Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Novel
“Kukejar Cinta Sampai Ke Negeri Cina’’
by NinitYunita: Sociolinguistics Study
Kasno Atmo Sukarto, Nurhamim
Department Universitas Nasional,
Jakarta, Indonesia
Abstract:-This study aims to describe one aspect in
sociolinguistics which focused on the form of code
switching and code mixing and the causal factors in the
novel KukejarCintakeNegeri China by NinitYunita. This
research used qualitative descriptive method with a sample
of quotes from conversations between characters. The data
collection technique used in this research is document
analysis (content analysis). The theory used in this study is
that code switching is a transition event from one code to
another, while code mixing is the use of two or more
languages by incorporating elements of one language into
another language. The results of this study are, 1) there are
two forms of code switching, namely internal code
switching and external code switching. Symptoms of code-
mixing are interwoven in four forms, namely code-mixing
the insertion of elements in the form of words, phrases,
baster, and clauses. 2) the factors causing code switching
are related to the speaker, the interlocutor, the presence of
a third speaker, and simply being prestigious. Factors
causing code-mixing include the attitude and language
background of the speakers.
Keywords:- Sociolinguistics, Code switching, Code mixing,
Novel.
I. INTRODUCTION
Language is the most important communication tool in
human life. Through language, humans can interact with other
humans in social life. Alwasilah (1985: 8) states that language
has a set of rules known to its speakers. Therefore, humans are
required to be able to master the language used as a tool to
interact with other humans. The more people in the world, the
more languages there are, from regional languages, such as
Javanese, Sundanese, and Batak languages, or foreign
languages such as English and Mandarin (Weda, et al., 2021).
Although in the daily context of using Indonesian, speakers or
language users in language contact either directly or indirectly,
for example in literary texts such as novels there are
interactions between characters, there is code switching and
code mixing.
Code switching is a transition event from one code to
another (Suwito, 1983: 86). If a speaker first uses Indonesian
and then switches to using a foreign language or regional
language, the event is called code switching. Another aspect of
language interdependence in society is the occurrence of code
mixing symptoms. According to Chaer and Agustina (2010:
116) is the mixing of fragments of words, phrases, and clauses
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
of one language in another language used. This event occurs
when the speaker is using the language certain, but in it there are
fragments from other languages, such as speaking in Indonesian,
then there are words that are spoken in English or even an
implied presence of Mandarin.
Code switching and code mixing can be seen in the novel
Kukejar Cintake Negeri Cina, written by Ninit Yunita. This
novel has also been adapted into a film with the title Kukejar
Cintake Negeri Cina in December 2014 which was produced by
Starvision. Ninit Yunita was born in Bandung on June 19, 1978,
he is an active novelist and blogger. Many of his novels have
been adapted into films. In the novel Kukejar Cintake Negeri
Cina, Ninit Yunita writes a love triangle story between Imam,
Widya, and Chen JiaLie which is very thick with religious
nuances, there are also two different cultural backgrounds
between China and Java, which are most prominent in the novel.
This is Chinese culture in Islam. This novel consists of 252
pages which were published in 2014 in Jakarta publisher Enter
Media.
The variety of languages relevant to the author's research
on code switching and code mixing in the novel Kukejar Cintake
Negeri Cina by Ninit Yunita which was published in 2014 is
written language variety. Because in the novel, the researcher
uses written language as evidenced by the conversation between
characters and then poured it into a written language novel with
good and correct Indonesian rules.
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
The objectives of this study are formulated as follows; 1)
To describe the form of code switching and explain the factors
causing code switching in the novel Kukejar Cintake Negeri
Cina, 2) To describe the form of code-mixing and explain the
causes of code-mixing in the novel Kukejar Cintake Negeri
Cina, and 3) To describe the class of words contained in code
mixing in the novel Kukejar Cintake Negeri Cina.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Previous Study
Putri (2020) wrote about code mixing and code switching
entitled AlihKode Dan CampurKodeDalam Novel Jilbab
Traveler Love Sparks in Korea by Asma Nadia. Ongaeshi is
often used as a theme in Japanese children's stories. Ongaeshi is
an act of repaying the kindness that has been received by
someone to the person who gave the favor (on). A person, who
receives kindness from someone, will feel indebted to the person
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who has given him the favor. There are four Japanese
children's stories that depict ongaeshi, namely, KasaJizo,
Yuuzuru, TamagoChoja and Yuki Onna No Okurimono. This
study aims to describe the picture of ongaeshi through the
characters found in four Japanese children's stories. This
research used is descriptive method. Based on the results of
the study, the main character that has done a good deed helps
someone, gets a good return from the person he has helped. It
was concluded that the four Japanese children's stories also
contain moral teachings, if you do something good, then
goodness will also be accepted.
