Steps Visual Audio Tim

e
1. Presente
r
Welcome students and teachers to digital classes. Let us now learn about the key concepts in 8th and 9th grade
Introduction
textbooks that are required for understanding 10th grade biology curriculum. In this session we will learn about food
production and pollution.

2.
 What are the uses of animals for human beings?
Explanation
 What precautions should be taken in livestock rearing?
Presente  How animal husbandry and food production are related?
r
There are many animals on earth. Some of them were tamed by man. Humans used animals for food as well as for
agriculture and transportation. Mainly for milking cows and buffaloes; Poultry, sheep, and goats are raised for meat;
As well as livestock waste for composting and biogas production; Leather is used in the manufacture of bags and
footwear.
Image / Humans take great care of the livestock that are so useful to us. Animal husbandry is the practice of providing food,
Video/
PPT of shelter, protection, and animal breeding. In the case of livestock health, a lot of care is taken in the case of livestock
animals
culinary hygiene.
Most of the food production in our country is done through agriculture. Animal husbandry is an integral part of
agriculture. Livestock are used for everything from plowing to harvesting and transportation.
Food is also produced by animals. The dairy industry is important.

At present in our country milk is obtained from cows, buffaloes, donkeys, camels, goats and sheep’s.
Milk is collected from cows and buffaloes in our state. The collected milk is sent to the milk collection centers. Here
the percentage of butter in the milk is calculated and the milk is taken. Thus the milk collected in the milk collection
 centers is sent to the milk chilling centers. Here the milk is pre-chilled and the quality of the milk is checked. After
that pasteurization is done. In this process the milk is heated to 72 degrees centigrade and immediately cooled and
stored. This prevents germs in the milk and milk do not spoiled.
Dairy This milk is delivered to consumers in packets. In our country domestic breeds rule 2-3 liters per day while Murra
centers
Image /
Video
breed cattle rule 8 liters. Producing large quantities of milk is called the White Revolution.
/ppt

 From which animals do we get food?

 Why poultry farming is important?
The poultry industry is known for producing and raising large quantities of poultry. Poultry has grown as an industry
over the past two decades. Chickens are reared in large numbers in poultry farms. There are two types. Chickens
raised for egg production are called layers. They lay up to 350 eggs in about 72 weeks.
It is good that everyone eats one egg every day. Egg is a good nutrient that is available cheaply. Those that are raised
for meat production are called broilers. These give the meat less than 8 weeks. Incubators are used to incubate eggs
in bulk to produce chicks that are raised in poultry farms. If the domestic types of hens are grazed and eggs are laid
on them, the hen will sit on it and incubate.
Why chickens are still grown beyond eggs and meat?
Poultry An Indian domestic chicken called Asil is bred for special purpose (cock fight). These types of chickens have a
forms
Image / fighting spirit, high strength and bravery. Yet some chickens are lovingly raised personally at home.
Video /
ppt
 What are the benefits of Apiculture?
 How many types of bees are there in a beehive? What do they do?
Honey is also a food. Rearing bees for honey is called the Apiculture. There are a total of 6 major bee species in
 India. One of them, Epis serona, produces 3 to 10 kg of honey per year.
Bees coexist like ants. Each nest contains one queen fly, hundreds of male bees (called drones), and thousands of
worker bees (sterile females). The primary function of a queen is to lay Eggs. The life span of queen is two to three
years. The main duty of the Drone is participating in mating. The Drone dies during the act.
Their typical lifespan is 57 days. Worker bees secrete wax, feed on bee larvae and collect nectar and pollen. Their
life span is 5 - 6 weeks. Nectar is found in wild and cultivated plants. From these the bees collect nectar. Wax is
obtained along with honey by bees. It is used in the manufacture of decorative materials and polish. Bee venom Apis
tincture is used in homeopathic medicine.
Currently, artificial honey is being produced industrially to produce honey. This includes the floor board, the
incubator, the attic, the interior, the nets, the entrance wire, and so on. This artificial honeycomb is made up of one

Honeyco or two walls. It does not resemble to natural hives.

mb
Image /
Video /
 What is the Blue Revolution?
ppt
 Why fish farming is so important in food production?
Fish play an important role in meeting human food shortages. India's 7,500 km coastline and rivers, ponds, ditches
and streams play a major role in fish farming. Currently, fish farming has become an industry. In addition to many
species of fish, crabs and shrimp are also bred. Fishing is done using a variety of nylon nets, motor boats, and mill
boats.
A large percentage of fish are found in seawater compared to freshwater. Combined aquaculture is currently
practiced in one place with a combination of five and six species of fish. There are many benefits to this. The lame
surface, the middle part, and the bottom have different species of fish. This prevents competition for food and the
spread of diseases.
 Fish storage is a very important aspect. Because these deteriorate quickly. In our state, fish is stored and transported
by drying, partial drying, smoking and salting.

