Prediction of Shear capacity and mechanical

properties of Recycled reinforced high strength

concrete beams without stirrups

Ahmed Jawad Hassan1, Nagham Tariq Al-Shafi’i 2*

E-Mail address: Ahmed.jawad164@gmail.com

M.Sc. Student., Civil Engineering Department, Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, )1

Iraq, E-Mail Address: Ahmed.jawad164@gmail.com

2) Assist Prof., in Civil Engineering Department, Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq, .

E-Mail Address : dr.nagham_tariq@uomustansiriyah,edu.iq

Abstract
This research raises the importance of using the recycled aggregates in
constructions as an alternative solution to the conventional natural aggregates.
Herein, the shear behavior of RHSC beams with steel fibers and made from
recycled aggregates has been studied and analyzed. Fourteen specimens were cast
and tested, using two types of natural and recycled aggregates. Two types of
additive ratios of recycled aggregates, including 50% and 100%, were considered.
Before casting, some amount of recycled aggregates was chemically treated,
aiming at improving the properties of aggregates. The treatment had the aggregates
placed in ponds containing hydrochloric acid HCL for 24 hours. Later on, the
aggregates were submerged in a basin containing by sodium metasilicate
pentahydrate. Steel fibers were added by 2% to 11 beams, 1.5%, and 1% of steel
fibers were added to 2 two beams separately, whilst while the last beam was

1
constructed without steel fibers. Three values of shear span-depth ratio (i.e. 2.5, 3
and 3.5) taken into consideration. Three silica-fume percentage (SF) (10,15 and
20%) were used in this research. The necessity to enrich the literature with up-to-
date sources has led to yield new equations to estimate RAC’s compressive
strength and the shear strength that is related to the beams which are made with the
RCA. The statistical data system data Fit 9 (FT9) was used for this purpose with
the help of the test results obtained from the current research and previous studies.
After that, the applicability of the developed equations was evaluated against
different international codified equations. From the results obtained from this
research and previous research, an equation to calculate the compression resistance
was concluded. The values of the average (μ), standard deviation (SD) and
coefficient of variation (COV) are 0.995, 0.128 and 12.89% respectively. Another
formula for calculating shear capacity was created and added to the codes. The
formula added to the ACI Code gave more accurate results. The average, Standard
deviation, and Coefficient of variation were 0.504, 0.197, and 39.1%, respectively.

Keywords: shear capacity, Recycle Aggregate, High Strength Concrete, Steel Fiber

2
1.Introduction

The main purpose of reusing materials in construction projects and works is to

preserve the natural resources of the materials and reduce the landfill areas. There
are various ways to use the materials recycled in the construction work, for
example: re-use of rebar, using fly ash in addition to the high furnace slag as
alternatives to the cement. The most important components that constitute the
largest percentage in the concrete mixture are the coarse aggregates. Also, the
Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCAs) acquired from concrete caused by demolition
of buildings and bridges as alternatives to the natural aggregates. The Bee’ah
factory, built in the UAE, specifically the emirate of Sharjah, crushes concrete
from the rubble of destroyed buildings and bridges. Different sizes of aggregates
consisting of crushing processes: (5-14), (14-20), (25-50) and (0-5) dust (i.e. Fine
aggregate). Sami W. Tabash and sherif Yehia ,2018. The large increase in the
population requires construction of new housing complexes as well as providing
them with the necessary infrastructure, which in turn increases the demand for
reinforced concrete, as the economic cost of producing them is appropriate
compared to other construction materials. Gulfnews.com. (2015). The Emirates,
for example, and the Gulf countries, because of their strong economic factor, the
building and construction sector is growing very large and needs large quantities of
concrete. Statistics indicate that Saudi Arabia's consumption of concrete will be
about 30 billion dollars a year, followed by the United Arab Emirates with 4
billion dollars, then the rest of the Gulf countries. Constructionweekonline.com.
(2013). As is well known, concrete consists of cement, aggregates, and water, and

3
since the aggregates make up 75% of the components of the concrete mixture, it is
of high importance in costs and strength of concrete. Mining is a main source
regarding aggregates, as the rock masses in the mountains are detonated and
crushed to obtain the desired gradient as shown in Figure 1.

Mining operations have a negative impact on the environment in several aspects

such as the destruction of mountains, the inconvenience of wild animals, soil
erosion and increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. J. de Brito
and N. Saikia (2013). The waste management complex in the emirate of Sharjah
contains several facilities, including a facility for recycling constructions and
demolition wastes (C&D). where facility handles about 6000 tons of construction
waste made of concrete, asphalt, wood and bricks daily. Large blocks of concrete
are cut into small pieces of various sizes using the high pressure resulting from
special machines.