Umami (2020) also analyze about code switching entitled
AlihKode Dan CampurKodeBahasa Arab DalamVlog
:KajianSosiolinguistik. This research aims to (i) find out the
form of code switching and code mixing in the vlog and (ii)
find out the factors that cause code switching and code mixing.
The researcher took data from NurulTaufik'svlog with the
theme of Jamiah or campus, a total of 14 vlogs. The researcher
used the free-libas-capable listening method for the data
collection stage, then analyzed using the translational
equivalent method, and the pragmatic equivalent method, and
the results of the analysis are presented using the informal
method. Based on the results of the analysis of 72 data found:
there are 20 data in the form of code switching, and 52 data in
the form of code mixing. All forms of code switching are
extreme code switching in the form of sentences. The factors
that cause code switching are the speaker factor, the
interlocutor, the presence of a third person and a change in the
topic of discussion. The form of code mixing is extreme code
mixing in the form of words, phrases, baster, and repetition of
words, expressions, and clauses. The cause of code mixing is
the speaker's desire to get the "fit" expression, and the habits
and relaxedness of the speech act participants in
communicating.
The next researcher that analyzed about mix code is Siwi
and Rosalina (2020) entitled Alih Kodedan Campur Kodepada
Peristiwa Tutur di Masyarakat Desa Cibuaya, Kabupaten
Karawang: Kajian Sosiolinguistik. A bilingual society is a
society that has the ability to use more than one language, but
this in its use often leads to language switching and mixing
when communicating so that there is code mixing and code
switching in speaking. In this study, the researcher examines
and describes in detail a linguistic phenomenon related to the
form of code switching and code mixing, as well as the factors
that cause code switching and code mixing that occur in
speech events in the Cibuaya Village community. This
research used descriptive qualitative method. The data
collection in this study used the listening method and the
technique used was a free listening technique involving
conversation, recording and note-taking. The data analysis
technique used in this study is a description, identification, and
classification technique. After that, the researcher began to
analyze the data according to the linguistic knowledge that the
researcher had. From the results obtained in this study, it
shows that there is a form of internal code switching between
languages and internal code switching between various
languages. There are also code mixing found in the form of
word insertion, phrase insertion, and code mixing in the form
of word repetition. Then, the factors that cause code switching
IJISRT22JUL254 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
and code mixing that occur in speech events in the Cibuaya
Village community are factors of speech partners, habit factors,
and speech intent and purpose factors.
B. Language
Language is an arbitrary sound symbol system used by the
community to work together, interact, and identify themselves,
Kridalaksana (in Lapasau and Arifin, 2016:1). From this
definition, it can be said that language must be systemic, in the
form of symbols that we see and hear in symbols, and language
is used by the community to communicate.
In every speech, it appears that there are several elements
that play a role, including: the speaker, the listener, the place to
talk, the subject of the conversation, and the atmosphere of the
conversation. In the conversation event appear about what
problem, when, and in what atmosphere. With such
considerations, there are various uses of language according to
the function and situation. In addition, Suwito (1983: 148)
argues that language variety is a term used to designate one of
the variations in language use. While the variation arises
because of the speaker's need for a communication tool that is
appropriate to the situation in its social context (Sukmawaty, et
al., 2022).
Language is closely related to society (Rahman, 2016).
Language develops along with the development of the user
community, and has a uniqueness that is different from one
another (Andini, et al., 2022). No language in this world is the
same. So we can't blame and force everyone to use Indonesian
forever.
C. Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the
relationship between language and the community of speakers
(Blommaert, 2010). This science is a contextual study of
variations in the use of community language in a natural
communication. In addition, Suwito (1983: 4) argues that
sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary study that deals with
linguistic problems in relation to social problems.
