Ms- Bnincdha

Fa
H o biolog

in fAnimals.
Chapter 6:Iranspant
are Supplied io
nutrients
Iransport is a process by w hich tom he
removed
waste preducts are
thecclls an d
CoDs tant.
Thisis don &.. to maintaun homeo tasis a
Cels

nternal environ ment )

needed
Tn yn'icellolanorganisms . .a tans pont Sustem.. is no
art a volu nm
becauAe he have a
hiqh S wnace
- Out
dilrusion alont s eno ugh carry
and.
all ans pomts em
Ln mulhcelunlan. orq aus ms.a ranspo n_SyS
vo mLe a i o ,
have low er Sunjace a U a
because the Out. a!l a n spor's,
and diftusion is not enouah to Car

rans portsystems an be of.2.types:

Can diovas.cul an Sysfem
y nphatic System
Candio vas.culan. System-nc udes
theheant , blood vcssels.
The tans porhina_medivm is blooc
Ly mpha ticSyste incudes the mph. duct.,lymph qlands
.mpin.VeSS els. Th anspor in medi um is ymph.

CaediovsCLU aa Sgtcn
ts fonLPs )
Iy
sus pension.
BleedBloodsan oayeooS of eelts .

and
Cell ragm ent5 a

Blood contauns 5 plasma9- 4S7 cells.(rua blood. cells

whife bloodcell an d. cellagments (platelets
 Plasma Plasma is he liquid pant ofblood....Itcontzasns
20 watee and 10ydissolved. substanCes:, which include:
Digested . end products (glucase,amin
aids
Exenuton4wasteprodue ts.(Uma
Hormonesand anh bodie
VitninSand MiDenals
Cointhe osm ofbicanbo nates.
Plasma prroteins(proth1om bin
tibrunogen)
Plasma _alsocarties heat -around
the
-body
Blood

4s
55 Cells + Celttagments
platelets)
plasma (reTrDO

lo
water- dissotveed-
Substanees
Gode Ix
Red blood cellsLLruth eoytes)i cydescets

Red blood cells pres.ent i_blood

Theirwnehon15 catr.gox4enall aO09dthe bady, thene fone
th anaadapte.d o.carryOUtthis hnction.
RBCsU iat,bioneave_discs
AmahurehumankBC.does nothave_anucleus.
The shallodepresson undthelack onueleuSboth increale
h
swnfacein theKBCSt hold moh haemogobin
 aem obn ont.
ic
l a c CPlcin
muSala.OX
moRigmen is
ivestnszianlounzzaoa

CTon Y hae
aao
C Med ch haemoglobin
Piqment
Haemoqlebin i s a1 - P t o f e i n . chains.a n d r o n l
Up f 4 polypeptide
is made
makehaemoglobin.
ofIrron tu
*Fonction
a-high
a1nity or ayger
Thehacmoqlobiahas to torm
torm an unstable
an--
haemoglobin can

Oxygen
bndstothe
therefore thè
compound--called0xuhaemaglobin
and
casiy neleasethe0xy qe.
Hhenefere
thinand
The walls_of KECs
the. ane
easdliffus ionofaxHRE- They do
enables
mitochondria and thene fora
BBCS Contain noK y e n t h e y C a r r u K B Cs uspiru
not USe pthe-

anaehobically months..
aule spanof3to 4
RBCs have Hed bone martow
e manu f i c t u n a d i n t h e e
RBCs
and Sternum 7bra>t bene
tubs v1tebnae
RBCs_are
blood, nofte Hhan Saillion
ln 1mms f
pnelnt-
Smalonini2e fhan WECs
KBCs aru Mueh
RBC 1: Ga0 (ansovat
The Ha ho_of..waC
Underthose.
Inhi h_altihwdes he Oxuqin Coneniislo
ciscwmStancesthebocyhasaNadaptahan called-
htnthebodyisacclkmatsed, the ud
a celimahis.ahon
bone marsotw
m anufactus mone BCJa had it_canries.
mone0aEAM.
Th hatnMoglobin h a highur afinihyfop mbon
mont xide tco)than O2 So he Coispres ent.
i blsod haLmoglobin inds toco instead._of-0
Therufpnu,teOKy genvranApoh 7n.. thebady*s_ceduced.
Oxyaen anspont n the body:

OguqenS hiqhen inlongs than the blood surrounding eëlus

7hus, a difhs'on gHadientsset
om the
up. O Oryqen difhue
ungs to the blo od. h the blood, exygen
en terns the Red blood cells and binds to the
hatmagebi
to form he unstable _oxy haLmoglbbin. The
is then
oryhaimog/obin
canried authe nespiring celns.As th
o y hamo lobinbindsto theraspirio09 cells,a
is highen
0ygen
n btood- than10 he respiting- ceis.So
diifsion radient isset upOugen15ruleased
kom OYhaemoglobin/ond it_lfusey nte h
the

respirin9 Cells Theruore. RBCs. become-free to. bind to

moru O2og ain.
A
lungs blood Blocd Rr's
Side weus
kot

ig: Recs --

HuehanisM Movemunt E.duttusian

 v

I03 N1)
Gnade IN anl (y
INhide Blaod Ccils (leu cocy ies):
to he be dy
defense
White blood cells.qive
NBCsarLmainy 2types

an_irrequlan shape.
9 PhagocutesPhagocytes.have
Thyhave lobed. nucleusS
-Phaqocy tesau_almost _he S ame.Si2eaS
J
R.Cs
phagocyfe Yhagocutes.possess eme boicd moion..
Thi givedefense.to thsbodyby. apface.
calledphago.cytosis_Lcel-eating).
omephago.cutesmaveto tha tisSus a n d
pntom-phaqo.cutosis in_the tissues7hey an
matRophaae Calledmacrophages3nd haxe ânirregulan Shape
dnd-aSmall.beanshaped uelMs.
hago.cutesand maetophag es ane manutz eruzLd
in he edkenemarrou

2) Lympho eutes:
mpho.cuteshavean.tstqvlan shape ànda-
lange sphericalnucleus
The an uch langen than
the RBCs
Ih Lproduuce.din he bonu
aswllL_a fh 4mph nodes marcau
They ~vedefense to#e. bedy
hg ymphioou pito duuci.anqanti b
Their üfespan badiesLp tein)
ka

1shom sevenal.
ycais daysto Sweal
 pothogen 7 dizale

Phagocutpsis
Nhun anythinq tom outside (pathogen/qemm/puicroorq onism) enters
the dy 1 s detected by the phagoay tes as o r 9 n
bo

Phagecu tesant the fnstwBC to give defensetothi

bodybyphagocytosis. Phago c tosistakes place g
fnguikng Thephagocyte
cuyteproducespstuudepodia 5
engulfthe gtem,phag o0yte.-
Inqestion: 7h_enquifedpothonis taheniato the phagoy
a Vacuole

Digeston Enzumes in he ytoplasmof_thavacee

Phagocytes-will_buak douontnL Vacuole and hus-
the 4ehm 4S desfroued

Phagoeytes_ natspecitic. They dukoy thehazmpud as we

a he harmless micmoorganismsS
Rafhogns
ntibodies_On the membane ofthe psayle
oduetion 01
OnL Leu Mkens alltdanhgca. Thes anL ucaqusea
byAe mphocykeS..
theuynaphoeytealivids-totocam 2 e
Tn sponse,
Ces Ltiveuynaphocuyteatndmiamotyynupho.oyte

givedprimayesponse byproducing_
Achive yupho.cyt Pathoqer
tein_cellecantibo.dita ki the ka
A_Salubu. pho
emohyUympho.cytesstaynth bload butdo 1pcaduc
antiba dis I{theanniqn isdete.cted again1n h
Miaoha phoeyits. v. SLcon.danu hesponséby
body
Hapidlu Aur0uiagth-pathogen.
Th Setcóndany_nsponseis tabter hantheprimary epense
 b i g q bo nes

rudden bonu
CAnods part
hAdrow Pe

Nays in whi'ch
antibodies destroy pathogIS
se that
pathoq e n s clum P toqefh
A n t i b o d a c a u s ethe
jnqestedbythe-phaggt

thy Can be-easiy So

OnAhu-pathog-
bedisput_cell m ankens/ant'qens
Anti
thai-theycanbe u c o g n i se d / d e t e c f e d .