Fig.(1) Ready Rocks Quarries in Fujairah

The resulting aggregate from the factory is used in secondary works, such as
paving roads, paths and landscapes, as it preserves the environment and natural
resources and reduces burial areas.

4
 Fig. (2) Bee ´ah ´s C&D recycling facility

Using recycled aggregates in concrete is limited for several reasons: the physical
properties and resistance are lower than those in natural aggregates, as well as the
high absorbability of water. Rahal 2007.Numerous studies were conducted to
improve the properties of recycled aggregates, using various methods, including
chemical and mechanical.
Concrete Society, BRE. 2005, separated the aggregates regarding the recycled
aggregates, according to their brick content as can be seen in the table (1):

RCA (I) defining a material of minimum quality. It might have fairly reduced
strength and elevated impurity levels, it can consist of up to 100% brick or block
masonry, as well as comprising concrete with high impurity degrees.

RCA (II) defining a material of superior-quality which comprise crushed concrete

with up to 10% brick by weight, yet low impurity degrees, not more than 1.50% by
weight (metals, glass, wood, plastic and asphalt). In certain conditions, it might
comprise amounts of the natural aggregates.

5
RCA (III) defining mixed materials with 50% brick, also high impurity levels,
such advice notes indicate just to RCA (II), while the materials meeting the
requirements of RCA (I) and (III) have not been allowed.

Table (1) Acceptable quality of the RCA*

Contaminants % by the BS 8,500-1,2006 Concrete Society, BRE.
mass 2005II

Masonry Less than 5%a <10%

Lightweight material less Less than 0.50%b in other foreign material

than 1,000(kg.m-3) c

Asphalt Less than 5.0%d in other foreign material

Other impurities (e.g. Less than 1.0% in other foreign material

plastic, metal, and glass)

Other foreign material Contained in other Less than 1.0%

impurities

Wood Not quoted but has to be Less than 0.50%

<0.10% as per EN12620

Total Less than 11.50% Less than 11.50%

*(BS8500 and Concrete Society, BRE. 2005)

A Limit might increase to less than 10.0% for the exposed concrete in the case in the
case where the asphalt limit decreased to less than 0.50%.

B Limit might be set about less than 0.10% for the exposed concretes.

C Only ‘Floating stony’ materials

D Limit set about < 0.50% for the exposed concretes

6
The recycled concretes have been initially utilized in Europe following WWII to
for re-building and cleaning. Yet, was not globally utilized. Recently, with the
more and more popularity of sustainable construction practices, and the
community demanding more environmental responsibilities, there has been an
increasing interest in using the material (Abbas, et.al. 2007).

The impact of replacement percentage related to recycled aggregate on structural

behavior of the RC beams was investigated by Aly et al. (2015). Sixteen beams
were tested until shear failure, and the parameters consisted of different ratios of
RCA (0, 25, 50 and 75%), various span-depth ratios (1, 1.5 and 2.0), and different
locations of opening and reinforcement amounts. Results revealed that the optimal
ratio of RCA was 50%, which beyond caused a reduction in the shear capacity. It
was concluded that employing the RCA as partial replacement is feasible to
construct structural concrete parts. The adequacy of using RCA as a replacement to
the natural aggregate was assessed by Tabash and Yehia (2018). The study
involved testing 3 RC beams made with natural aggregate, 50% RCA replacement
and 100% RCA replacement. The beams were 1.5 m long and subjected to single-
point load. The span-depth ratio was selected to be 1.5. Test results showed minor
decrease in the shear capacity related to beams that are made with 50% RCA
compared to NSC beam, further decrease was noticed in the shear capacity in case
of 100% RCA beam. However, the discrepancy in results were minimal.

2. Variables and Specimen Dimensions

The tests program involved Fourteen simply supported beams. All beams were
made of 1300 mm in length and the same rectangular cross-section (100 × 150
mm), as can be seen in Fig 3. The parametric study is summarized as follows:

7
1. Type of aggregate: concrete was made with two types of aggregates
including natural coarse and recycled aggregates. The latter was employed
with two approaches; treated and untreated.
2. Volume fraction of the steel fibers (Vf): the test contained eleven beams
incorporating 2% of steel fibers,1% to the beam (B8) and 1.5% to the
beam(B9), the remaining of beam (B16) was tested without steel fibers.
3. Percentage of silica fume (SF): There are 3 SF percentages have been
utilized (SF= 10% [for (B10)], 15% [for(B11)] and 20% [for twelve beams
other] by mass of cementitious material.
4. The ratio of shear span-to-depth (a/d): Three a/d ratio values (a/d = 2.50 for
eleven beams, 3.5 for B14 and 3.5 for B15) were adopted.

