Analysis of Wind Load

Niloy Karmoker Shrabon

WIND
Atmosphere, comprises of N (78%), O (21%), Ar
(0.93%), CO2 (0.03%) and Water vapor.
Except for water vapor, the composition of air is more
or less constant.
Up to 5-6 miles, the water vapor varies due to
temperature variations.
Wind is defined as the flow or movement of air in the
atmosphere that occurs because of atmospheric
differentials caused by solar radiation.

Wind is caused by differences in the atmospheric

pressure. When a difference in atmospheric pressure
exists, air moves from the higher to the lower
pressure area, resulting in winds of various speeds.
the rotation of the planet.
WIND
Variation in Wind Velocity with
Height The velocity of wind increases
with height from zero at the
ground surface to some
maximum value at a height of
approximately half to one
kilometer above the ground.
This height is called Gradient
height. Beyond the gradient
height the variation in wind
speed is insignificant.

Gradient height varies with

terrain roughness
WIND
Wind Speed Definition
Wind speed can be described in • Peak wind
terms of • Mean wind
• Fastest mile wind
• Annual extreme mile wind
• 3-second gust
Surface wind refers to wind speed that is measured not at the ground surface, but rather by anemometers
mounted at the height of 10 meters. This is the reference speed.

Peak wind speed is the maximum instantaneous value of wind speed within some fixed time interval of
measurement.
Mean wind speed is the mean value of a wind speed record taken over some time interval. Fluctuations about the
mean wind speed value are called wind gusts.
Fastest mile wind is defined as the average speed of one mile of air passing an anemometer.
Annual extreme mile wind is the fastest mile wind recorded at a weather station in a given year.
3-second gust speed is the gust speed with an averaging of 3-seconds.
WIND
Wind Speed Definition

Sudden variation in wind speed and direction is referred to as gustiness; wind with these
characteristics is called a gust. Gust sensitivity of buildings depends on their stiffness; the
more flexible a building, the more sensitive it is to gusts.

Basic/Design Wind Speed

Codes and standards specify one of these wind speed as basic speed.
BNBC 2017  3-second gust speed at 10 m above the ground in Exposure B having a return
period of 50 years. BNBC 2006  Fastest mile wind speed at 10 m above the ground in
Exposure B having a return period of 50 years. ASCE 7-05  3-second gust speed at 33
ft (10 m) above the ground in Exposure C
TERMINOLOGY

Building, “Open”, “Partially enclosed”, and “Enclosed”

Open: A building having each wall at least 80 percent open. This condition is expressed for each wall by
the equation A0 ≥ 0.8Ag
A0 = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure
Ag = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure

Partially enclosed : A building that complies with both of the following conditions:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the
areas of openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10 percent.
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 0.37 m2 or 1
percent of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance
of the building envelope does not exceed 20 percent.

Enclosed: A building that does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed
buildings.
TERMINOLOGY

Building or other structure, flexible: Slender buildings or other structures that have a fundamental
natural frequency less than 1 hz.

Building or other structures, rigid: A building or other structure whose fundamental frequency is
greater than or equal to 1 hz.

Building, low-rise: enclosed or partially enclosed buildings that comply with the following conditions
1. Mean roof height h is less than or equal to 18.3 m.
2. Mean roof height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
 TERMINOLOGY

Main Wind-force Resisting System (MWFRS): An assemblage of structural elements assigned to

provide support and stability for the overall structure. The system generally receives wind loading
from more than one surface.

Components and Cladding: Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as part of the
MWFRS. Examples of cladding include wall and roof coverings, curtain walls, exterior windows,
doors, and overhead doors. Fasteners, purlins, girts, studs, roof decking, and roof trusses are
examples of component.

The load path for wind loads on a structure begins with cladding, which receives the wind load
directly. Cladding transfers these loads to components, which in turn transfer the wind force to the
MWFRS.
TERMINOLOGY

Number of Storeys (n): Number of storeys of a building is the number of levels above the
base. This excludes the basement storeys, where basement walls are connected with ground
floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But, it includes the basement storeys, when
they are not so connected.

Soft Storey: Storey in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the
storey above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above.
Weak Storey: Storey in which the lateral strength is less than 80 percent of that of the storey
above.

