3.03.

2
-
C-1 IEE PROLESSES CC-)

Q Why is ilhunlomimoubiienttomutthienu4gm
ALGuitamtnti o ul+iulluulan orgomiam4 diks humar
-
Smmulticullslan orgamiumsike launom all Jrady0
sells axMAt imdixuct LAntactuith huheen

bdhbpLSCLAA luhaisn em Hh AnAHNemlmt.

Thlodiptuaiermimaulliientte_mut euaun
HLquixe0Lmka o mulliullulan rgami4ma

2 Nhat citenia deu duALte olelds whithiu

Asmethingisali?-
lhe main tiluaia wad cdocide uhethun Dmethi-
miaaluuAHL me MAisl amol inuiaible
máuuems likbuLathin Shsuting baxkimg
uWalkLnqHumninq eleHsnuwnJitinasalss Oheur
Mouth amdmaleuulan maumink.

5 hat ax ka utaLde uau maluiala sudiduam

2amisms
haamsamA LALoarlen draandAulstamLa aa
HauE matexialn.HeteHstrophA UA Mgamie Laerd tud
utekephauuoLdmatganicausatam.cesike faanlsem_
limidminuuala alinamd allangamiaa uAr
AuaAn f2 uspiHatia aa Mau maturials

-4 dhat puecLALAuuld u LanAidut Lssutial pea

maintanin ijL
 *
*
-****

AHACLALA AAALntial a maintaung il AHL:

) Reapinatien
Ci) Tramupeialuen
ExcxLiiem

ALin Exuution
Tha ia hupxoss takung in oed amd
uuiliging t in axisua Jielagizal aciiwiea

6:hy A uIHti mcuA AA humam leings2

Nuitnis mecudaanyte Aueluide _emuxgu and
matials Ie xuk deuelsp,umthisa yOMAliin
am othurgul4tamca niudd m HhtLLody

fat one dilmeL Jetuxan

hatauekrephic nuutuitism
autetrephieamd

AUTOTROPIC NuTRITION HETEROTROPIC NUTRITI ON

Some organisms uSe Simple
Oher.arganism are olepend ent
hd noakrials obtained hrom an plank
direcHy ox indiretiy
inorgamic Sources inthe and uilize Complex
horm of Caren.dionideomdwhich haue lo be Substances
broken down
Laaker They praduce heir into impler ones
by
Ounhadin presente of af biocaalystba beforeHhe acHiut
iheir
Sunlightaod chloxaphyl uilizaHion
LA Alqreen plank& Bacdtrlal A Aniaals
Ehna
gine phokhsynhe.sis Giveteaclion
it is he process-of
photosyntbesisoorganicodke
glucesc hom Simple inocganie Substance like arbon dtonde
 and ulatcr in he presence ot Sunlight and chlorcph
in hilsprocesS gas isreleascd
Reacian: 6cot làHO 6HOt6H
9 gaxantiatlubuun Autetophio amd hihxothophio
muthitisn

AUTOT ROPICNUTRION HETEROTROPICE NUTRION

DFood is Santhesigtd hrom hod is obtained direchy
Simple inarganic rau mate- C indirecHy trom auwho-
rials Suchas Co,and watrphs: t isbioken down by
dPresence o chlorophl is engume
nccessats ii No pigme.nt is tequired
lioodis geneallypreparedher
durinq day Hme i) No specibe Hme to digest!
IVAll grcenplank and Someaod
bacterial hawe this nuiltn lv)Allaninals amd hungihaue
heyahaphicnubilian
oobera da plands get each e he Naut mausal uquixed
Aenphe phonsunhesis?
he follouwinq rautpnatrials are requinedhr phonsunihesis.
The raurnakrial ca, is absorbed tom the amasphere
hrbugh sbnata
an aeiá ahiorbed hom the Soil by.aaas:
) Sunlight is absanbed by chlortphullamd oHacr qiren
pas oHhe plant
hat is Hhe role ofacidin our Snmach
Thc adrochloric acid preseniiin Our Stomach mrms
n anid medium which tacililates Hae aciorn o Hhe
 ******

hedigeskion oprotins.
34me pepsin br
enaumes 9
Ja hatis he hunchion of dlgeshue
igeshueengume Such as, amylase, lipa2ypas pep-
od Substane
-sin thelp in breaking eown compex
Cahbe_
iao Simple oneshese simple Substanes
casily absozhed by tse laod and ransporked to al
Cells of he brdyy2