Fig. (3) Details related to commonly tested beam developed for fail in the
shear

8
 Fig. (4) Details of reinforcement

Table (2). Details of test program and parameters

Beam Steel SP* Silica a\d Steel Aggregate type
No. fibers fume reinforcement
B1 2% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 100% NCA
B2 2% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 50%NCA+
50%RCA (untreated)
B3 2% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 100% RCA untreated
B4 2% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 50% NCA+
50% RCA treated
B5 2% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 100% RCA treated
B8 1% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 100% RCA treated
B9 1.5% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 100% RCA treated
B10 2% 6% 10% 2.5 2Ø16 100% RCA treated
B11 2% 6% 15% 2.5 2Ø16 100% RCA treated
B12 2% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16+2Ø10 100% RCA treated
B13 2% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16+2Ø12 100% RCA treated

9
 B14 2% 6% 20% 3 2Ø16 100% RCA treated
B15 2% 6% 20% 3.5 2Ø16 100% RCA treated
B16 0% 6% 20% 2.5 2Ø16 100% RCA treated

* superplasticizer was taken as a percentage of binder (cement +silica fume) weight

4.Experimental work

4.1 Materials

Ordinary Portland cement (Type-1) produced by the United Cement Company

(UCC), Bazian, Iraq, was used for the mix concrete design. The cement was
checked according to the Iraqi standard IQ.S. No5/1984.Clean sand extracted from
Al-Khaddar region, Karbala along with broken gravel from Al-Nabaei area were
considered in this research. The fineness modulus (FM) of sand was 2.6, whilst the
specific gravity of gravel was 2.62. The gradient tests for the utilized sand and
gravel were according to Iraqi standards IQ. S (No45:1984). The concrete mixture
was advanced with the addition of silica fume and superplasticizer (Glenium-51) to
achieve better performance and durability. Silica fume was added to all mixes as
much as 20% from the volume of cement. For those mixes with steel fibers,
hooked-ends mild carbon steel fibers with an aspect ratio (Lf \Df) of 80 were used
for this purpose. All materials were mixed step by step with the help of tap water.
With respect to the concrete mixtures involving recycled aggregates, old cubes and
cylinders were used as recycled coarse aggregates after being crushed to small
pieces. The source of those old specimens involved the structural lab at the
engineering collage besides a local structural company for bridge girders. It should
be mentioned that all old specimens used as a source for recycled aggregates had
compressive strengths recorded between 25-35 MPa. The old specimens were

10
initially placed in a crusher machine and turned into relatively chunk pieces by
means of sharp blows. Furthermore, the chuck pieces were manually bashed into
small particles with a big hammer. Finally, the small particles were sieved to
obtained particular range of sizes (i.e. 4.75-14 mm) as shown in fig. (5).

Fig. (5) RCA after crushing and sieving

4.2. Recycled coarse aggregate treatment

It is well known that the result of recycled coarse aggregates is associated with
significant amount of impurities and slurry. This drawback would cause high water
absorption and less bond between new mortar and recycled coarse aggregate.
Eventually, the performance of the new generated concrete would be less
satisfying in terms many prospects such as compressive strength. To eliminate this
negative effect and enhance the RCA’s quality, special chemical treatment was
implemented in this research and split into two main stages.

The first stage (see Fig. 6) involved soaking the recycled coarse aggregates in a
plastic container with a hydrochloric acid (HCl). The optimum concentration of the
acid used was 0.5 mol as suggested by Ismail and Ramli (2013). This process has
been previously found to be capable of removing and cleaning any impurities and

11
slurry attached to the RCA’s surfaces (Ismail and Ramli 2013, Tam et al. 2007).
The soaking step had lasted 24 hours before the RCA was rinsed and washed then
left to dry. After the dehydration, the aggregates were filtered from any unfavored
small pieces using sieve No.4 in order to maintain a desirable size of aggregates

Fig. 6. RCA Treatment with Acid

The second stage of treatment was accomplished by immersing the aggregates in a

distilled water using a plastic container with 0.5 mol concentration of sodium
meta-silicate pentahydrate (see Fig. 7). Using such acid was proved to coat the
RCA’s surfaces and fill the cracks and pores, which in turn, would lead for better
bond strength between the aggregates and the new cement mortar. After one hour
of coating, the aggregates were rinsed and left to dry so as to be used later to

12
produce a recycled concrete. This essential process was successfully conducted by
various studies (Cheng and Wang 2005, Spaeth and Tegguer 2013).