Sociolinguistics places the position of language in relation to its
use in society. This means that sociolinguistics views language
primarily as a social system and communication system, and is
part of a particular society and culture (Tahir, et al., 2018).
D. Language Contact
Sociolinguistics is closely related to language contact events.
Sociolinguistics is understood as a field of science that studies
language in its use in society (Freed, et al., 2004). Language
contact affects each other between two or more languages or
various languages because speakers of these languages interact
with each other (Saleh, et al., 2021). This relates to the novel
that the author studied, namely there is the use of two or more
languages in conversation between characters.
E. Bilingualism
The problem that is often faced in the process of
communication and social life is the existence of bilingualism as
a reality and problems in everyday life. Bilingualism is about
using two languages, such as regional languages and national
languages, in communicating to get a clear picture of certain
information. Chaer&Agustina (2010: 84--85) state that the term
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bilingualism in Indonesian is also called bilingualism. In
sociolinguistics, in general bilingualism is defined as the use
of two languages by a speaker in his interactions with other
people alternately to be able to use two languages, of course,
one must master both languages, first, his own mother tongue
or his first language (B1), and secondly is another language
that becomes his second language (B2) (Tahir, et al., 2021).
People who can use both languages are called bilingual
people.
F. Code Switching
Suwito (1983: 67) said that code switching is a transition
event from one code to another. So if a speaker first uses code
A (eg Indonesian), and then switches to using code B (eg
Javanese), then such a switching event is called code
switching. In connection with Suwito's view (1983: 69) also
said that code switching is a general term to refer to the
switching (switching) of the use of two or more languages,
several variations of one language, or even several styles of
one variety. This is in line with the view of Nababan (1993:
31) states that bilingualism will often have people changing
languages or varieties of language. For example, when we
speak A with P, the Q who cannot speak A enters the
language situation. Because we want to accept Q in that
language situation, we switch to using language B that Q
understands. Such an event is called code switching.
Suwito (1983: 72--74) divides several factors causing
code switching as follows; a) Speaker, b) Interlocutor, c) The
third Speaker, d) Topic, e) To evoke a sense of humor, and f)
Just for prestige.
G. Code Mixing
Code mixing is one aspect of language interdependence in
a bilingual society (Ho, 2007). So, it is almost impossible in a
bilingual society for a speaker to use one language absolutely
without the slightest use of other languages or elements of
language. In Indonesia, this code-mixing phenomenon is often
referred to as 'gado-gado' which is likened to a gado-gado
dish, which is a mixture of various vegetables. The reality that
occurs in Indonesia is mixing the use of Indonesian with
certain regional languages.
The factors causing code mixing can be classified into
two (Suwito, 1983: 77) as follows: a) The background of the
speaker's attitude, and b) Language.
H. Novel
Novels use language as a means of communication
between characters (Freeman, 2015). Through language,
authors can express ideas based on the facts found in society,
objective reality, such as events, norms or values, views of life,
and other aspects of society that are poured into written works.
In addition, Hani'ah, et al., (2007: 136--137) argue that the
novel is a type of prose that contains elements of characters,
plots, fictitious backgrounds that unfold human life on the
basis of the author's point of view and contain life values,
processed with storytelling and physical techniques which are
the basis for writing conventions.
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International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
IV. METHOD
This research used descriptive qualitative approach. The
data collected is in the form of words or pictures, and not
numbers. A qualitative approach is a research that intends to
understand the phenomena of what is experienced by research
subjects such as behavior, perceptions, motivations, actions, etc.
holistically, by means of descriptions in the form of words and
language, in a special context that is natural and utilizes various
natural method. Thus, the research data excerpts to illustrate the
presentation of the report (Moleong, 2005: 6). So, it can be
concluded that descriptive qualitative research is research that
aims to describe or describe a social phenomenon that occurs in
the novel's storyline which is focused on the use of language
mixing with the perspective under study.
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This research used descriptive qualitative approach. The
data collected is in the form of words or pictures, and not
numbers.
A. Code-Switching Forms and Factors Causing Code-Switching
The form of code switching that occurs in the novel Kukejar
Cintake Negeri Cina is internal code switching and external
code switching. In the code switching, there is one regional
language, namely Javanese and three foreign languages,
English, Mandarin, and Arabic. In the following, the author will
describe the discussion of the form of code switching and the
factors that cause code switching in the novel Kukejar Cintake
Negeri Cina by Ninit Yunita.
a) Code Switching from Indonesian to Javanese
01 Billy : Mas..., nontonsinetron, yuk, Mas!
Wedangronde-nyasatuyo, Mas. (Billy
menghampiritukangwedang).
