Ms indha

Hod. Bioloqy P

Clxhn 5: 1gesti*on

Nuhiton in
n hum ans take place in stoqes
. nqesthon ,

2.Digestion
3. Absorption.
4. Assimilation
S. Egestion.

ngeshion he acd of takingfood into.. the nuauhis

-a
called. ngestien
downof langeasolubie,
2Dgestion: Digestion is. th breaking
Com pley moltcules..o.to. Small, soluble and simple_
mole cules. so thatthe. dgested end- producta can
enterthe. tells. LICSsS stqeu
Jood Aheam.
Ligeston includes bothu
chanical digeston (mastication n thenavth, churnioq_
Stomach pehistalsis).
Chemical digestion lachon of the en2y mes aswell 4s
othen5e.ruhons_ bile.).

Ciacstive System . - --

Digestion place.nthedigestiye Systen hece Mmont

name tor the
diges tive 6tem.s the gut.andhe
hefor the digesh've sys tem is
scienhhcname thealimenta
Canal **. '*-'** "*4'd -
The digeshive system is made u ofhe tnowing organs
OMouh
0esophagus
Stemach.
Smal ntestine
lange intestine
tectom
Anus.
mouth ;
Oesb phaqus

Stomach

Hanqe Asmal intestne

Sntethnd
uchm

CrossSectfon othe_qut:

Cnosssechon0fthe qutshouws a hollow space-n- the

Middle aoon_ AS- umen

thequtS mascuB,qlan duulan,vas.culan (bleod

TheNall O}1 vesselc

ThemuLscles nthe qui aL_O 2 types, ciscdah and - - -

Contac andilaxa.lternately
Lonaitvdinal. Tht
aiter nate contaction ondÍehration.ef he qut
Due tothe
MUS.cAes Hu fsod moyes down th a
iK m enon a peistalsis..
ave
n he gut release enzymes__andoher_ Sectethico
The alands
hat help adoestion
Thtblood vesselsCaLLy blood Dheutandher efot qiv
naurishmeototh qud.
Tood t oyugen
 Pep

is Moistand slppery dnd thal uduc

The qutUnina

icion faodMoves dosn he

Dicshion He 11OUfL-

movth i Sfoiled
the. eh..
rutngueand mashicaltd by
-an types--Leath
Incisors tobite)
Canines(4otea)
remolah (to. crush _and. qtind).
Molan 4oCrUshand gind).
-

Sivc alandHLleases saliva hich . sCarried hy

the Salivauy duct into i
zlva bas the foloeinqtunchions:
Saliva Contain.sSaliuahyamulase hich bhLaks doen
Stanch jato maltose neak at

Saliva Centains bicanbonatesuihich_maintain aA_pHof

in the mouthlhisphisaptimumtor the saliay
nylalLfoUDtk.
SalvaConfainsmuGUS hich. wbcicates foodand thLls..

Makes wAllocinq. Lasier. ***

hhemou,Mechanical-diqeshion takeAlace.. Ohich nvelvej

ticationby-teeth dROgULPalling.. Thesenciasetht
toad Semote enzymc a n 4 . r
t
Chomicas. ai Lsion als tale.place.hi hiavelves sucha-- d
Saliva amylesë nc nulcus Whieh aKES_thetood. ntz
belus. Changes/converts
 nhe.Oesophu q US
Di4eshom
om mevth
he boluspa8es heoesophagus-
released but the. Salivaruy-
OLSophaqus n. nz4mesaL: t h e S t a n c h i o t o m a l t o s e .

buah-down
Rmlase
Conhnuues to
Mtanwhle penistalsis takesplace.

Diagstion in thestomach: oesophagusto the stemach

fiavels hom The
Ihc feod nou

thscandiacSphincier
hich-preuets

a alye- Called
hrough
backfiou of bouus
he Stomach_containsahid pit
Jhiwalls ofthc whichsecnete:

itsLantain ashic glands

Pepsino 4en
Mucus

uninacie
thetolawia4inehions

Hy drochlotic aid has

breaks
tpepsin-prefease)--Epsin

PLp5inogen
HCIActnies
-protein in pephdes
down tehstomach which is
acidicpH.e
2
2 HCLaiVesan.
hepepsin tonchon
-opHinum-
3) HCLKLSthe hacteciapreseat

nuiclEs,thetlissnathun.

besidls Hh circulan and lonqutvdinal HCLto

calledablique.whichhULNSLhe
baluy with
ue
Lonventthbalusinto_an acidicclyme(uid)
 small intestine
Ducstion hc