Fig. (7) Coating the RCA in sodium metasilicate pentahydrate

5.Casting and testing specimens

Regarding this work, the mixing procedure following the process of laboratory
mixing indicated via (Emborg, 2000) that will be specified in the next points:

1. Add fine aggregate into mixer with 1/3 water, and mix for one min.
2. Add mineral admixture (SF) and cement with 1/3 mixing water, then mix for
one min.
3. Coarse aggregate has been added to the last 1/3 mixing water in addition to
1/3f Gluonium-51, mix for (1.5 mins.) after that the mix will be left to rest
for (1 and 1/2 minutes).
4. The rest 2/3 of the Gluonium-51 has been added, then mixed for a period of
(1.5 mins.).

13
5. After that, the concrete will be discharged, cast in addition to being tested
for fresh properties.
Figures 9 and 8 present the preparations and casting regarding the control
specimen (prisms, cylinders, and cubes) and beams.

Fig. 8. The Process of Mixing

Fig. 9. Casting and Preparation of specimens

14
All tested beams have been simply supported and have similar sizes and in testing
approach through the use of a two-point flexural loading as can be seen in
Figure 10.

Fig. (10). Setup of loading, position of dial gage.

6.Result of tested specimens

6.1 Mechanical properties results

The characteristics of the recycled high strength concrete (RHSC) in hardened state
are of a high importance for the comprehension of the behaviors of the reinforced

15
beams of concrete. The mechanical characteristics which have been taken under
consideration in the present study are the splitting tensile strength (ft), compressive
strength ( f ' c), and flexural strength (fr) modulus of rapture. Table 3 shows the
mechanical properties of models made from recycled and normal aggregates.

Table 3. Mechanical properties of hardened concrete

Compressive Splitting
Modulus of rapture
Beam No. Type of aggregate strength fcu tensile stress
fr MPa
(MPa) fct MPa

1 100% Normal 64 4.71 5.6

50% normal + 50%

2 58 4.25 5.2
RCA untreated

3 100% RCA untreated 52 4 4.85

50% normal + 50%

4 62 4.6 5.53
RCA treated

5 100% RCA treated 57 4.43 5.34

8 100% treated 56 3.9 4.1

9 100% treated 55 4.2 4.2

10 100% treated 51.3 4.25 5.15

11 100% treated 54.5 4.38 5.22

12 100% treated 57 4.43 5.34

13 100% treated 57 4.43 5.34

14 100% treated 57 4.43 5.34

15 100% treated 57 4.43 5.34

16 100% treated 55 3.16 3.95

16
6.2 Shear capacity results

Shear resistance results for the beams examined were recorded in Table 4.

Table 4. Test result of beams

First crack Ultimate Max Crack
Deflection
Beam No load Pcr load Pu width Mode of failure
mm
kN kN mm

Diagonal tension
1 34 105 7.84 0.05
failure

Diagonal tension
2 27 94 6.2 0.25
failure

Diagonal tension
3 20 76 5.77 0.35
failure

Diagonal tension
4 32 103 7.5 0.15
failure

Diagonal tension
5 30.5 95.5 6.93 0.2
failure

Diagonal tension
8 21 79 4.88 0.6
failure

Diagonal tension
9 25 88 5.75 0.5
failure

Diagonal tension
10 27.5 83 4.84 0.4
failure

17
 Diagonal tension
11 29 86 5.22 0.35
failure

Diagonal tension
12 32 108 6.13 0.15
failure

Diagonal tension
13 33 117.5 4.78 0.1
failure

Diagonal tension
14 19 75 6.54 0.3
failure

Diagonal tension
15 17.5 73.5 6.73 0.35
failure

Diagonal tension
16 14 61 4 1.2
failure

*DT: Diagonal tension failure

7.Analytical study
The compressive strength (𝑓′cf) is estimated in this research using data from the
current study and previous studies. Also, an equation was created for the
estimation of shear capacity that is related to the recycled high-strength reinforced
concrete beams. The accuracy related to the suggested equation is checked through
put it to comparison with different codes.