bust pen
cause th bac t e x i a l . c e l l s t o
Antibodies the oxinsprediuceelby-
Antiboodies_Rellase nuumalse.

producinq antitn xins

bacteria by
i s v a e t i n o hkar
L m o h e n _ m e t h o d o _ a n i h ç i a s d e l e n s e
Limmunity-
An f e b e i o j e c t e d into_te
Aallotw~athinqs can
Lohere tt
bleodsheam
Antiaen
Weakdoseo.f miecoorgaSn-
dead mitroorqanism.
texins.
micro.acq anism(basteria
with ao netion9
qeneb.cally moelu hied
hese entec ints e . bleodsrCamsIt
ihn dnd i t . i g q e a s
th ympha cytes
is peLoanis cd o aumphaCyteSa
Produce m ot
Lgmphucytet Pafhoqen eintëcstehody

at If heSBme
he mmory Hapidly
ymphoeyte destsoythe pathaq.eA

Dfertntis
ninchorv
Shap
Si2e Or ps
colown mion..

nueleuS **

- mitochondr ia

*
tik span
 bio loy -Hob
Ms Biolba ,*

u-1o
Dlerences behoeen WBe an d R.BC
Ked bloo d_Lells_
hite blood-eells.
1 Bi con
cave.dis.c ike shape.
Red Ked in colouUL. 1)-Irequlanshaped
Smalleinsi2e ColounleSs
Non- ame boid 3)Lag e in size
Mohon Possess
4A Amu boid Motion.
funchon- Carty0ygen
lvcleus-absent. hnetion_qive duense
E itnehoadria-absent Nucleus z prrisent_
ufe span 73tD4- Mitachondria z_present
monhs site. span 7 sextal daus h
sweTa eirl
EXis in_ene prm
AExist io seLenal Torms
(Hhromko.cute.s9-
CeHagpMents
Plaleleds -7 randon tagnans.

TheyaLLelL_haqmenis which meansthey aTe not l y

tor mecd eells
Irregu a7 shaped andhave no nueleus
iespanis -10days-
In_pen mm 2 blood400,0O0 plateletsanePreseot
7 They plauauitalrole Lnble.od clotinq
Blood Cleting: Cadlo
Blaod clotting - r o ceSSinwhich SKIn
Loouhd in hA ot
ssealed This glusprate.ction/munityto tha bodu becaus
pathoqens_cannotenter H Dodyblo.adelothingzksphce in
Series04 rEachons;
Thisaiyu MmunityLdulense atpsevensents pafhoas
 tt tiss uL act
Cut hu 3kin
When here is a
platelets rea cE
dumaqed hss u and.Hs
damaq Cd. The
throm bc K inase
torm an en2 yme called
thrombo kin asse activates thi plalma prc te in
The
hrombin. -
acive e n z y me
Prehrombin. o an

thronubokinase
pro hYoM 6in > thrm bin

conve ts - Fhe Soluble plaima

The thronnbn. now
ibreus ibr in
phetein ibrinoqen insouub le

throm bin fbrun

S ub hbrineg en

i9 The ibrin tor ms a tibrous mesh. in..- the cut Fes

the. blood celis olood C 2 e u t . - Tis

rops as

aden s and r Ss blec clot

een tuay a

Bocd Vessels
Blcod vesselsaTtetubes that einculate blood a l l
Pihoia aro un d th
body **

cells
3 loc d Vessels ATe ef
ef 3 ypes anfecies,cap illaues
Colla and veins.

VcSSt!S:
T ini
eptlia Cros sS Sectionthrouah 1he blood. vessels showa
hellow. Spac
h e l i o

Called umen. that carries blood.

