDIL

DESCON INTEGRATED PROJECTS (PVT.)

PROJECT MAKORI FIELD DEVELOPMENT SURFACE FACILITIES

TITLE SPECIFICATION FOR F&G DETECTORS

MJD MSA KJN 12-Oct-12 PC12002-393-03-SP-003 1

10.0 SITE SERVICES...........................................................................................................................................33

1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Ambient temperature, minimum : 32°F (0°C)

Ambient temperature, maximum : 108°F (42.2 °C)

Relative Humidity, minimum : 9%

Relative Humidity, maximum : 93%

Wind velocity maximum : Maximum 100 mph (160 km/h)

Seismic Load : UBC zone 2B

Maximum sound pressure level : <85dBA

Altitude : 2087 ft from MSL

1.3 AREA CLASSIFICATION

Instruments shall be selected based on Area classification drawings (by Electrical).

2.0 CODES AND STANDARDS

2.1.1 CODES AND STANDARDS

IEC 79 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres

API/RP 2001 Fire Protection in Refineries.

API 2510A Fire protection considerations for LPG facilities

ANSI/ NFPA 70 National Electric Code

ANSI/ NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signalling Code

FM 6310/6320 Combustible Gas Detectors

CSA22.2 No. 152 Combustible Gas Detection Instruments

FMRC 3260 Flame radiation detectors for automatic fire alarm

ISA RP12.1 Electrical Instruments in Hazardous Atmosphere

ISA RP12.13.02 Recommended Practice for the Installation, Operation,

ISA RP12.13PTII Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Combustible

ISA TR12.13.01 Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and

ANSI/ ISA- S 84.01 Application of Safety Instrumented Systems for the

ANSI/ISA-91.00.01 Identification of Emergency Shutdown Systems and

ANSI/ ISA-S 92.0.01 Performance Requirements for Toxic Gas Detectors

ANSI/ ISA-S 92.0.01 Part I Performance requirements for carbon monoxide

ANSI/ ISA-S 92,0.01 Part II Installation, Operation and Maintenance of Instruments

API/RP 550 Manual on Installation of Refinery Instruments and Control

NFPA 101 Life Saving Code

NFPA 325 Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids,

IEC 50014 Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmosphere-

IEC 50019 Electrical Apparatus for Potentially Explosive Atmosphere-

IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres

IEC 61000 Electrical Installation Guide

OSHA Federal "Occupational Safety and Health Standards"

SAMA PMC-33.1 Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Process Control

2.1.2 ORDER OF PRECEDENCE

3.0 DESIGN METHOD/ PHILOSOPHY

3.1 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

4.0 FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

When locating fire detectors, the following shall be considered:

 Ventilation air flow patterns

 Anticipated flow of hot combustibles

 Shielding by beams, equipment, cable trays and piping

 Process system configuration

 Maintenance/ testing accessibility

4.2 TYPES OF FIRE DETECTION

 Detection by personnel (with manual call points)

 Infrared (IR) fire detectors

 Ultraviolet light (UV) fire detectors

 CCTV flame detectors

 Smoke detectors i.e. scattered-light type detectors and ionization type