Wind-borne Debris Regions: Areas within cyclone prone regions located:

1. Within 1.6 km of the coastal mean high water line where the basic wind speed is
equal to or greater than 180 km/h or
2. In areas where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 200 km/h.
WIND LOADS

Code Followed to Calculate Wind Load

BNBC 2006
WIND LOADS

Basis of the Design Wind Loads

 Equivalent static pressure or suction

 Variation of the mean wind velocity
 Terrain exposure of the building
 Configuration and dynamic response of the structure
 Occupancy importance
 Magnification of the mean wind pressure due to gusts
 Additional load amplification resulting from the dynamic wind-structure
interaction effects due to gusts on slender buildings and structures
 WIND LOADS
Sustained Wind Pressure
The sustained wind pressure, 𝑞𝑧 on a building surface at any height z above ground
𝑞𝑧 = 𝐶𝑐𝐶𝐼𝐶𝑧𝑉2𝑏
Where, If a structure is located within a
𝑞𝑧 = sustained wind pressure at height z, kN/m2 local topographic zone, qz shall be
modified with section 2.4.6.8
𝐶𝑐= velocity to pressure conversion coeff. = 47.2x10-6
𝐶𝐼= structural importance coeff. (from Table 6.2.9)
𝐶𝑧= combined height and exposure coeff. (from Table 6.2.10)
𝑉𝑏= basic wind speed in km/h (from Table 6.2.8)

The design wind pressure, 𝑃𝑧 on a building surface at any height z above ground
𝑃𝑧 = 𝐶𝐺 𝐶𝑃𝑞𝑧

Where, 𝑃𝑧 = design wind pressure at height z, kN/m2

𝐶𝐺 = gust coeff.
𝐶𝑝= pressure coeff.
WIND LOADS

Exposure Category

Exposure A: Urban and sub-urban areas, industrial areas, wooded areas, hilly or other terrain covering at
least 20% of the area with obstructions of 6m or more in height and extending from the site at least 500m
or 10 times the height of the structure, whichever is greater.
Exposure B: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 10m extending
800m or more from the site in any full quadrant. This category includes air fields, open park lands, sparsely
built-up outskirts of towns, flat open country and grasslands.
Exposure C: Flat and unobstructed open terrain, coastal areas and riversides facing large bodies of water,
over 1.5 km or more in width. Exposure C extends inland from the shoreline 400m or 10 times the height of
structure, whichever is greater.
WIND LOADS
Wind Gust Effect
Wind gusts cause additional loading effects due to turbulence over the sustained wind
speed. For slender buildings and structures, this additional loading get further amplified
due to dynamic wind structure interaction effects.
Slender or wind sensitive building:
Gust coefficient CG shall be set equal to the gust response factors Gh, Gz or G i. Height exceeding the 5 times
a) Gh for Non slender buildings and structures: Table 6.2.11 of least horizontal dimension
b) Gz for building components: Table 6.2.11 ii. A fundamental natural
)c G for slender buildings and structures: frequency less than 1.0Hz

Where,
WIND LOADS
Wind Gust Effect

f = fundamental natural frequency of the building or structure, Hz

β =structural damping coefficient
h = mean roof height or height to parapet, m
c = avg horizontal dimension of the building or structure normal to wind, m
Vb = basic wind speed, kmph
K = 0.00656 for building or structure
= 0.00328 for open framework structure
J = pressure profile factor (Figure 6.2.2)
Y = resonance factor (figure 6.2.3)
S = structure size factor (Figure 6.2.4)
α, D0, s, ɣ = (Table 6.2.12)
WIND LOADS
Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, Structures and Components

Pressure Coefficients Cp shall be equal to the values described below

i. 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = external pressure coefficient. (Figure 6.2.5, Figure 6.2.6 and Table 6.2.13)
′
ii. 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = internal peak pressure coefficients for internal surfaces of buildings (Table 6.2.13).
′
iii. 𝐶𝑝𝑒 = internal peak pressure coefficients to be applied on external surfaces of buildings to
obtain design wind load on individual components and cladding (Figure 6.2.7 and 6.2.8)
iv. 𝐶𝑝 = overall pressure coefficient when method 2 is used (Tables 6.2.15 through 6.2.21)
WIND LOADS
Design Wind Load for Buildings and Structures

Method 1 (Surface Area Method)

Method 2 (Projected Area Method)
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