The uum enis
Surrovn de dby Singu ayen Cel4
calledtheendohelium.he-. o the i um s a l s e
internal
layer. (tunica Tntima) . Called.. t
ISorro undina h in ieenal layenis mid d Lay U
tnca medi a)
 ch
contai'n elastic ibnes
Sunouncungthe
-hich mi ddle
3nd
3nd uAcles

Contzins layeistuevdernal
collagenfibnes. layL.
wnicaertuna)
ArterieS6
Arterien_ae thoseblood vesselswhich.
blood fiom the
umen hewntto all paats CarLuOXugenatid.
o the antery othe
The anteries havea isnarrower than body
the veins
needselastie averythick_riddls
fibtes-and layer becae it
museles to withstand
bloodpressure the_high
Capillaries
Capilaiesace the
narrOLOestblood yesse Is.
api llaies SDLLound--alltheorqans. (narrowen
vun is han
ba). aTteries,
They Carry bloocl
The oude layer o komtheanteieso
the
the veins
and t containspokes. Lapilaniesis the endathelium

Veins aLthos bleod vess els_ thatcarcy deo xugenaiie

blood
fiomall-pants sf he badytothe keant
Veinshay a -lange Lumen
layeh anda_hinmiddle
Thy
TheyContainvalvesthatensuttethat h bloodHows
in on cihchion._
 P2

r irice, cyil ic: and vns

Diue bidcen

Capillar íCs Vein

ricrics
tcaurcs
.irdisak2
Diagnam Prre

ume

uMn

presenE
pres.ent
teal laye present
endo the lim
Kesent (hick) Absent Prussat Hia).
Mdd laye- Present
Enal layt Present - Absent
Natseuv. Narrewer wide
Lumen prsent LExupt
AbsentL Absent
Val ves -CAY
Abstot
Cuta

present Aseot ve
Poreb Both luixed Deoxygenated
Nahune Oxyqenated
blood (except for polmonary Cencept Pulmonary
antery, umbiuca vein, ombiucas
antery vin
leod Bessune Lo least-
Hhigh-
Dinuchion t o Heantto alu. hetery to vein ALpants of hody
bodsy to heant.

Polse Absent Absent

Whu--pulrmon 1y Veunddp hot have Valves

premuR

blood flo One deohn

Kaep. h in
 Jhe Heart: (hlo)
7heheant..is.aMys.culanpunupinq 0rgan
s reddishbrown in co lo un belo
hora
zTtÍs 4htsizee_aelen.ched Ast
zTf weighs200-300 9 Chon

14is is conical_ia shope whene theapeyisSughtuy

iHed towands theleft
The heanis placed inhe thotaci.eavihs inbetween he
lungs

Strueture and adaptafion_ofthe heart h10)

Theheari is enclosedwithin a membrane colled thE-

pecicandial membrane_sac.Ihe penicandial sac_nuleases a_ fiuid
called the penieandialtuid shichhas 2 finchions:
-d)Keduces fichion/Pevents fricsior
heart
hevents tood tiom m qgttins
oven Steetched or Oventilled r h
blood

Section throuah t h e heaetShows 2 sides, the t

s i d e A n d therightS1de. Thecight sidearies_depxyea
Iheightside
blood,ut4side cassies0xygenated blood.
and the uti sde f t h e h t antisseparatedby e
median: SefPhim-,Ldhich prevent
MusCuan shRelcalled-the
OXygenctedAnddoxygenatedblood trom mixin9

ppechambensttheheantE Calle d_ahia dnd.

Th
theiouen chambers ofthe heant aLe CallLd _ventricle. So
th un chambers fthe heant anL right atiium, rght
ventricleefatnivm, leff _veptriele
 FE

atria, becawse.
the
he atria, becase
thicker
thieker walls than
han
have which
which 0
ous
venthicles ventsieles
The blood to th
atric necds to pump ventricles
v entricles
he Wherl as hu
distance away, and
and
a shent
ponts the. kody of.
cn
at. the other
Pump bloodto
orce
c t en foreee
to qenerafe a. geoteT
therefore nee d
thicker walls
venticle has
left
Amonq he 2.ventricles, becausethe right
right en tiícle _6nly
ventricle_only
ventriele, shont
han the right which awl
are
a Shont

Pvmpsblooc
to the - ungs
Lefventticle..has to bto pumpP
away wheneas thenufpre.
distance othenpurts-ofth bodynd
to allhe.
lblood..
dsoq0wiate.aqrLaten. force..
with
beatngwith
bating
builmechanism of
The
hianthasHsin
iatrinsic rhs
inatrinsic rhs thmieity thi ths
kn0Lon. asthe dels no
a.rhythThis
beats on its ewn and
t heart.
htantThentsbrL,

theenngy of he.body.
Vse.vp
Candiaemusclessh a t n e v e n t a t i g u

Theheart.also has nomish meni rom_asepanate..