7.1 The compressive strength of recycled high strength reinforced concrete is

a function of two variables as shown below:

𝑓′cf = f (𝑓′c, F )

Where:

𝑓′cf : Compressive strength of fibrous recycled high strength reinforced concrete,

MPa

18
𝑓′c : Compressive strength of nonfibrous recycled high strength reinforced
concrete, MPa

F =Fiber Factor is given by

F= ( )
LF
V B
DF F F
……1

In which:

BF : Bond Factor

BF = 0.5 for round fibers

BF = 0.75 crimped fibers

BF = 1.0 indented fibers

The regression equation was constructed based on (50) points from the
experimental data obtained from the current research and previous research
presented in Appendix A, with the use of the trial V9 related to data Fit software of
Oakdale Engineering. The compressive strength of the data used ranges from (50-
77) MPa. The proposed equation for estimating the compressive strength of
recycled (RHSC) is given by Eqs (1) as follow:

f ' cf =0.95∗f ' c+6.93∗F

1.2
…… 2

where:

f ' cf = Compressive Strength of fibrous RHSC, MPa

f ' c = Compressive strength of RHSC, MPa

F = Fiber factor given by Eq. (1).

This equation is plotted in a three-dimensional form in Fig. (11). To examine this

equation, the relative compressive strengths (fcf test / fcf proposed) was found using (50)

19
experimental data from this research and others listed in Appendix. The values of
coefficient of variation (COV), average (μ), as well as the standard deviation (SD)
have been 12.89, 0.995 and 0.128% respectively.

Fig. (12) shows test values versus proposed values of f'cf for (50) experimental data
using Eq. (1).

1.2
f ' cf =0.95∗f ' c+6.93∗F

f ' cf
f ' cf

f'c F

Fig. 11. Plot of the Suggested Regression Model for Compressive Strength of
RHSC

20
 80
70

𝑓′ cf tested (MPa)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
𝑓′ cf proposed (MPa)

Fig. 12. Tests Values Versus Proposed Values of Compressive Strength of

RHSC using Eq. 1

7.2 Proposed Equation for The Prediction of Shear Capacity of RHSC beams

In the present work, it considered proposing expressions for shear capacity of

RHSC beams depend on the well-known Codes provisions for shear capacity by
adding the effect of steel fibers to the proposed expressions . The force resulting
from shear in the concrete section without stirrup is resisted by:

1. Shear forces in the compression area Vca.

2. The main reinforcing steel which produces transverse forces that resist shear by
dowel action V d .

3. The forces produced by the fibers that pull the cracks V Fi.

The total shear force might be provided in the following way:

V =V ca +V d + V Fi

The first and second strengths are difficult to estimate so, they are combined with
one symbol, V c

21
V =V c +V Fi ……3

Based on the data obtained from the current research and previous research in
which fibers are used as shear reinforcement, where the ultimate load that fibers
bear is extracted by subtracting the total ultimate load of the models with the fiber
content from the models that do not contain fibers. Divide the ultimate shear force
on (bw d) to obtain shear stress.

V Fi=V u 1−V u 2 MPa ……4

Where:

V Fi : experimental results related to shear stress that are carried through the steel

fiber reinforcements.
V u 1 : the experimental results that are related to ultimate shear stress of fibrous RC

beam.
V u 2: the experimental results that are related to the ultimate shear stress of

nonfibrous beam.
Data Fit was used to analyze nonlinear regression using fiber as influencing
variables. The form of the general equation is as follows:

V Fi = K o∗X H 1 ……5

Where:

V Fi : predicted shear stress that has been carried via the steel fiber reinforcement

MPa.

X : in dependent variables (fcf, the ratio of reinforcement ρ, a\d, F).

K o , , K 1 : constants.

22
The proposed equation for estimating shear capacity with regard to RHSC fiber
reinforced beams with no stirrup is in the table (5). It is clear from the table that
the first equation [Eqs 5.6] has a lower error and a higher correlation rate than the
rest.

V Fi= 0.2+0.03¿ F cF2.28 * ρ∗¿ * F 8.26 MPa ……6

Where:

a
representing the shear span to effective depth ratio
d

ρ representing the longitudinal reinforcement ratio

Table 5. Proposed equations for estimating shear capacity

V Fitest /¿ V Fi proposed ¿
No
Proposed equation of V Fi COV
. µ SD
(%)

1 V Fi= 0.2+0.03¿ F 2.28

cF * ρ ¿* F
8.26
0.9801 0.099 10.1

( −0.565 )∗a
(0.024∗FcF +31.93∗ρ+ −0.126∗ F−0.659)
2 V Fi=e d 0.991 0.481 48.54

a
3 V Fi=1.86∗F cF +36.8∗ρ−0.44∗( )−0.392∗F +0.431 0.989 0.536 54.2
d

a
4 V Fi =2.4∗F cF +35.02∗ρ−0.411∗( )−0.23∗F 0.999 0.708 70.87
d

Then the proposed equation (6) is added to the different codes for the reinforced
concrete beams found in Appendix. Code equations are (1) ACI, equation
[Eqs.(B-1)], (2) ACI, equation[Eqs.(B-2)],(3) CAN, equation[Eqs.(B-3)],(4)NZ,