8Hou is he Small intcsHne asigned to aasorh digesked

FDed
R The inner-linninqn he Small intesHne bas s s
many nger- like projeckions called uilli ohich inLrease
he Surface areq arabsorbHon hese ill1 are richly
Supplied uith bleod uesels whichi take to absoxhed fhod
h each and eucrs cellof tht boads,ohunet ia utilized
hat is the role of_Saliva. inthe dgeskion food 2
iThe Saliva contains an enzyme ealled Saliuarq amylaz
Haat breaks doun Starchuhich a a Complex moleuule
b qiue Sugar
Li) The hodla nixed hoxougnly uith Saliua amd
mouedaround while chexping by hmuscular ongu
90 haiCan be Sunallowed, easiy

1SAWbat areperistalihemnuemenk
The lining o Hhe Canahas muacle.sthat bnmach
huh mically in rder o pusbh the aod arcard
These moue mensoccur allalonq fbegut amd ee
Called perlstalic mouemcn
162hak is he Bunckion o Hhe ualls of somach2
The wall in our Sfomachhas qashric glands uwhidh
Seexekedigeskiue julee
lci Themusulaz oalls at ac.Shomach help in minim-
of faod hooughu uwith digeshue juices

Whak it he lomposikion of he gashcic juites SecrekedL

in he Shmach?
he juies relcased by he alls o£ Hhe shmach are:
i ) udrochlbricacid prouides an aidie_medium hr
he ackion of pepsin.
Ci Pepsin Helps in dligeston ot prateins
Liid Mucus: protcck heinner linning of Hhe shamach-
Aom he achbn ot eid under bbea norma Condilons

Can acidiy be related b he SecreHoh o hydrnchloric

aid in he somach2
u Acidik Can be related the Secrehion of excessive
hydrodhloric acidin the Sbmach.ao aon
i)_ Ahen_e cot extess_amount ot hoa at a Hime or
more fty 2adia lot o hydrochlorie acid fe relaasel
Lii) Ahen l s acid Lomes out of Hhe Shmmach, itcauLe
alurning in he e oesophagus and gives a Sour taske
muus isnot
in he mouhlhis happens beCause
Secrekd by oesophaqus h Yedute Hhe eftect
of Hhe
acid.

19.Herbivores haue alonger SmallinkcsHne Hhan

Carni-

yores Juski
 Thelength oE the 3mall inkeskine dliflers in Varintuo
animalsolepe.hdingd upon Hme koo.dhy eatE_
Li Herbivores eaing orass hawe longe.É Small 1nleok
allouw_cellulose bbe digeskd compkked Ane
Ci)_Carnivores eat meat which is_easier ip digest and
hence haue a shorter and Small InkesLne_

20 Name Hhe Sight or tomplee digesion of

fnad
The Small inkeshne is he sight fnr hc
Complehe digeshion

21 whar is he role ofliver (bile) in

I digesion 2-
Thehod Coning ro he Stbmach is
be n.ade alkaline fer the acidicand has
pancreahc 4e engyme m
iLi BileJuite attomplishes tmis task
in _addtlon o
alling on fak
Ci faksiaarepresentin he inkesine
large globules unhith makas 1t in_Hhe orm 0ok
bac on Haem diffiault hr engymes_
kiy) Ble Salk break hem doton
inh smaller
globules tncreasing
acHon heefecienuy nEengme
2aLalhat is exsa emulsiAicakion 2
Eaks pYesentin Hhe tntes Hne _are in he form ot
laraalobules.
bile Salks break hem înu Smaller qlobules for
effecient enaume acHon
Lii The prot eSs oE breaKina_olouon larae Fat
molecules
inm Smaller molecules is_Called cmulsiftcauon
 ****