So far we have learned about food production from animals. Now let’s learn about food production from plants.
Most of our food production is from plants, that is, from growing crops.
Farmers harvest a wide variety of crops at different times to produce food. Kharif crops are the crops that ripen
during the monsoon season from June to October. Crops that ripen from October to mid-April are called Rabi crops.
There are several stages in harvesting each crop.
 What are the different stages of crop harvesting?
Fish
farming
Image /
In general the steps in cultivating all crops are the same. Let us know these things on the basis of a crop.
Video /
ppt 1Preparing the soil: Plowing the soil with a plow-like device loosens the soil and allows the plant roots to penetrate
easily and water and air to reach the plant roots easily. Disease-causing germs are exposed to the sun and die. After
plowing the soil is flattened without any bumps.
2. Sowing the seeds: The seeds are treated with fungicide before sowing. Hand sowing of lentils, hand spraying of
sesame seeds and planting of cotton seeds one by one. For some the seed drill is used. Rice seeds are soaked in water
and grown into seedlings and then planted by hand. Transplanting machines are also now available. In paddy, water-
filled terraces are prepared for this purpose.
3. Manuring: - Spraying of Pesticides: Fertilizer is required for high yields of the crop. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and
Potash (N, P, K) are important elements required for crops. They are available from fertilizers to crop plants. Natural
fertilizers such as livestock waste and pond soil. But in recent times, farmers are increasingly using chemical
fertilizers such as urea, DAP and superphosphate, which are manufactured in factories. Excessive use of fertilizer
 causes soil pollution and many other damages.
Many diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects on crops. Insecticides and fungicides have to be
used for their prevention. But with the salient advantages, you must know some of the disadvantages as well.
4. Facilitate irrigation: The crop plants need to be provided with the required water. For this, water from wells,

