COM PUTATIONAL

BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT

A.VIGNESH
RA2211 003010839
L1 SECTIOnN
Cell cycle, cell vepraluchon D'f#ehentuion
The cell cyle is an chdened seues ob events

involnn cell 9vewth cet division that phoduces

two new daughte cells.

has two mye phases

The cel cycle
Tnterphase c e l l grawS DNA is Yepli cahetl

) mitohic Phase - Yepli coked DNA y toplas mic

Contents ahe Sepeated 9 cell di vides
Mito
nterphase
od 2 dauoheer
Cyiokine Cea

FOWD

nferpna riterpha
DNA Cell growth
synihes

Ouning intevphase, 1 invblves cell Yowth PYotein

Synthesis, the S phoss involves DNA Yeplicatiun the Yeplicahion

Of the centrosome, t a 2 involves futhe gYoW th proten mhess

The Mito tic Phose follows intevfhase Mitosis is nucleah

di vistun duhing which duplicared Chromosames ahe egnegaed

and dishyi bure into daughte nudlei.

CytoKinesis he cell ivide ofte mitosis in a
pO(eSS
called y toenesis in which tho ytopbsm is duidecl

and two daughteY cells aie fowmed.

 INTERPHASE
Duing interphase, the cell under goes noh mal proesse

while also preroning for cell division

The thhe Stoges of inteYphose ane G 1 5 ard 2

1 Phase
The fiYst Stage of intevphase s called the G1 phasee
(first 9apP) because ittle change is Visi ble HOweve, during
the a1 stoge, the is
cel quite acti ve at The biohemical level.
The cell is acuwmula hing the building blocks Of cho rousomao
DNA the assouated proteins, well
as as
aCcumu laing
enough energy Yesenves to complete the task Of
Yepkating
each ChbmoSome in the hucleus.

Sphose
ThYoughout inteYphase nuceai DNA Yemins in a

semi-condensed Chtomatin configuhation. In the S phase (synthess

phase), ONA epica tion Yeults in the feaion of wo tdenhcad
copies eoch
of Chxomos OTne sistey choomaids
Sister chroncuhds ahe fYmly atuched a centromSYe YGion
Each
hvomosome is mode up of twO Sistey
Chivoma tids is
a dupli cased

chromosome
The centrome is duPNcared
duning the S phase.
The two
tentrosome s
wi 8ive vi se to the mutotic
spind le , the op paha tus that
oYhestates the mouement of
Ohromosomes dunii ng mitosis.
The
cemros omo consists Of a raiY Of rod- like
Q
igh angles to sach orheY onhrioles
centribies help oYGanl ze cetl di
uisibn Centyi oles ahe
hot ese in the centYosome b wany ewetyoric Shejes
Ga phase
cell Yeplenishes
m the G2 phase secund gap, the
pYotein s neescoy
itG energy StoYes syn thesizes the
foY dhYomosune maunipu aiom.
some cetl ovganelles ahe dupliared, tho ytoskeleton
5 dismantied Prouide the mitotic
to Tesowces for spindle

THE MITOTIC PHASE

Mitosis is that Step in the cell cycie Whete
the neuwly formed DNA s sepeated tuwo new cells

afhe forrmed with the sane number ind of

chtomosomes os the panent nucleus.

Prophase Prormetaphase etaphase Anaphase relophase Cytokinesis

Chromo9omes CIromo5omes
are ined up at
Centromeres
n two
Chromosomes Animal celis a
ecome visade
E l opposite cleavage turrow
rse poles and begi separates the
to decondense dghter cells
Kunelocno atids
D e Om he Ppear al the
Each sister (now called
cernlrosones netes Nuclear evelope Pant cel5: a c
chrornosOmes) material
Nuclear envecg altacned are puled toward
surrounds precursor to a
Mabec sg die e hber
opposite poles each set of
Deaks down microtutules ew cell wall
c h to popce Chromosomes eparales he
Certain spindle daughter cells
netpchores ibers becin to The mitotic
elongate the cel spindle breaks
down
Spindle fibers
continue to push
PoRes apan

Spm 5 um

MITOSIS
 Duning meta phase
Chionnosomes ane aligned in a plarne called the
metaphase
Pla Fe o uatovial plane, Midwoy b/w the two Poles of the cell

The Sister (hromathids ahe shill

tightly atto ched to each
otheY. At his fi me, chromoSom eS ane ma ximally ndensed

During Arophase
he sistey chr omohids at the
ua toxial plane aYe split apa
Of tho centhYomee. EaCh chrorrahid row called
dhromo stme, is ulled
a pay fowandS he centrosome to which its qucYotu bule was
aod
The cel l beames visibly elongotd as the non-ánetoUho
microtubules Slide against eath oth eY a t the metaphase
Plate whee they
oveY Iap
Cytokinesis
The second payt of mitotic phase duiing which cell
di vision is COrnpleted by the physi ca seperatiom of the
ytoplasmc coro ponenS into TwO
daughtey cells
Attho
3n cells sudh as animals cells that bck cell walls,
GtDKinesis bgins follUwirg the onset Of ana phase

actively

Ce Cycle
Control of the cell cycle
The length of the cell ycle is highly variable even
within the cells of an individual organism
In humans the tunnoveY Yang9s
fYequency of cel
from a few houns in eanly em bryon)c development to an

oueTOge of two o five days for erithelial cells, t o an

entire human life Hme spen t in no sreia lized
by ce0s
SuOh as ( tical newos coandioc muscle cells
here is alsb anidahon in the Hme that o cell
Spend s in eoch ohase of the cell Cycle when f-ost -

di uidirg
marmmali an ce|lS ano grown in cultune (outstde the bodg

wnd uphmal 9rouing Condi Hons), the lengh 0b the

ycles
apevox n hYs
Jn
Yapidly diuiding human tells with a 24-houn (ell
aycle
the a1 phase 1aste aporox. 11 hS
The
inung b events in the cell yde iS controll ed
mechanisms thcu b
ae both nteTnal
Animal cell exteYre to the ce

Cleavage
furrow

Contractile
ring

b) Plant cell

88
Golgi vesicles
Gno Phase
NOt all cels odheve to the cossic cell-cydle
Paten in which a
nawly 0med daughtey cell immediats
entsns inteYphose followed by the mútotic Phase
clDsely
cells in the no phase a e not activety pveparing to
diuide The cel is in a
quiescent in achue) $rage,
eoted
hauirg
the cell cycle
Some cells enten ao
tempó\aniy wn til an
extenal sigro l tvig9evs fhe onset B Cn1 Othe cells
that nevey on Yanely dnde, Such ah
matuie Candioc
muscdle neue
ce s Yemn in no
permanently