2 hat is he Hnchion ef engume present In pancreas2

PancreasContain.s pancreaic juiceswhich contain.s
_enaumes lihe.brypsin mr digesHpng prohins lipase
Enrdigashing fak andarmylaae or cigesiang Carbohkh
aulhat are Hhe pa prodlucks of digesHon?
DThe produch ot digesianareamino actdsqlucnse.
and taHy aidsand alycerol
Ci) Protelns break dounto form amina auds
Cin Carbohydraktbreakdnun inm gluose
av Eas breakdown n_prm falhy acids andglycexal.
A5lhat are the necessarg Condllions hr auetrophic
nuriHon and uwhat are ik byproduck?
Autohophlo nuhiion takes plate Hhrnugh Hhe prouess of
phomsunhesis Carkon dioxide,aler,.chlorophyll pianent.
and Sunlight are he nekcessary_CondiMons_required
hr aunhophlc nuhiHon. (arbohydrateslAoal)and o
are by-poduck et phrmsunBheais
6Lo t 6o Sunlight th
chlorophy!

36.Why_is di&uston însuffitient o meek _he orygen

requirenenks of nmuli-cellular organßsm9 like human
Mulicellular organism.i_guch as humans poser Lomplex_
bod designs They haue Spetialisedcells and Hssues
hr permrminq varlous necesSary hancHonsof Hhe
body Such as intake of hoodl andoXuaenunlike
unicelLular organismg, naulicellular cllS are hot in
direct Contart uiHhautsidle_envirinmeat Theremre,
olTfus io4n Cannat meer heir OXugen_requirement
 **

A Ahat criteria do uwe use bdeciolewheHher Sonehim

is alive2
Any visible movement Suchias ualkinqbreahing or
groing a generally u&ed n decicle udheker Someh
fnq a alive or not However,a livin Organlsm_
Can also hawe nmavemenkúshith are not visible
o Hhe nakeol eye Ihere »re Hhe presence ot
ife protess iaa hundamental Criterion hat
carnbe
used hm deide coheHher Samethinq is alive _or nok-
DIA CeAM& 11A i i

SALIV ARY
qLANDSs'

OESOPHAGUS

DIAPHRA
LIVER
- STOHALH
GALL BILEDUC
BLADDER
PANCREAS
SMAL
INTESTINE

LARGE
INTESTINE
APPENDIXxT ANUS

MUMAN ALINENIARYLANAL
 RESIRATIaN:
HOun 1a _oxygen.andCarbon dioxide ransporked In
human elng.s
L
LD. Tacspart o£oxugen: Kespiraory piament hembglobin
takesup_OXgenkomhe_Airin heilunggand
Carrica 1k mHssues uwhich are delicientin oxygen
befnre releasina it
)Tran.sport ofCarbon.dlioaide:Co, is mare Soluble
in water Hhan oxugen bence iE1s mashls hranspov
-eo indissolued hrm inour blobd n lungs

Hou are lungsdesigned in human beings h maaimize.

Hhe area or exchange OF9ates Y
fialiain Hhe lungsHhe air pa.ssage divides inn
Smaller and Smaller ubes, called bronchi uhich in
urn arm_bronchiales The branchinles erminate in
ballann like shruckureg called alveali
The alveali in ungs prouide_maximum Surface
tor exthange of gases,Haey haue verjHhinl 0oalls
and Contain an extchslve betusork ot blood vessels
h facktakc exthange iot gasexi

Ho are alveoli_designed hmaximize he exdhange

gases2
iAlveoli have balloon like shruckure. Hence proide
maximum Surface hr exchange ot40ses
L The alveoli are Hain ualled and richly Supplied_
oith nekaork okblDnd vesSels2 Lacilitate exchange
ot gases beboren blood and air Hled usita_oalhteoi
 4Ahat buld behe tonseuence ot a deHclens o
hemaqlbbin inlourbodiea?
Dur de fecien ot hemoglobin in blood ik oXugtn
carnuingCapatikydecreases As aresult he
prooluchiorn ot eneray bp oxidakion uillbetome
Slower Theretore,ohe uould FallSickànal teel
faHgue most of he Hme