02 Tukang : Iyo, Mas. Bener-
Wedang benerkoyoknontonsinetroniki. Seru!
(Tukangwedangrondeterkekeh).
(KCNC/2014/74)
From the conversation above, there is an internal code
switching from Indonesian to Javanese. The conversation above
took place on the side of the road in front of the restaurant,
Semarang and involved participant 01, namely Billy and
participant 02, namely the wedang round driver. Participant 01
started wanting to buy a wedangronde on the roadside in
Semarang by inviting participant 02 to speak using Indonesian
and then switching the language to Javanese. Participant 01
knows that participant 02 is a native in the city of Semarang who
definitely knows Javanese. Therefore, participant 01 deliberately
changed the code so that the atmosphere of the conversation
became relaxed like this example "Mas..., nontonsinetronyuk,
Mas! Wedangbulatitusatuyo, Mas." The factors that cause code
switching in the speech above are due to the interlocutor factor.
This is because participant 01 knows that participant 02 as his
opponent is a native of Semarang who definitely masters the
Javanese language. So that participant 01 decoded his language
to balance his language skills with participant 02 who was his
interlocutor. This is indicated by speaker 01 who uses Javanese
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ISSN No:-2456-2165
when ordering wedangronde. jiang de huaba? (A Shien, were you
confused about our language?)
b) Code Switching from Indonesian to English 01 Kakek : Gong jai shuo de shi yin niyu. Ben
laishi
01 Dimas : Pacar, kok, telatjemput. yinnichuseng de, weiyigeyuenying,
Kasiankamu, nunggu lama. zaihuizhongguo.
Perlusayaantar? (It was Indonesian. This grandfather
02 Widya : Oh, nggakusah, Mas. Merepotkan. actually comes from Indonesia but
Terimakasih. 01 Dimas : I don’t is of Chinese descent and an
mind (Sayatidakkeberatan). incident brought him to migrate to
02 Widya : Terimakasih, Mas. China again).
01 Dimas : Ok, next time, ya! Oh, ya,
sayabelumpunyanomor HP kamu. d) Code Switching from Chinese to Indonesian
berapa?
Widyalalumenyebutkannomornya, 01 Imam :Hai! Dari
lalumasukkannomor Dimas tadisayalihatkamufoto-foto.
kecontacsetelahmenerima Missed Mau dibantu? Saya Imam.
call 02 Jia Li : Woshi Chen Jia Li, wohui ting
01 Dimas : Saved! (Simpan). (KCNC/2014/30-- yitianyinniyu, buguo. Jiang de
31) buliu li.
(My name is Chen JiaLi, I don't
In the conversation above, there is an external code understand your language very
switching event from Indonesian to English. The conversation fast).
took place in the lobby of the Central Java Bank Semarang 01 Imam : (Imam is dumbfounded because
office, involving participant 01, namely Dimas and participant he doesn't understand
02, namely Widya. The code-switching is indicated by the Mandarin)
speech of participant 01 who often code-switches into 02 Jia Li : NamasayaJia Li. Sayadari
English, as in this example, “I don't mind” , “next time”, and Beijing.
“Saved” (save). Participant 01, namely Dimas, is Widya's Kakeksayadulusempattinggal
boss in the office who has a higher education status and lama di Semarang.
masters foreign languages. So often participant 01 transcodes Sayabisamengertibahasa
his language to make the atmosphere of the conversation with Indonesia sedikit-sedikit. Tapi,
participant 02 relaxed. tidakbisabicaracepat-cepat.
(KCNC/2014/45--46)
The code-switching occurs because of the speaker factor,
In the conversation text above, there is an external code
participant 01 as a speaker often does code-switching from
switching event from Mandarin to Indonesian. The
Indonesian to English to get an advantage or benefit from his
conversation above took place at the Sampoo Kong Temple in
actions. Participant 01, namely Dimas, did code-switching for
Semarang, involving participant 01, namely Imam and
Widya so that the atmosphere of the conversation became
participant 02, namely Jia Li. The code switching in the data is
relaxed and for a purpose, wanting to approach Widya by
marked as starting when participant 01 invites participant 02 to
asking for her phone number.
speak using Indonesian, for example as follows “Hai! Dari
c) Code Switching from Indonesia to Chinese tadisayalihatkamufoto-foto.Mau dibantu?Saya Imam".
