Discuss the 3 phases of gastric The cephalic phase of gastric secretion takes place in response to sensory inputs

secretion. such as taste, smell, sight, and sound. The vagus nerve mediates this phase of
stomach secretion, which is purely reflex in nature. Vagal activation, either
directly by electrical impulses or indirectly by sensations obtained via the senses,
causes gastric juice to be produced.
The gastric secretory response to food is a combination of mechanical, chemical,
and hormonal factors. Proteins buffer the acidity of the stomach contents after a
meal, allowing it to stay around pH3 for around 90 minutes. During the gastric
phase, acid is produced in reaction to distension and the peptides and amino
acids freed from protein as digestion progresses. This phase lasts until the food
has passed through the stomach.
The intestinal phase begins in the duodenum in reaction to the arrival of chyme,
and it uses hormones and neural reflexes to regulate stomach function. The
duodenum stimulates gastric output at first, but thereafter inhibits it. The
duodenum's stretching amplifies vagal reflexes that stimulate the stomach, while
peptides and amino acids in the chyme stimulate the duodenum's G cells to
release more gastrin, which stimulates the stomach even more.
Differentiate the forestomach The rumen is the biggest of ruminant animals' four stomach chambers often
of ruminants known as the 'paunch'. This compartment contains a variety of microorganisms
(bacteria and protozoa) that provide enzymes to help the goat break down fiber
and other foods. Rumen bacteria also transform feed ingredients into beneficial
compounds such as amino acids, B vitamins, and vitamin K.

Reticulum, sometimes known as the honeycomb or hardware stomach, is found

immediately below the esophageal-gastric junction. It is made up of a reticulated
mucosa that also contains absorbent papillae. Its primary role is to guarantee
particle circulation: contractions begin in the reticulum, which assure the motor
skills of all stomach containers. Food stays in the rumen until it's tiny enough to
pass through the reticulo-omasal opening (less than 1 mm). As a result, the
rumen and reticulum are referred to as a single organ, the reticulo-rumen.

Omasum, also known as the manyplies. The omasum acts as a pump, sucking up
food and passing it on to the abomasum. The omasum is a spherical organ made
up of numerous mucous lamellae that resemble book leaves, thus the name.
These strips, which run parallel to the food route, guarantee that food particles
are filtered and that water and minerals from the digestive contents are
absorbed before they reach the abomasum.

The abomasum is a ruminant's "true stomach." The abomasum produces

hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes like pepsin, which breaks down proteins
and receives pancreatic lipase and other digestive enzymes released by the
pancreas.
Self-assessment
Different animals graze in different ways; horses choose their food with their top and bottom lips, the
chewing action of a horse is typically outside-to-inside on a slant dictated by the slope of the
corresponding surfaces of the upper and lower cheek teeth, rather than up-and-down. The horse has a
complete set of premolars and molars, full set of upper and lower incisors as well as the potential to
develop teeth. Whereas cows use their tongues, and goats and sheep utilize both their lips and tongues
to consume their food. In comparison to cows, goats and sheep can graze closer to their food having the
split upper lip. The top incisors are missing from sheep, goats, and cows, leaving just the dental pad.

Ruminant animals include cattle, sheep, and goats, whereas monogastric animals include horses, pigs,
and poultry. We may also regard a young ruminant calf or lamb as a mono gastric for its first or two
months of its existance. Because a horse's stomach is so small in comparison to its body, overfeeding
can cause problems, as two quarts of grain can fill a horse's stomach. The cecum and proximal colon are
much bigger than the stomach, and this is where horses digest their food and it is the last compartment.
Because young ruminants would be consuming milk, the rumen will not be of much use in digesting
things with microbial population. For the pre ruminant, the reticular groove is important because it
permits milk to flow directly from the mouth to the abomasum.