Thehtant.. qets. its

antery_Cafled. the Coronay tery.
atium a n c t h e rqht.. venicle,
betoRentherigh
In caltcdtht tri.cuspid valve
Va/ve
herreisa valve here
afnivmand tht...utt.ventiele
Tn behoetn t h u f 1 bieupid valve.
valve
callecl.he
isavAlve.
ane trgehen e
bieuspidvalves
The tricuspicdand. valves..
atio- ventriculan (AV)
Called Av Valves is to pniveat back
tunchion01 the
In me
The he ventric(es toth ateia.
blood rom. still w o n ' t t r n nsids
ou
valves
of hiah prumuwl, th tendonsand
tendonsAnd
au atfhchtd to the hent by .

because they
 Hhe endonshold.them.bach an position.

Blood Vessels Connected_to Ahe heart

Veins Catrubloodinto the_heart

Actecies carybbod_ausay tiom the heart..
Jheveinthat. Cadesblood to the right sideef the hea.t_(tight
-ALna,)iscalled the ena cava. t is Hhlangest veinio he
badu AL veins n thebod unitete fésm the yena_cava.
he venacavacatdesdeexugenated blood fiom all pants ef the
bedyintothedght atrium.
The einMat Carias blood tothe left s1de ot th heant
isCklled the PolmonaryNeiO Polmonaryvein carties.
atrium
-OXygeDatedbl@o.d omthe lungs tothe Lft
is
The_antecy ohich comeSot of theight ventricle
t h e p u l m o o a r y a n t e r y R l m o n a r yartery
carries
Called
deexygenated theight ventricleto the longs.
blood
The anteey
dhichcaLLiesblood fnn the leti vent.icle is
Called_the aorta.Anrta ishelangest Attery-of t

anterie.S nite. toorm the a0pta. The aorta

body A
OKy4enated blood from he ieft ventrieleto all
Lacnier
pants{the body

he Cacdiac Cycle
diac.Cucleisthesequsaceef
place
ventsthottake
Can
bÉatkcan diaccycle nvolve
Cempefeheart_blat
between 2n Lat1ia.
htlaxation.(_diasthle)ot
contrachon Lsystalt)_and
and th entricles-
.
bhonol
SychleR dia snie C

n oglu b nos aod n lod

o u not h

want beat involves h tollowinq fewn stage.

tach
Atial dias tole
The atria is nlave d.
Blood íouss kiem hroh the russpective veinsto (oio
atria.
atria ànd Stant ftling up the
AIal Aystolk thi aft ia
The attia contact_, blood prwnun
tiulan(t D
incruas tS. Blood pushes pen the atio-ven
dndthus.bloodiows h o m - e aia.to Hs
velves
ventricles.-

enticulan Systele withblood,Fh

shevetricles_.qet Hlle.dup
prreswnLMCL ales.
ventieles contractan d tHhe blood
bdt
to the -afia
T blood his te fo wback Pulse
isPruyenfedby
thtclosin q 0f heAV Valvess arte
producing a loud ubSound. hap
c e s o p t e n t h l S e m i -uunan (SL) 1alves
Ib blood. now-for
te ateris dnd
ne
hat aruprestnt.a th opening-of ela
Venteielesto. thee thn pants of
blood tiows hom H
arterits.
b o d hrovah
ht specive