23
 equation[Eqs.(B-4)],(5) BS equation[Eqs.(B-5)]. Then the five equations are tested
as follows:

()
−2.14
V ACI 08 =¿0.17√ f ' cf + 0.2+0.03¿ F 2.28 a
cF * ρ∗
d
* F 8.26 …… 7

d
V ACI 08 =¿0.16√ f ' cf +17 ρw +¿ 0.2+0.03¿ F 2.28
cF * ρ∗¿ * F
8.26
…… 8
a

()
−2.14
V CAN = 0.2√ f ' cf + ¿ 0.2+0.03¿ F 2.28 a
cF * ρ∗
d
* F 8.26 ….… 9

()
−2.14
V NZ=¿ (0.07+10 ρw ¿ √ f ' cf +¿ 0.2+0.03¿ F 2.28 a
cF * ρ∗ * F 8.26 …… 10
d

( )( ) ()
1 1 1 −2.14
F cF 3 a
V BS=¿0.8[ ( 100 ρw ) 3 400 4
]+¿0.2+0.03¿ F 2.28
cF * ρ∗ * F 8.26 …... 11
d 20 d

* In all cases codes predictions, fcf was replaced instead of F c.

Some notes have been recorded for the above equations:

1. Non-use of reduction factor.

2. The symbol used for the compressive strength of non-fibrous concrete ( F c ¿
used to calculate shear of reinforced beams has been replaced with the
symbol ( F cF), which means resistance to the compressibility of fibrous
concrete.
3. There is no upper limit with regard to the concrete’s compressive strength
was utilized contrary to the BS requirement.
To examine these equations, shear stress value SSV (V test /V proposed ) of 50
models for this research and other is found using these equations, and then
the values of coefficient of variation (COV), standard deviation (SD), and
average(µ) for such equations are found in the table (6).

24
 Table 6. COV, SD, and µ values of shear strength values
No. Proposed equation Vu Vtest/Vproposed

µ SD COV

1 V=V c , (ACI), Eq. (B-1) +V Fi, Eqs. (5-6) 0.504 0.197 39.1

2 V=V c , (ACI), Eq. (B-2) + V Fi, Eqs. (5-6) 0.475 0.19 40

3 V=V c , (CAN), Eq.(B-3) + V Fi, Eqs. (5-6) 0.453 0.186 41.1

4 V=V c , (NZ), Eq.(B-4) + V FiEqs. (5-6) 0.342 0.167 48.6

5 V=V c , (BS), Eq.(B-5) + V Fi, Eqs. (5-6) 0.403 0.173 43

It is clear from Table (6), that the proposed equation No. (1) [Eq. (6)] to calculate
the shear capacity by the ACI 318-08 code (B-1) has the lowest value of COV,
which equals 39.1.

By seeing figures from (13 to 19) it shows that the improved equation for the ACI
Code 318 -08 can give estimates for calculating the shear capacity for RC beams.

25
 3

VT / Vprop (MPa)
2.5 [Eq.7 ]
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
𝑓′ cf (MPa)

Fig. 13. 𝑓′cf versus shear capacity predictions

3
2.5 [Eq.7]
Vt/Vprop (MPa)

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
ρw

Fig. 14. ρw versus shear capacity predictions

26
 3
[Eq. 7 ]
2.5

VT /Vprop (MPa)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
a\d

Fig. 15. a\d versus shear capacity predictions

27
 3
[Eq. 7 ]
2.5

Vt /Vprop (MPa)
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
F

Fig. 16. Fiber ratio versus shear capacity predictions

3
Proposed[Eq.7 ]
µ=0.501
2.5 SD=0.197
COV =39.1

2
Vt /Vprop (MPa)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Vtest (MPa)

Fig. 17. Comparison between tested data and proposed

28
 3
Proposed[Eq.6 ]
2.5 µ=0.9801

V Test (MPa)
SD=0.099
2 COV =10.1

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
VProposed (MPa)

Fig. 18. Comparison between tested data and calculated

3
Proposed [ Eq.6 ]
2.5 µ=0.9801
SD=0.099
COV =10.1
2
VT / Vprop (MPa)

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
VTest (MPa)

Fig. 19. Comparison between tested data and calculated

29
8.Conclusion

Concerning the current research, 14 reinforced concrete beams instituted from

recycling aggregate were examined to assess the amount of shear capacity in the
slender beam. The study also involved the mechanical properties of the models,
such as the compression resistance, splitting tensile stress, and modulus of rapture.
The findings in this research were analyzed with other results of different studies
by the statistical program (Data Fit 9) to yield new formulae. The analysis offered
one formula to calculate the compression resistance a long with another to estimate
the shear capacity of the high-strength concrete beams constructed from recycled
aggregate and steel fibers. The effectiveness of the new formulae was validated
with different international codes. Some significant points regarding this research
can be presented below:

1. The use of RCA caused the compressive strengths to be generally lower than
their companion obtained from the NCA. The percentage of reduction for
cubic mixes having 50% treated and 100% treated was respectively 3.1%
and 11.0% lower than the values taken from NCA. However, the further
reduction was noticed when untreated RCA was used. For cubic mixes
having 50% untreated and 100% untreated, 9.4% and 18.8% were reported
to be the amount of reduction in compressive strength when compared to
NCA.
2. The reduction in compressive resistance of samples containing 10% of silica
fume by about 10% compared to samples with content of 20% for the same
type of aggregate.
3. The values of the ultimate load of (NCA) are greater than the values of
mixes used (RCA), when other parameters were kept constant. Because the
angular shape of RCA, the RCA has a high porosity so that the bonding with

30
 the rest of the concrete components is fragile. The percentage of reduction in
ultimate load for mixes having 50% untreated and 100% untreated was
10.5% and 27.6%, respectively when compared to NCA.
4. The negative effect of untreated coarse aggregate was subsided when the
mixes were treated by hydrochloric acid (HCL). The sodium metasilicate
pentahydrate is filling the crack and pores, while the acid is removing
adhered mortar on the recycled aggregate. The discrepancy in ultimate load
for mixing having 50% and 100% treated RCA was only 1.9% and 9 %,
respectively as compared to the values taken from NCA.
5. Test results provided considerable enhancement in shear capacity along with
considerable delay in the cracking load when steel fibers were added. The
increment in the ultimate load regarding the beams that contain steel fibers
by 2% is about 36% compared to the beams with a content of 0% for the
same type of aggregate. Also, it was found that the decline in the ratio of
steel fiber to 1% for B8 reduced the ultimate load by about 17%; while using
steel fiber by 1.5% for B9 reduced the ultimate load about 7.8% compared
with B5 for the same type of recycled treated aggregate.
6. The addition of silica fume with other factors being constant increased the
concrete strength. The ultimate load further enhanced by 15% when the
percentage of silica fume was changed from 10% and 20%.
7. An increase in the shear capacity was reported when adding extra
reinforcement to the flexural region among B12 and B13. The percentage of
increment for the latter beams was about 13% and 23%, respectively
compared with B5 for the same type of RCA.
8. The ultimate shear capacity was seen to be considerably lower for the beams
with a/d of 3 and 3.5 as compared with other beams with a/d of 2.5.

31
 9. The rate of decrease in the ultimate shear capacity was 21.5% and 23% for
B14 and B15, respectively compared with B5.
 Theoretical predictions of Compressive strength 𝑓′cf and shear capacity Vu
1. The regression equation was constructed based on (50) points from the
experimental data obtained from the current research and previous research,
with the use of the trial V9 related to data Fit software of Oakdale
Engineering. The compressive strength of the data used ranges from (50-77)
MPa. The values of coefficient of variation (COV), average (μ), as well as
the standard deviation (SD) have been 12.89, 0.995 and 0.128% respectively.
The proposed equation for estimating the compressive strength of (RHSC) is
given by Eqs (6.1) as follow:

f ' cf =0.95∗f ' c+6.93∗F

1.2
MPa …… 6.1

2. The proposed equation for estimating shear capacity with regard to the
RHSC fiber-reinforced beams with no stirrup is given by Eqs (6.2). The
values of coefficient of variation (COV), average (μ), as well as the
standard deviation (SD) have been 10.1, 0.9801 and 0.099% respectively.
V Fi= 0.2+0.03¿ F cF2.28 * ρ∗¿ * F 8.26 MPa ……6.2

9.References
1. Abbas, A., Fathifazl, G., Isgor, O. B., Razaqpur, A. G., Fournier, B., & Foo, S. (2007).
Proposed method for determining the residual mortar content of recycled concrete
aggregates. Journal of ASTM International, 5(1), 1-12.

2. ACI Committee 318 (2019) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete: An
ACI Standard: Commentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
American Concrete Institute.

