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E. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON
1. Because/ because of
- Because ( kh«ng cã of) ®ßi hái ®»ng sau nã lµ mét c©u hoµn chØnh (ph¶i cã chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ).
Because S + V, S+ V = S + V because S + V
- Because of ®ßi hái ®»ng sau nã lµ mét danh tõ hoÆc 1 ng÷ danh tõ ( kh«ng ®îc phÐp cã ®éng tõ liªn hîp).
... because of + danh tõ ( hoÆc côm danh tõ)
Lu ý: Because of cã thÓ thay thÕ cho thµnh ng÷ due to.
Jan was worried because it had started to rain. = Jan was worried because of the rain.
Subject verb noun

The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam.

verb subject

The students arrived late because of the traffic jam.

noun phrase

We have to cut down on our driving because there is an oil shortage.

verb subject

We have to cut down on our driving because of the oil shortage.

noun phrase

2. §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n

§éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n ®îc sö dông ®Ó chØ ra mét ngêi g©y cho ngêi thø hai lµm mét viÖc g× ®ã cho ngêi thø
nhÊt. Mét ngêi cã thÓ g©y cho ai ®ã ph¶i lµm c¸i g× ®ã cho anh ta hoÆc cho chÞ ta qua viÖc chi tr¶ tiÒn, yªu cÇu,
hoÆc cìng Ðp ngêi ®ã. C¸c ®éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n lµ: have, get, make.
a. have/ get / make
MÖnh ®Ò theo sau have hoÆc get cã thÓ ë d¹ng chñ ®éng hoÆc bÞ ®éng. (Sai ai, khiÕn ai, b¶o ai lµm g×)
to have sb do st = to get sb to do st
Mary had John wash the car (John washed the car). Mary got John to wash the car. (John washed the car.)
to have / get st done = (®a c¸i g× ®i lµm...)
- B¶n th©n m×nh kh«ng lµm ®îc nªn nhê 1 ngêi kh¸c lµm.
Eg. Mary got the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
Mary had the car washed. (The car was wash by somebody.)
I have the laundry washed. (the laundry is washed by someone)
to want / like something done
MÉu c©u hái cña 2 ®éng tõ nµy sÏ lµ: - What do you want done to ... Anh muèn lµm g× víi ....
Eg. - What do you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned
hoÆc I want it repaired and cleaned. ( buéc ai ph¶i lµm g×.)
to make sb do st = to force sb to do st
Eg. The robber forced the teller to give him the money.= The robber made the teller give him the money.
§éng tõ to make v¶ to cause cßn ®îc dïng theo mÉu sau: (lµm cho ai, c¸i g× bÞ lµm sao)
to make sb do st = to cause st +P2
Eg. Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday.
The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged.
b. §»ng sau ®éng tõ to make cßn cã thÓ dïng 1 tÝnh tõ.
to make sb / st + adjective
Eg. Wearing flowers made her more beautiful.
§i theo híng nµy th× ®éng tõ to find cã thÓ dïng theo c«ng thøc:
to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P1- P2)
NÕu lµ ph©n tõ 1 sÏ mang tÝnh chñ ®éng cßn ph©n tõ 2 mang tÝnh bÞ ®éng.
Eg. I found her quite interesting to talk to. My sister found snakes frightening - con r¾n ®¸ng sî.
We found the boy frightened - b¶n th©n th»ng bÐ sî.
c. Let. Let thêng ®îc bæ sung vµ danh s¸ch c¸c ®éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n trong c¸c s¸ch ng÷ ph¸p. Nhng thùc chÊt th×
nã kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n. Nã nghÜa lµ allow hay permit. Ta h·y lu ý sù kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷
ph¸p khi sö dông to let vµ to allow hay permit.
let sb do st = to allow/ permit sb to do st = cho phÐp ai, ®Ó ai lµm g×
Eg. John let his daughter swim with her friends. (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.)
(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)
The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call.
Dr. Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday.
Mrs. Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter.
Mr. Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings.
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d. Help. Help thùc chÊt còng kh«ng ph¶i lµ mét ®éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n, nhng nãi chung ®îc xem xÐt cïng víi c¸c
®éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n trong c¸c s¸ch ng÷ ph¸p. Nã thêng ®i víi ®éng tõ ë d¹ng simple form (tøc lµ ®éng tõ nguyªn
thÓ bá to), nhng cã thÓ ®i víi ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ trong mét sè trêng hîp.
to help sb do/ to do st - gièng nhau vÒ nghÜa. = gióp ai lµm g×
Eg. John helped Mary wash the dishes. Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find a taxi.
The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials.
- NÕu t©n ng÷ sau help lµ mét ®¹i tõ v« nh©n xng mang nghÜa ngêi ta th× ngêi ta bá ®i vµ vµ bá lu«n c¶ to
cña ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.
Eg. This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly.
- NÕu t©n ng÷ cña help vµ t©n ng÷ thø 2 cña ®éng tõ ®»ng sau trïng hîp nhau th× ng êi ta bá t©n ng÷ sau
help vµ bá lu«n c¶ to cña ®éng tõ ®»ng sau.
Eg. The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation.

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