Ventriculan diastole
As teblood fiowsto_the atecies. Kom the venicles,
nd. the Prmuncinthe venhicle
he Ln tricles.rulax.
bloocl preduwein the anteries incrLa
drcruase andhe
Theblood
Th tiiestoftouskach
ackfohevent i elesbut
t h Sprev ented -oytha elosing
ofthe semi unan
sound.
valve,--producin a 5 o f t dub
Comple te htant beat.
Thufs
 ED2 3

a o r 1 a

Polmno
iahi-
Le yét
attivra

bicr voe
velve Tight me dionSepiurn
veiic
ntile

Fiq: Blbod fiouw n the heart_

he
tiowsrom the ventrieles o
Pulse: Jben
antecies he blood
hec-4deries_dilate v
Thenvt netn
i .t
c iu
clla
ann-d
d iia
asst
toel
lae
i n t h e _ aanderiz
nterie
in the
andtheprussure
incneaseBndpreswwintheventsiclesdecnease
h a p p e n s L V e n t i c l i s e l a x e d ) ,

Artecies_ane

highprusune they
hahire
Md_du b the
elashein antenis
ecoiuna blood in- the.
Duto the bleod i n the adeu
eeol motion-
motion-
Thu
wave- lIke
in aVes
Lallh dpulse

Cieculahion paisageot
blood aAround2
blood raund

is_defined asthe
Circulation
clos ed
th bod a n i m a l s n c l u d i a g h u m a n s b l o o
d-fows_ithin
circulatorySystem
n ThnLfoteitisaclosed

blood vesselc. bloodfiows within

othen-handin- nsects,
On
On the
he
nthtboday ths1 s_éalled
handonaspace
epem
an o p e n C i rC u l a t o r y S H I d e n
 Ja

CloseeC.s
Opcn Cs

lews in random
1)Blood
) fiow within
)lcod blood vesselc
Closed
.

Spaccs .
pn i di'ruchon of tio
Ther
)No dinec tion of ttow 2)
alucose and oygan
Cauicese and oky9e 3 Suppued_ to cells rapidy
Supply
7 cCils 7s slow. uwhi neded
renoed
removed Waste produc k a u
4) Wast products
hom cel1s rapidy.
hom ceils slowy.
-fhe qill s , blcod
s picked..Up_by
In-tishes, o xyqen
and.q0es. to
theheantánd. and h i r
becemes Okygernated
oody.So - in eru complute
complefe
othn pnts.otthe
fea his Called
Ciruitplood passthe heant once
single citculatiorn. o i
in o
passsthe_heanthwice
n animals, blood
cincuit. This is. caleddouble cinculoton
compleie
involve-tho. kinds af
Dowble einculation inhumans
cindation..
Pulnmonacycircllahon
Sustemic cireulation

Connects the heant a. the

the heart to
D Connecds
all pants of -he booly. lungs P
tHows under low
2) Bloodtiowsvnder )Blood
pruss wW
high PHKW
Ensuus qucose and fnwws keient gaseous
13
are Svpp lied to exchange
OHqen
and aste
thecells;
product ae removed fia cells -
Direction of Crculafion:
Bron

PdmpncoyY
puimorar

vein

aorta
Cava

Oxygenated blood.
hepadie arter

ok eiy .

1 hepehc pora
veir

remstbaKA antery.
 H r t beat is .measue d as heart Tate, wich meansS

uimbeof beats po miute.

Heant nale =No. beats
time n iutes.

Usvallythe heantbeats.. 0 7 0 times per minute, hut

thtsCan changein- een trin Situahions and h e
chang au regulaled bneuouo.2. hwvnor
Cooo
 Coronafy Heart Dsease
lemin Smalk 6lced he,
he endothelium_ef the antery is Smofhh,
but 1 f can 9E1 damagtd
damagcd
When does geidamagedthere uwillbean be inflammaon
Within thi infiammation WCSandfaitu- tances
especially eholestenelstanttochump wLh time the.
olump get3biggen. and handens to plaque
Lalle dJ the atheroma- the a (bunst thiough).
Th atheroma uLp tunLSTht_endothelom
tms snd
the tery. As the bloodclot bigaen
blood e loiting- gtsbigqit,
umin gets
narrouwen and the blood prwsswnincnlae
as he blood tlowIs wAricted
wI rult in a pantialoComplete blackage
This
antery he blockagee 1sinthecoronanyatey
deprivedo blood d 0Suppl hich
theheand will be
mwclt
 F