5Whab are he hree differ ent uoausibyr whichglucate

sDxidised i toprovideeneraq2
Absence oF
in Ethan ol+ CotEnera|
luCseDHasmDuruVate
6-Carbon
CIniyeaskLta-tarbon
NN moleule)
moleule) tcarbon LacK oFaacio acidt Energu
motecuejcin muscle 3-Car bon moletul |
CPLIS)
Ener
Presence oFa Cat Ho+Fheri
Cin Hihrothondvia)

6DeAcribe the AIexdhange ot aase.swhich bakes_place in

leaes ok plants 24 aul2ixa dn aiotao) loa
Ar nightA, when there fsmo phom.sunthesis oocuring
eliminaion is majar achviy.
During day o generated during respiraHon ls
usd up br phoo.sunhesis. Hénce hereisno
C releaseiinstead o is Pheimaior évenka

0 ) ulhat advankage over an aquadc.organisms haue uoih

zpard m obtoining Dxeatn or tesplraton2
Aqualie organism.stake inHhe oxugen dissoluedin uoaier
phich is less Haan_oxygenpresentin hai leresHa
bxganiinstake up mare.sxuacnata ime_han.aquaht.animd
ADiterenkiale bekween acrobi'z and arza anaeroblc
bespiraHoh
AEROBIC ANAEROAIC
Cocuz in prescnce Of oxugen:Ocurs inabsence ot og
Endpradudk - uaker and End produck-lachie
Carbon dioxidle acid e alchoho
Dczs in yhplasm and Oscuns in only io_cuh
nichondria plasnm:
Eneray released is more: Enera4 released i9 less.
(38 PTP) aATp)
EXHumans Gx east

Ho 1s oxuaen_and Carban dioxide trahsported

humanbelngs2i
Haemoglobini transporhs ox49en mnleule h all he
body eells or cellular.uiespirakion. The haemnglobih
plament prestnt in-blood qei attachedn_hur o
maleuleo Hnat areobtained rom breathingIt thu
forng oxuhaemnglobin and blaod become ougenated
Thig oxygenabed lbload is hcn distribued h allhe
body cells by Hhe heart.Afker qivinq auas o m the hod
Cellsblond takes ALn Ca whith is he_endpraaluct
o Lellular respirakon-Nou he bload betomes de-
=0Xugenaktd.
SinLe haeaaqlabin pigment bas less a£iniku or
ois mainly mansporked in the_disanlued nrm.
Thl de-oxugenaked blaod qives Co n lung alveoliand
lakeso in Lekurn:

IO:alhat _are he Lampanen of he rans.port Suskem_in_

human beingslore techesoaeaceiantseskaa
 Jalhatareuuhe hancHonsot Hhese lomponenkt?
The maih_Compenenk ot he ransport3skem in human
beinos are the hcart,blood and blood vessels
Heart pumps oxgenated blood Hhrough.out he hcdu
Ikrecieues deoxyqenared blood froim Hhevaribus
body ëark and &ends hisimpure blood tae lunas
or oxugenaion:uo o
Being afluid Conneciveussue,blond belps in he ran&po
ot oxygen nubienk,Coandi nihroqenous ubase.
he blond ressels Carleries.veins and Capillaries)Carry
blond either auy from beark b various organt or bram
Various organe_back o he heart

