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當代認知神經科學:腦與心智

Contemporary Cognitive Neuroscience: Brain and Mind


(通識課程, LS114300, Fall 2014)

Instructor: 焦傳金
Contact info: 生科二館646, 03-5742464, ccchiao@life.nthu.edu.tw
Classroom: 生科二館華生廳
Class time: T78 (3:30–5:20 pm)
Course materials: 數位學習網站http://moodle.nthu.edu.tw/
Course TA: 楊璨伊 yvonne7722@yahoo.com.tw
施秉宏 mitch0527@yahoo.com.tw
楊明鎧 m0929554077@yahoo.com.tw
Reference: Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind (Fourth
Edition) by Michael S. Gazzaniga, Richard B. Ivry, and George R.
Mangun (2013, W. W. Norton & Company)
Grading policy: 期中&期末報告各佔35%,隨堂心得報告佔30%
(從16次中選最佳13次計算)

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Week Topic Note
1 腦與心智簡介
2 感覺&知覺I
3 感覺&知覺II
4 感覺&知覺III
5 學習&記憶
6 睡眠&夢
7 報償&成癮
8 溝通&語言
9 [影片欣賞&討論] 繳交期中報告
10 理性&感性
11 選擇&決策
12 同理心
13 智力&創造力
14 發育&可塑性
15 老化&疾病
16 腦科學&科技&社會
17 意識&自由意志
18 [影片欣賞&討論] 繳交期末報告
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BBC brain story
All in the mind

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Cognitive Neuroscience: brain that enables mind

Cognition is defined as the process of knowing, including both


awareness and judgment

我思故我在
Cogito ergo sum, "I think, therefore I am", or better "I am thinking,
therefore I exist“, by René Descartes

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認知神經科學(Cognitive Neuroscience)是一門科學學門,旨在探討認知
歷程的生物學基礎。主要的目標為闡明心理歷程的神經機制,也就是大腦
的運作如何造就心理或認知功能。
認知神經科學為心理學(psychology)和神經科學(neuroscience)的分支,並且
橫跨眾多領域,如生理心理學(physiological psychology)、神經生物學
(neurobiology)、認知心理學(cognitive psychology)和神經心理學
(neuropsychology)。
由於其跨領域的特性,認知神經科學家的背景除了上述提到的學科之外,
還有來自精神病學(psychiatry)、神經學(neurology)、物理學(physics)、語言
學(linguistics)、哲學(philosophy)和數學(mathematics)等學門。
認知神經科學採用的研究方法,包括來自心理物理學(psychophysics)、認知
心理學、功能性神經造影(functional neuroimaging)、電生理學
(electrophysiology)、認知基因體學(cognitive genomics)和行為遺傳學
(behavioral genetics)的實驗方式。另外一部分重要的研究方向來自於腦傷病
人的研究。腦部損傷所造成的認知功能受損,提供認知神經科學許多重要
的證據。而理論的發展則來自計算神經科學(computational neuroscience)和
認知心理學。

(adapted from 維基百科)


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The magic of the mind

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Cognitive psychology is all about how we manipulate representations
Letter-matching task
(a) In this version of the task, the subject
responds “same” when both letters are
either vowels or consonants, and
“different” when they are from different
categories.
(b) The reaction time vary for different
conditions.

Multiple representations of stimuli


1. Physical representation
2. Phonetic representation
3. Category representation

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The internal representation of the first letter is transformed during the interval

Letter-matching task
(a) An interval (stimulus onset asynchrony)
separates the presentation of the two
letters
(b) As this interval is lengthened, the
difference in the reaction time to the
physical-identity and phonetic-identity
conditions becomes smaller, suggesting a
transformation of the representation
into a more abstract code.

Chronometric methodology
Reaction time is a independent variable.

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Memory comparison task (the subject must
engage in 4 primary mental operations)
1. Encode: The subject must identify the visible
target.
2. Compare: The subject must compare the
mental representation of the target with the
representation of the items in memory.
3. Decide: The subject must decide whether the
target matches one of the memorized items.
4. Respond: The subject must respond
appropriately for the decision made in Step 3.