e'ad to htant altnck

Can

m o r Aeu o
blockap. n thu hart
Case

bjocKag
egion deprived of O

he disiast
hatierLasche isk o LoreriGiu
Fueturs
a-nots incuase
iulin crase fhe
fhe
Det Adiet_nich in cholestenol
heant. distase
ruskof. Cofonanuy
With mone blocdpresue, thuu_i .
high. blood prusswIe. inuases
be motte damage. to the anfenies which
and thu Usk of coTonau
athiroma- formation
hant distase inereases bleod.
things:OCTLe ases
Omoking does 2
Smoking
Smoking 7

and makesblood clottina tosten.Ths

pres we
nisk.ofLoson auheant. disease
more
incruayes blood presuwu andthus
Sttess Stess
ncriasestherisk of Loronauy heantdiseasc
Uduces bloodpuMu cnd_also
Lack of exercise EYencise Mseles
lack of
makesth. heant, horgn7huufent,
Jeadtea natenusk ot.ch:
xencise
Henedit Someindividuals nheit aruuatennsk
C H D.
Áraniustas-
Wihage, 11.. uisk rcer.onaty
incuaseA beCse the ateries lose i elasticLh
mou
i t h t . . ageof50, mun aJL. tims a
nendery .
Sex corOnary-..heajt du seasethan
hkely to have.
t e . 0 eSh oqe homonA A. edmE
WOMen, becaLse
 Pez

dltuses eut of
Thus-a d ltusionqtadient is set up. Lo mov bau
hssue tuud tai
he rganinto thehssue fiid. 7ha
DtM Capliatiu_dndthin q o fo h
vejn nd
hus,veids Casy de oxyqenated_bloed.

Thepre, hssue. fuid_isthe Site ofychange hehoeen_blood

Bnd orqan
nchons.
actions_o blood Blood_has2main
ranspont funchion
l u n g s t o a l l p a n t s _ o ft h e bodu
-anspont ofox4gen fom
Aonatherusping-cetlstohe lun4s(
ranspont. oCO,
Canbonie acidorbicarbonates)
konsported as theiiva
praduets, homthe qui o
P
tHanspentot-digestedtood
Via he h e p a t i c P o r t a l v e i n a n d t h i n .
om Livea to Ehe

a n t t a l l p a n t s of
the bady- asuLLa
asteproduets,sUch

nitkogenous
Iransport af
theivento thekidneyS0Hhatthey_can be eliminated

hsouah urine -
fothein Tahqet
tiom. t h e q l a n d s
Tionsporto hornanes.

unac
Aaintain a.
orqans
Dis#ibuhon_ofheat.around.
the body

.
fempenatune
cytosisubichinvolvesenqvlhingnqcatinqand
Detensencthion
dgestng

Phago detey
heqerm hich.Antpiefej
e
-antikodes.
roduchion

pafhe qenl
Blood tloffirg-
Lynph Stom nA10%

back to thocapillatiesbus IC
tissuL fvid
90 of he qoes
toms The umph. Ths mph istsoansported
Slys bmek.. This 10
0
anothe SystemCalled the mphatic SystemThumph.
blood bud isnotdr*venby-punmpinq
Nentoallydrainsintothe

of he heari
umph movejinthe Dllowinq3-ways_

accumulahion ot mph
Due to_pressuTC ennated lay the
2Mdsculan_contiachioyn Iothebodu4-
backiow _ofymph,
Yre sen.ce ofyalvesshich prevent the

t h elumphahiesystemshsch
isthe tan.sparhingiuid in
Lymphis
ands umphduct5,u4mph yessels-
is madeupO1 mph

tanc&t nÁphaticSuttena
Transports0 o h issuftuid.
which4ive de fense
Lyaph qlandsralkaue/praduce lymphocuuu
ebody
zFats a not_diluCtly_absorbedbyhe lolaDdsteambuE.

panto4 the yuphaticSushemcalled e

the enten a
lactealhich CU. Preent the middle aLach vitlus

owmv