However, participant 02 responded using Chinese, for example
01 Kakek : Temankamu yang dariIndonesia, as follows “Woshi Chen Jia Li, wohui ting yitianyinniyu,
menginap di mana? buguo. Jiang de buliu li. (My name is Chen JiaLi, I don't
02 Jia Li : Sayatidaktahu, Yeye. understand your language very fast). Seeing that participant 01
Tadisayatidaksempattanya was confused and didn't understand Mandarin, finally
participant 02 was decoding his language into Indonesian
01 Kakek : kenapadiakaget?
slowly, and the conversation was relaxed.
03 Ma Fu : (Ma Fu Hsien frowned even more,
Hsien hearing the conversation in a 01 Imam : Hai! Dari tadisayalihatkamufoto-
language he didn't understand. This foto. Mau dibantu? Saya Imam.
was the first time it felt like Ma Fu 02 Jia Li : Woshi Chen Jia Li, wohui ting
Hsien had heard the Jia Li family yitianyinniyu, buguo. Jiang de
speak in a language he didn't know. buliu li.
Grandfather saw Ma Fu Hsien's (My name is Chen JiaLi, I don't
expression, then smiled, realizing understand your language very
that it wasn't good if Ma Fu Hsien fast).
felt like a foreigner). 01 Imam : (Imam is dumbfounded because
01 Kakek : A Shien, gang jai ni ting bu dong wo he doesn't understand Mandarin)
men 02 Jia Li : NamasayaJia Li. Sayadari

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Volume 7, Issue 7, July – 2022
Beijing.
Kakeksayadulusempattinggal
lama di Semarang.
Sayabisamengertibahasa
Indonesia sedikit-sedikit. Tapi,
tidakbisabicaracepat-cepat.
(KCNC/2014/45--46)
e) Code Switching from Chinese to Indonesian
01 Billy : Ce li...Dong xi...Che
de...Semarang (san bao
long)...hen duo.
(this is the center of Semarang,
there are a lot of Semarang food
here). Billy tries to impress Jia
Li by speaking Mandarin.
02 Jia Li : Ze dong xi shi san bao long
chubing de ma?
(so all Semarang specialties are
here?).
It was not the right decision to
invite Jia Li to speak Mandarin.
Billy could only scratch his head
because he didn't know what to
say.
01 Billy : Waduh, sori! Bingung, deh,
jawabapa. Guesebenarnyanggak
bisa bahasa
Mandarin.
(KCNC/2014/98--99)
In the example of the conversation above, there is an
external code switching event from Mandarin to Indonesian.
The conversation took place on Jalan Gajah Mada, Semarang,
involving participant 01, namely Billy and participant 02,
namely Jia Li. The code switching in the data was marked as
starting when participant 01 asked participant 02 to speak
using Mandarin. The goal is for participant 01 to impress in
front of participant 02 the language he uses. Like the
following example “Ce li...Dong xi...Che de...Semarang (san
bao long)...hen duo. (this is the center of Semarang, there are
a lot of Semarang food here). Billy tries to impress Jia Li by
speaking Mandarin. The conversation was relaxed. The code-
switching occurs because of the prestige factor. This
happened because participant 01 knew that participant 02 was
from Beijing, China. Participant 01 tries to invite participant
02 to speak Mandarin to make it look impressive in front of
him.
B. Insertion of Elements Those Form Words
“Mas, akutelepon, kok, gakdiangkat?” (KCNC/2014/62)
In speech above, there is code mixing by inserting
elements in the form of words in Javanese, namely the word
Mas which means "brother". The word is an informal call in
Javanese society. The word happened because the Widya
character who called the Imam as "Mas" was commonly
spoken in Javanese society, one of which was in the city of
Semarang. The existence of the insertion of words in Javanese
that Widya's character uses consciously together with
Indonesian makes the conversation atmosphere relaxed.