Steps in
ponds, canals and bore wells, which are water sources, is supplied to the farms through various methods. In the past
cultivati
ng crops it was used as etham, mota bavi, chain wheel. Currently electric motors and diesel engines are used. Sprinklers and
Image /
Video / drip irrigation are used to reduce water wastage.
ppt
5. Weeding: Weeds compete with crop plants for water, nutrients and light. As a result, the crop plants do not grow
properly. Hence the crop yield comes low. So these are removed by hand, plow, hoe and tooth. Herbicides such as
2,4-D are used. They only kill weeds without harming the crop.
6. Crop harvesting: Crop harvesting is the process of cutting the crop plants and separating the seeds. Machines are
now used to harvest the crop, separate it from the grain, trample it with cattle etc. Dust, husk, and tar are then
removed from the seeds by scraping.
7. Storing the grain: The grain is dried till it gets wet and stored in gunny bags and warehouses. There are now cold
storages to store things like vegetables and fruits.
 What are the challenges in achieving high food production?
1. Failure to plant crops based on water availability, non-implementation of policies like drip irrigation for crops
requiring less water will result in wastage of water. If water availability is low, semi arid crops should be preferred.
2. The plants need to be provided with the required amount of nutrients. Large amounts of macro nutrients such
as nitrogen, phosphorus, potash in the form of natural and synthetic or chemical fertilizers and small amounts of
micronutrients such as iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine.
3. Crop rotation: Crop rotation is the cultivation of one type of crop after another in a field. This will ensure proper
consumption of nutrients. Single cropping reduces nutrient uptake and soil fertility.
4. Mixed crops: The practice of cultivating more than one crop in a crop field is called mixed cropping. This makes
the soil fertile.
5. Organic farming: Yields can be achieved by using organic manure, green manure, Panchagavya, vermicompost
and natural pest control methods. By this, soil is prevented from the pollution.
 What are the causes of soil pollution?
 How soil is formed?
 What are the soil properties?
Like air and water, soil is also a natural resource. There is no life without soil. Earth minerals, erosive organic matter
combine with air and water to form soil. Soil has physical, chemical and biological properties.
Physical properties: Physical properties such as soil texture, structure, and coagulation depend on the ratio of
mineral salts, air, water and biological matter. An organic soil is one that contains more than 30 percent organic
matter per month. The remaining soils are called mineral soils.
Chemicals: Soils are acidic or alkaline in nature with nutrients in them.
Biological quality: Soil is not inanimate matter. It contains millions of organisms. Microorganisms in the soil
convert biological elements into inorganic substances. This is called mineralization.
The soil is getting polluted due to many factors. Pollution is caused by landfill disposal and dumping. It can be of
two types. Garbage that mixes with the ground. It contains animal and plant wastes. Garbage that does not mix with
the ground. These include plastic, glass, DDT, and aluminum are the causes of soil pollution.
1. Pollution from agriculture: Indiscriminate application of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides and herbicides
2. Pollution from industrial solids and liquids: Disposal of large amounts of solid waste, deforestation, soil
 erosion
3. Pollution due to urbanization: Pollution of the surface, accumulation of garbage in the sewers, Pollution of the
underground Soil
 What is Bioaccumulation and Bio Magnification?
High Chemicals accumulate little by little in organisms through the soil. This is called bioaccumulation. When these
food
producti chemicals enter the organism through the food chain and accumulate in large amounts, it is called as Bio
on
factors magnification.
Image /
Video /
ppt  How can soil pollution be controlled? What is Bio remediation?
The removal of pollutants by biological methods is called Bio remediation. Plants are used along with
microorganisms in Bio remediation. This is called phyto remediation.
 Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
 Reducing the use of materials and goods 4 R
 Afforestation
 Terraces construction, contour farming
 No till Farming.
 Adequate watering, keeping the soil pH constant and preventing alkaline growth
The soil can be conserved by cultivating traditional crops and doing crop rotation. Soil microorganisms also control
the amount and effect of chemicals present in the soil. Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, water, oxygen, and phosphorus
cycles all play a major role in maintaining soil fertility.
 What is the role of biogeochemical cycles in nature?
Soil Biogeochemical rings are specific pathways involved in the transmission of nutrients from the earth to the
pollutants
Image /
Video /
environment and from organisms to the environment. Let us learn about some of the major elements of these
ppt
nutrients which are oxygen, nitrogen and carbon cycles.
Water cycle:
The water cycle is the retrieval of water from terrestrial aquifers, especially seawater, which evaporates into clouds
and returns to the aquifer as rain under favorable conditions. (The circulation of water into water vapour by
evaporation, water vapour to clouds and clouds to rain by condensation is known as ‘‘water cycle’’)
Nitrogen Cycle:
Plants and animals do not directly absorb 78 percent of the nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere. It can be used by
various modifications. There are different stages in the nitrogen cycle.
1. Nitrogen fixation: Atmospheric nitrogen is made available to plants in the form of nitrate compounds such as
Rhizobium and Clostridium. What plants absorb and proteins make other essential elements.
2. Nitrification: Soil decomposing bacteria convert nitrates into ammonia. Bacteria use this ammonia to convert to
nitrates and nitrites. These are absorbed by plants.
3. Absorption: Nitrates and ammonia are absorbed and utilized by plants. Animals also eat these plants to make
proteins.
4. Ammonification: Ammonification is the production of ammonia from nitrates and other nitrogenous substances.
5. Denitrification: Denitrification is the re-entry of nitrogen back into the atmosphere from animal and plant cells.
Carbon Cycle:
Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and make food through photosynthesis. These are consumed by
consumers. Organisms release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through respiration. When fossil fuels burn,
carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere due to forest burning and volcanic eruptions. Global warming
involving large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect.
 Oxygen Cycle: Oxygen is the most abundant gas on Earth after nitrogen. It is used in the respiration and combustion
of organisms. Plants release oxygen into the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Biological
magnifica
tion Highlights
Image /
Video /  Humans used animals for food, agriculture and transportation.
ppt
 Animal husbandry is the practice of providing food, shelter, protection, and animal breeding.
 During the pasteurization process the milk is heated to 72 degrees centigrade and immediately cooled and
control stored. This prevents germs in the milk and prevents the spoiling of the milk.
of Soil
pollution  Producing large quantities of milk is called the White Revolution.
Image /
Video /
ppt
 Chickens are reared in large numbers in poultry farms. There are two types. Chickens raised for egg
production are called layers. Those that are raised for meat production are called broilers.
 Fish play an important role in meeting human food shortages. Currently, fish farming has become an
industry.
 There are several stages in harvesting each crop. These include preparing the soil, planting seeds, fertilizing,
irrigating, weeding, harvesting, and storing grain.
 Plants need to be provided with the required amount of nutrients. High levels of macronutrients such as
nitrogen, phosphorus, potash in the form of natural and synthetic or chemical fertilizers; Provide small
amounts of micronutrients such as iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine.
 Causes of soil pollution; Pollution from agriculture, pollution from industrial solids and liquids, pollution due
to urbanization.
 Bioaccumulation is the entry of pollutants into the food chain.
 The tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next is known
as Biomagnification.
  Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, reducing the use of men and materials. The soil can
be conserved by cultivating traditional crops and crop rotation.
 Biogeochemical Cycles are specific pathways involved in the transmission of nutrients from the earth to the
environment and from organisms to the environment.
Evaluation:
Water
cycle 1. Why did man tamed animals?
Image /
Video / 2. How animal husbandry and food production are related?
ppt
3. How did the poultry industry solve the human food shortage?
4. Compare artificial, natural apiculture methods.
Nitrogen 5. How aquaculture has developed as an industry?
cycle
Image / 6. What are the different stages of agriculture?
Video /
ppt 7. Compare natural and chemical fertilizers.
8. What are the challenges in agricultural production?
9. Indicate soil pollutants and preventive measures.
10. Explain the oxygen Cycle.
Today we learned about food production from plants and animals, its challenges, soil pollution, biogeochemical
cycles. Through these concepts one can gain an understanding of the classroom subjects currently being studied.
Let’s meet again with another topic another day.
3. Highlights

Carbon
Cycle
Ppt

Oxygen
Cycle

Presenter
/
Ppt
4. Evaluation

5.
Conclusion

PPT

Presenter