Smoll
te Stomach
Thc chyme pases om
Called h Pylot ic phitn.
ntestine. througha valvVe backflow f th chne.
pre ven1s he
PylorieSphincler
into pants
Small itestine is divide d
Due d n
Ieum

I the duodenum typese Secions

He duodinum,. theni an
O Pancniat'c jvice. Carritd
he

KLiCAsLd. . by -Hhc farer nd

pancreahediet.

duodenum
Pancreatft.
by
juce hasthe-fellowingunetions:

tn alkalin pt
. w h i c h m a i ntains.
Contrins bicanbonates
cptimium.forTht
which..is
the duodeniim
ef Z r y p sinog en
en2yme_achvy

Amylase dnd Lpase

1 contain.s TIHpsinegen
Lip ae
bruaKs docn.stacchto Maltose
isinuctive.Amyase
nd- glycerol.
bruaks doun lipisvetofaty acids
IpsinogeM secomes Typsin TAL Sepanate pcipts.
or@c rokd pephdes
- -

the.
ladt
gallL blaar
producedby-thluven, storedin
BL is biL_duct..
ind coricdto th duodenum. by
sgrecn in
ColowL.
Bu --

eil has lLe fotlvtwing Ancions eUhalses heacuic

n natu and
AlKaline
chuyme
 bnndhd
Ho D-Biologu
1 emulsifies ipids which. - meansitbruaks.doLon lanqe
dropleisf ipidinto Smadropletsthuincae as he.
_SLface anua for ipasetoa on.

In_ izum yhanole

Tn theium peristalsis takes place nd alls afthe ileun
uease the falousingenzHmes.
UcrASe brLaks_doonSDerese toqlucos.et tue tose
faterolkinase
activates upsinoqenso trypsinLprotease_anzyme)
ypsinbmaksdouonproteintopeptides..
a Lpase _bnaks douenLipidso fatty acdds and alyeerol.
Lactase bntaksdouonLactoseolwcese and alactnSe_
Encpsin (Peptidase) buaksdownpeptides to amino_acidi
Malfzse bheakedeuzn Malfo se t qluicose

Th PLOr of diqutons -Campleted in thilwmd=

Smallintestint.Thedigested end-produch a n
ènino atids monosacchacids(gucose, ftuc tose, qalactose),athy
acids_nd gycenol-

AbsorptionAbsorpton _is_dhine
d as Hhemove.meal odigested
) end products tiomhe the bloadstréáim
Sioce aps absorption hhesplaceacross thiill um n -
lzumis adapted.fon absorphionn te t6llowingw.au

The walls. heLAun longnd elded.The

tolds Coatrinfingen:lkepeajecticns..calledlliand each
ios_contains monuprojechions caledniciovili.Aithese
******
1nchid

ver hin s theii Co

th
aiffusion.
um iS Clos ely ASsociated t thu bicd vesitl
T
dilfusicn gracbent is maintunt
steep
Se hat absorption is fauten.

Absorptfon o guucese nd Smino_ai ds:

7luccse nd aminc acids a abser bed by heUtte
dithusicn di ffusion andachiye hianspent (hcE ia

Abserpticn o tats Acod Candiovas cuular t e . f

Lymphlympatic Sqstim,
hi
ndqiyecrol.. a
toity acids3nd nof taken bg
dinict ly. Thy enter the tubes Sn1himiddk
blood she am
lfcalled lacteals..-lacteals. *ane c pant of
ofthe
u m phahe system.Sofaty acids and lycerci
ycere
cariedby he ymph .ite the. blood Stream.

imucteo fsiti rhich

und conporaled ints dc als

digestd predues w a n
rom h bloodStaaam/ dakan p by the alts.
eq, Ths amine acicls had entei hcells an ud 6 te
e Ho Make tellulan po tens.
emaend ofF
Eqtsticn Netall the food ae digustst, Th digasta, foos
pooses wwon l u tb ku. lange indashe fhough a
Valve. faLus a prvduaal n ke large estine. The
Lomjonents ffutac a caflutose 1oha, wala adead
.Cllb, blo Pigrenb, baclera
. draces
 hom fhe Lguid chynme.

afer.ISreabsArbed.-by.
* * * *

In the a14eI0iesfine,theeycess de
thebload.shieAm30d- t h u s t h e becomeSemi-Selid.

Thefaecesarchenstored 90the necium_andExpellEdby s)

ds)
Hhebedy_dhio ugh. heAnus by-peristalsis.
Theumaval ofwodiqestednemaias_of foad_fiomtLbody-
CalledLqeshion.-