32
3. Bee'ah. (20th, May 2015). Construction waste recycling. Available:
http://beeah.ae/waste-management-main/#wasterecyclingfacilities.
4. Iraqi Specification, No. 45/1984, "Aggregate from Natural Sources for Concrete and
Construction", Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control, Baghdad, 1984.
5. Iraqi Specification, No. 5/1984, "Portland Cement", Central Agency for
Standardization and Quality Control, Baghdad, 1984.
6. Katkhuda, H. and Shatarat, N. (2016) “Shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams using
treated recycled concrete aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, 125, pp. 63-
71.
7. Narayanan, R., & Kareem-Palanjian, A. S. (1984). Effect of fiber addition on concrete
strengths. Indian concrete journal, 58(4), 100-103.
8. Rahal, K., 2007. Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate,
Building and Environment 42(1), pp. 407-415.
9. Sami W. Tabash. And Sheriff Yehia. (2018) “Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete
Beams Made with Recycled Aggregate”, Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on
Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE’18).
10. J. de Brito and N. Saikia, Recycled Aggregate in Concrete. London, UK: Springer
London, 2013.
11. The Concrete Society, BRE. 2005. Technical report No.62 self-compacting concrete: a
review. Day RTU, Holton IX, editors, Camberley, UK, Concrete Society, Surrey GU17
9AB, UK.
12. Ismail, M. Ramli (2013) “Engineering properties of treated recycled concrete aggregate
(RCA) for structural applications” Constr. Build. Mater. 44, pp. 464–476.
13. Tam, V. W., Tam, C. M., & Le, K. N. (2007). Removal of cement mortar remains from
recycled aggregate using pre-soaking approaches. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 50(1), 82-101.
14. V. Spaeth, A. Tegguer (2014) “Improvement of recycled concrete aggregate properties by
polymer treatments” Int. J. Sustainable Built Environ. March, pp. 143–152.
15. Emborg, M. (2000) Mixing and Transport, Final report of task 8.1, Betongindustri AB,
Brite EuRam, Sweden, page 65.
16. Salah A Aly, Mohammed A Ibrahim, and Mostafa M Khattab. (2015) “Shear Behavior of
Reinforced Concrete Beams Casted with Recycled Coarse Aggregate “European Journal
of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2(9), pp. 59-71.
17. Sami W. Tabash. And Sheriff Yehia. (2018) “Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete
Beams Made with Recycled Aggregate”, Proceedings of the 3rd World Congress on
Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE’18).

33
 Appendix
Selected data from the current research and previous studies for Compressive
Strengths

References Fiber type Vf % F f´cf MPa

Current research HS* 2% 0.8 64

Ahmed. J. Hassan
HS 2% 0.8 58
2020

HS 2% 0.8 52

HS 2% 0.8 62

HS 2% 0.8 57

HS 1% 0.4 56

HS 1.5% 0.6 55

HS 2% 0.8 51.3

HS 2% 0.8 54.5

HS 2% 0.8 57

HS 2% 0.8 57

HS 2% 0.8 57

HS 2% 0.8 57

HS 0% 0 55
0%
Kwak.et.al.2002 HS 0 62

34
 HS 0.5 % 0.2 62

HS 0.75% 0.3 62

HS 0% 0 62

HS 0.5% 0.2 62

HS 0.75% 0.3 62

HS 0.5% 0.2 31

HS 0.5% 0.2 31

HS 0.5% 0.2 31

HS 0% 0 75.4

High strength 1998. Ziyad Jinan

HS 0.5% 0.159 76

HS 1% 0.318 77

HS 1.5 0.476 77

HS 1% 0.318 76

HS 1.5 0.476 76.4

HS 1.5% 0.476 77.4

HS 1% 0.318 76.4

HS 1% 0.318 77

HS 0.5 0.159 75.2

HS 1% 0.318 76

35
 HS 1% 0.318 76

HS 1% 0.318 76

HS 1% 0.318 76

HS 1% 0.318 76

Shear reinforced concrete beams HS 0% 0 32.5

Ahmed Saudi 2016
HS 0.2% 0.05 32.5

HS 0.6% 0.15 32.5

Glass 0.2% 0.12 32.5

Glass 0.6% 0.36 32.5

HS 0.2% 0.05 32.5

HS 0.4% 0.1 32.5

HS 0.6% 0.15 32.5

Glass 0.2% 0.12 32.5

Glass 0.4% 0.24 32.5

Glass 0.6% 0.36 32.5

*Fiber type: HS=Hooked ends steel

Abbreviations
Symbol Description

36
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACI American Concrete Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
B. S British standards
COV Coefficient of Variation
CSA Canadian Standards Association
F Fiber factor
HSC High strength concrete
L.S.F. Lime Saturation Factor
NCA Normal coarse aggregate
NZS New Zealand standards Association
RC Reinforced concrete
RCA Recycle coarse aggregate
RHSC Recycled high strength concrete
SD Standard Deviation
S. F Silica fume
Vf Steel fiber

37