lhy a tt necgessary_» Seperak oxygenated and deoxug

enaked hlond tnmammals and blrd?
larm blonded animals Suchas birds and mammals
naintain a Conistant body empcrakre bu Caoling hemselve
hen they are inhotfer environment and buuarmin
heir bodies wheni hey are în a Cooler enuironmentE
There fnreHhese onimalrequiremore ox4genlo
for more tellular respiraHen 8o Hhat heucan produe
mort enera mmointaintheir bedy kmpcrakure
hus itLis neceSsarua nr Hhem ho seperake 9xugenaed
and deoxugenaBtd bland 8o Hhat heir cirulabry Sskm
3 nore effecitntandcan maintain heir Caastant bod
eoperaure
 TRANSPORTATLONCIRCULATION IKL,MUMAN BEINGS
***JWhatare he tomponenk ok ranspork Suskem in human
beinga2 Whatare heir Aundians
Comaanen ot transportSustemareiBload.(b) heart
CC Bload ivessels
Ca BLOgDPlead is a liquid tonnekue Kssue ConsiaHng of
plasma and blond.cells.
Plasma is aliquid part ok blood uihich Lontains_Salts
hotmonesdigestedhood nitogenous uo0askes Carbondiazideh
ki) BLoop CELLS: RBC JNBC and Plalelek
RA helps in hransport ot oxyaen
NBC helps in pralcchon Cimmune &uslem)
-Plaklek helps in clottinq ot blaad
b HEART 17iSa mustular pumpingu oraan which recieves
deoku genaled blood rom difterent b ocy park and
bxugenad blood h body.
L BLaoD VESSELS: Ihese Include arteries andl Veins
ARTERIES YEINS

Carries oxuaenaked binad- Larrie& deoxugenaBed hload

from hearE n body park om bady parkn heart
Cexcept pulmenaris artery Lexcept pulmonary vein
lalls are Hblck.and lalls are hin-
elasHe
Nalves are abs.ent values are present o_
Prevent back Lloua of hlond.
.Blond Pressure is more Blood pressure is legc._
eArkerlesare deeply gikuald Veinsare Siluakd
Supetitiall

DeS cribe double ciraulakion tn Human beings2 slby

ía tt_ne.cessar4-
 -

Human heark is dividedinb 4 chambers2 aria &2ven

2venmide
Right abrium recives deoxyaenaled blond hinm yarious
park otbody by vena caia ClargeSt vein)..
The igbt _ahium Lonhatk and pumps Hhe bloed in_
right venbricle Lobich in harn pumpihe bloodin_pulmorg
artery
Pulmonary arery Carries he bloool o ungs hr
Oyaenaion
The oxygenaked.blocd rom lungsis Carried o let
ahrium by pulmonary iein
The leetahcium Conac and purnps ae bloed in
left wenbricle, cohich in hurn pumps it h_Atrkallargest

Aorta dividespm arkeries ohich Carrs Oxugenaed

blopd n differen pars iof boly
In he _enhre cirulaion heart recieues he bload
tolce So it is Called double circulation
IMPORTANCE OE DOuBLE CIReULAT ION:
-it helps in Sepera hon of oxugenaked and deoxuaeakem
blood:
ECfccient Sapply ot blon
iS necesSam in mammals ond bilndS because Hheu
requive more amoLunt otenerau as cnerqy is als.o
required o maibtain Hhe bady emperakurel uoarm-
bleded animalg)_

Defint Single Cirtulalinn.Ciue an example.nr t

The heart recelues Hae alood only once io heenhi
Clrculaion This pe o cirulalion ts Lalled Single-
ciruulalion a Eishes
 Why 1siE necessary h Seperake axyaenatedbland În
mammals?
lae Sepez.aion of blood is esseniaL br ae eecient
Supply ot oxuqen in varlous porks of Hhe body
because hey requiremore enerq herquis alsnL
used inmaintaing body temperaukure.

5Draua labeled diaqtam of a hum.an heart

SySTE MIC AORIAA

SUPERICR
VEN ACAVA
PuLMOVARY VEINS
PuLMONARY
AORTA

LEFT AURILLE
MITRAL VALVE
RIGHI=
AURICLE
LEFT VENIRICLE
AORTIC yALVE
RisaPID
VAtVE-

PouHONARY NTERI OR
VALVE VENTRIcULAR
SEpTUM-
INFERIOR
VENACAVA
RIGHTH AORTA
VENTRIcLE

SCHEMATIC SELTIONAL VIEkl oF HEART

 - -* - nm .
******* *********** **

RANSPORTATLON IN PLANIS:
alhys he transport Sushtm in plans passive lompared h
animals2
Plana do nok mave Aram place mplaze
plant bodies havea large proporhionofcrad cells.in
manyHSsuec
Hence thuy need lo enerqy-
hus Hhe bransport suskem is pasSive in planks