IJISRT22JUL254 www.ijisrt.com
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
“Emangseharianinikowesamasiapa?Kemana?”
(KCNC/2014/70)
In speech above, there is code mixing by inserting elements
in the form of words in Javanese that is the word kowe which
means "you". The word is a substitute for a person's name in
Javanese. In the conversation above, there is participant 01 Billy
who is talking to the Imam who consciously inserts Javanese at
the same time as Indonesian, making the conversation relaxed.
a) Noun
“Mas, akutelepon, kok,
gakdiangkat?”(KCNC/2014/62).As seen in, there is a
word in Javanese that is the word "Mas". In the speech
spoken by the character Widya is a noun (noun) which
means "a respectful greeting for men". The word "Mas"
is one of the most common informal prefixes in Javanese
society.
“Emangseharianinikowesamasiapa?Kemana?”(
KCNC/2014/70).In this speech, there is a word in
Javanese, the word "kowe". In this speech, Billy's
character is a noun which means "you", the word "kowe"
can state the name of a person.
"Gini, ya. Bro. Kung fu means skill that is
acquired through a long process. If you're good at
writing... that means you're a kung fu writer."
(KCNC/2014/38).In this speech, there is a word in
English, the word "writer". In this speech, Billy's
character is a noun which means "penulis". The word
"writer" is a designation for people who do written work
or make written works.
b) Verb
“Silakanduduk.Monggo, Jeng.”
(KCNC/2014/132).
In this speech, there is a word in Javanese that is the word
"Monggo". In the speech spoken by the character Mrs.
Billy is a verb which means "please". The word
"Monggo" is a subtle command word to ask someone to
follow his invitation.
“Udahbubar. Biargue yang handle.”
(KCNC/2014/13).In this speech, there is a word in
English, namely the word "handle". In the speech spoken
by the Imam is a verb which has the meaning of
"menangani". The word "handle" is a word that describes
about a person's ability to hold or manage something that
can be accounted for.
c) Adjective
“Akunggakbohong, Widya.Akuserius. Eh,
ikanguramegorengkipas, tuh, enakbanget, kan, ya.
Crunchy! Pesanitu, yuk?
Siappesan?Akulumayanlaperjuganih.”
(KCNC/2014/19).In this speech, there is a word in
English, namely the word "Crunchy". In the speech
spoken by the Imam figure is an adjective which has the
meaning "crisp". The word "Crunchy" is a type of fried
food.
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“Yah, dia jealous!”(KCNC/2014/21).In this
speech, there is a word in English, namely the word
"Jealous". In the speech spoken by the character Widya
is an adjective which means "cemburu". The word
“jealous” is described as a feeling of worry and fear of
losing someone.
d) Adverb
“Well..., lo taulahkenapa.”(KCNC/2014/146).In this
speech, there is a word in English, namely the word
"Well". In the speech spoken by Billy's character is an
adverb which means "baik". The word "well" is a word
that describes how or how to do something. It's the
same with the story above which explains that Billy
wants to tell Widya about Imam going to Beijing.
“So..., Widyagimana,
Bro?”(KCNC/2014/231).In the speech above, there is
a word in English, namely the word "So". In the speech
that was spoken by Billy is an adverb which has the
meaning "jadi". The word "So" is an explanatory word
that describes something. That Billy will explain
something about Imam to Widya.
VI. CONCLUSION
The researcher found four types of code mixing, namely
code mixing to insert elements in the form of words, code
mixing to insert elements in the form of phrases, code mixing
to insert elements in the form of baster, and code mixing to
insert elements in the form of baster code mix to insert clause
elements. The code mixing found is the insertion of Javanese
elements, the insertion of English elements, the insertion of
Chinese elements, and the insertion of Arabic elements. In this
study, the authors did not find the insertion of elements of
repetition of words and the insertion of expressions or idioms.
Furthermore, the factors causing code mixing in the research
data that the authors found were the background factors of the
speaker's attitude which included factors of social background,
education level, and religious feelings, as well as linguistic
background factors. The author also finds code-mixed data.
Code mixing that often occurs is the insertion of elements in
the form of words. In addition, the word classes that the writer
finds in this research are verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
The author also found data on word classes in which there
were insertions of four languages, namely Javanese, English,
Mandarin, and Arabic.
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