The target letter must be compared with the


memory set sequentially rather than in parallel.
Exhaustive search vs. self-terminating search

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Word superiority effect

1. We do not need to identify all of the letters of a word before we recognize


the word.
2. Letter and word levels of representation are activated in parallel.
3. Performance is facilitated because both representations can provide
information as to whether the target letter is present.

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The Stroop task
The Stroop effect demonstrates the
multiplicity of mental representations.
1. The color of each stimulus
2. The color concept associated with the
words

The interference from the words is


markedly reduced if the response requires a
key press rather than a vocal response.

Dual tasks can be used to examine


constraints on information processing.
“Judge the word of an auditory stimulus”
but not “Judge the pitch of an auditory tone”
interferes with the Stroop task.

Practice can help!

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EEG and brain imaging

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blood oxygenation level dependent

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腦細胞&神經網絡

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Neuron is the basic unit of the neural system
Soma = 10 um, but axon length = 1 m (1,000,000 um). Ratio = 1:100000

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The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, organized
into circuits more complex than the most powerful supercomputers

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好書分享

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《大腦當家:靈活用腦12守則,學習工作更上層樓》(Brain Rules)
作者:John Medina
譯者:洪蘭
出版社:遠流
出版日期:2009年01月09日

大腦守則1:運動增強腦力
大腦守則2:大腦也是演化的產物
大腦守則3:每一個大腦的配線都不相同
大腦守則4:人們不會去注意無聊的東西
大腦守則5:重複才記得
大腦守則6:記得去重複
大腦守則7:睡得好,記得清楚
大腦守則8:承受壓力的大腦不能如常的學習
大腦守則9:刺激多重感官,反應更迅速
大腦守則10:視覺凌駕所有感官
大腦守則11:男性和女性的腦是不一樣的
大腦守則12:我們是不屈不撓的天生探索者

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大腦開竅手冊 Welcome to Your Brain:Why You Lose Your Car Keys but
Never Forget How to Drive and Other Puzzles of Everyday Life
作者:Sandra Aamodt、Sam Wang
譯者:楊玉齡
出版社:天下文化
出版日期:2008年03月25日

關於腦的盲點、迷思、誤解,實在多得數不清:
★我們只用了10%的腦力,還有90%的腦力未開發?……簡直胡扯!
★撞到頭會失憶,再撞一次頭,又能恢復記憶?……完全瞎掰!
★放古典樂給肚子裡的寶寶、剛出生的小嬰兒聽,可以增進他們的智
力……毫無根據!
★年紀大的人腦筋不好,是因為腦細胞死掉?……沒這回事!
★腦袋愈大愈聰明?腦褶愈多愈聰明?左撇子比較聰明?……全都是一
派胡言!

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打敗基因決定論:一輩子都可以鍛鍊大腦!
CONNECTOME: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are
作者: 承現峻
譯者:陳志民
出版社:時報出版
出版日期:2014/08/18

腦神經連結不同,命運大不同!

腦袋愈大愈聰明?三歲定終生?基因決定論?全都錯了!最新的科
學研究神經連結體(Connectome)徹底顛覆傳統認知,不管我們變得多老,
仍然可以改造大腦、儲存新記憶、學會新技能,翻轉平凡人生。

多年來,科學家努力想找出為何每個人都是獨一無二,為何會有厭食症、
自閉症與精神分裂,究竟是在我們的基因裡?還是在我們的大腦結構裡?
我們的眼睛顏色、個性特質,都可能是由基因體決定,但是生命中的友
誼、失敗與熱情,也同樣戮力將我們塑造為現今的模樣。問題是:這一
切是怎麼進行的?
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當代認知神經科學:腦與心智
每週隨堂心得

1. 請描述本次課程中你印象最深的一個觀念。

2. 在本次課程中,哪一個觀念你會想要做更
深入的探討?

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