2.Name tuo kind otcells inxylem

Tracheids andvesselc

:Ahú deesand houu does-uater enter coninuaslyind

foof Xylem?
At he roots cells in Cotact usih he Soil acively takes
up lonsThis creaBes a idifference in Hhe tanentraHon
of hese ions bekueen Hhe root and he 8oil: alake
T
heremre,maves inb he raot fram he Soil m eliminatr
hisdifkerence lhis means that Hhere is steads movement
of usater inm raat xylem, creaking aColoumn_ot waltr
that Is steadilu pushed upoard

Alhat fs ranspiraHon?_khy ist necessar r plants-

The loss ok uwaker inhe form of vapotur from Hhe_acrial
por of Hhe plantis knauan as ranapiralion
lranspirahon helps in absorblian and upuard movemen
pt ualer and minerals dissaluedin it ram coos lo leaue
t helps in Eempe rakure_requlalion.

Name he tLSSue Hhat ranspori bod in plans -

phlbem-
 ** - -

6Stale Hhe term used for the ranspart ok fand hram leaves.
otherptanks.
Translocaion

which praLess in Hhe plant js acLamplished byusing

ATP tran.sport of uater or transport of foo
ranspart ot food

&DeCine translocaHon
Thetranspart ak-Solublepradtuckof phohnsunbesi.sis
Cale ronslacalion and it occurs in Hhe part ot
Hoe iasiulor Hssue known_as phlnem. Desides he oher
producot phomsynBhesic,the phloem rangparH amiho
audsand other SubstanLes

Wlhere does branslbraHon occur?

The ranslotaian ot fnad and ather substances takes
place in the Seive tubes with he belp ot adjaccnt
Lompanion cells both in upuard and douonoward dixechon.s.

1oExplain Hhe process ot ranglocalion.

The anslocaion at toad and oher Substane_taket
plate in heseiveubes uih hehelp ok adjarent
Companion Cellaibotbin upuward ond doonuard direcHons
The translacaion in phloem Hsuel3acheiued byukisn4-
cnerqu rom ATP. as ieeaariek Haterial like Suctose
is hans ferred inh phloem issiueusing-enerq omATR
Ihis inreases Hhe osmaic pressure of he Hssue_causin_
aler hh mie inmih:Ihizpressureimáves eca he
aalerialin the phloem HsSues ohith have le.s presurs
This allas Hhe phloem b move maBerial according.he need
Nhat regions ok plank tequire hod in large amouns2
example,in hespring sugarsnred in root.or atem
Hasue oauldbe_ransported o Hhe buds uwhich heed
enerau o grou OHher growth regions lke sBem Hp and
o Hp also require hodiin large amaunkk

12.Houn ore yoaer and mineralsiransported in planls?

RODT PRESSuREAt Hhe raok cls in Contact_with he
Soil ocHuely take up ionsThis Creahes oaclilference in he
Concenrakon ot thete ions betuncen Hhe root and Soil
aber, herehsremoiues inai Hae raot hrom thesoil
elinate HhésdiferenteThis means that there ae Shaad
movement ok uoatcr mb roDt Xylem, treaHng a Coloumn
of unaler hat is skeadily pushed up wards
TRANSPIRATIDN PUL Tnansprahon helLps in the absorbHon
andupuward maueement otuoaer and mineralsaliss.olved
in it hrorm roki jn Hhe leaves.EvaporaHon of isater moleuler
Arom celis of a leak ereakes a Suchonohich pulls water rom
Xlem cellsohreok

I hat are the Cmponenkot he hanapork sustem in highly

rganised_plants2 2 a
dn highls organiaed plansherei are kuodittarent ypes o
Conduing issuesxulem and phloemXulem anducks
túaleriand rointralsohtained anthe SoilLvia raak) b the
est_of Hheplant Dhlorm hransparhihod makcrials roro H
Jeaures m diterent park ot he plant body:

Houis had heanspotid in plank 2

Phloem ransports nod makerials hom_Lhe leaves
diterent Park ot Hhe plant hodyThe ranapartalion
 otood in Phloem is acheivedby uilising cnergy hom-
ATe. Asaresult o Hhi, he 0smoHc pressure in Hhe
issueincreasee CausingUOaller o move inbit:Thiss
pressure maves he makerlal in Hhe phloem n he Hssues
whith haue. less pressure: This is helpulinmoving
malerials according o Hhe_nceds ot the plat.Eor exampl
Hhc oad malerial Such as Sucrose is_ranapor fedino_
Hhe phloem Hsue using ATP enera

PHLOEM
PARENCHYNA SIEVE PLATE
CoMPANIOn SIEVETUAE MEMBER
cEL

COHODNENTS OF PHLOEM TISSUE

151 has been ound hoat people livin i high_moutams have

many nore RBC in their bload. Why is it S6?
At high allikadehe atmasph.eric presSure oF oxuaen is lou
AS a reSult,Hhe number of red blood cells in he body Cannot
nee Hae cells demand fo OXugen-Theremre, Hhe body
intreases iks red blodd cells Count înorder o Supply_more

oxuaen b he Oody cellá, eaIen_uih_lessoxygen in jhe

amosphere Henepeopleiving on Mec high mountains
hawe many_redCorpulseSin heir bloodthan Hose
iing n plains
 EXCRETION
DescribetheShruchurcand AnitHoning ot nephron&?.
Nephrons_arc hebasic &lkring unik oF kidnei4 Each kih
C passeAs.eslarge humber Ot nephrons approximeHy 1-5
illionThe mainCompanens ok he ncphron art glomtruluy
Bbumantopsule, and a long renal hibe

Glomerulug- Tubular part of

Nephron
Boimans
Capgule

-ouecHng ducr

Branch o f
rena vein

CaPillaries

STRUCTURE OF NEPMRODN

Funcinning of anephron
Ahe blood eniers the kidney hrough the renal arer-
nich branches inm many Lapillariec associaleol wih_
glomerulus_
Thewaler and Solulke arehans ferredh he nephran
at Oommans CapAulei In Hae kotproaimal tubule, Same
Suhstgances Sucb as amina acids 9lucose and Salks are
arSeleeHvely_reabsnr.bedand unuanted mnleules
are Qdded in Hbe_urine.
The krale themoues dousn inh helonp of Henle
Lnhexe bmoYe uaer s obtbrbed
Erom here Hhehlkrate_moves upmards inhHhe
 H alstalLubale and inally a he tollecking.cuct
Callec Hingduck_collecks durine rom many neprons
Ih urinc ormed in kidney cnersa long Hube called
ureer bom urekerait qoz aek ransprhed n Hht
urinary bladderand hen inw Hhe urehra

lhat are he meHnds used by plans » qek rid of ezcret

Dry k produck?
plank can qet rid of ticess of wakr byu rans piraion
Nashe makcrialsa be Shred in-teli yacuoles er as qum
and resin_especially in old ulen.lt also shred in he
leaves hat laker Fall ofe.

Ho ia Hhe oamount or urine producedrequlated 2

lhe amount af urine prodluted dependS on he amount of
exess aler and dieabued askes presentin ae bady
Some oHher tacnrs Surhas babitak of on organism
and harmane uch as Ani-diureic hormonr (ADu) also_
regulake Hhe amount of urine produ.ed

44 The kidneye in human heings are _a part of he Susemlar

L) Muhiion
Ch) Respirakon
LC) Excreiah
Ld ran Sportalion.
c ) in human DeingsHhe kidneys are a part ot he
Suyslen o r txtrehon

5 Whatare Hhe diferenLes behueen he bransport at

malrrials in ylem and phlbem
 -sivev

PANSPORT OF MATE RIDLS IN ULEM

Dxylem issuehelps in the ransport ot water ahd
HineYQs
ii) Jlater. is ransporkedi upuoardl& rom ronk hh al
pther plant pars
L(i)_Irongport in ylem bcCurswith he help ot Simple
physicalbrces Suth a hranspiraliDn pull
TRANSPDRT OF MA1ERIALSN PHLDEH:
i Phlbem Hssuehelpr in theranspoyt of nod
i)Eood in is honsprkedin both-uploard and douonward
direckion
Li Transport ot lodd In phloemrequires
energy in
Cprm f ATP.