Father Saturnino Urios University

Arts and Sciences Program

The
World THE CELL CYCLE
of the Course Code: BC 101

Cell JESSAN VIE M. TUBO

Faculty, Natural Sciences and Mathematics Division
jmtubo@urios.edu.ph
 What is Cell Cycle?

 Can be thought as the life cycle of

the cell
 It is an ordered series of events
involving cell growth and
development steps a cell undergoes
to make two new daughter cells
 It is a cycle rather than a linear
pathway
Why do cells have to undergo
Cell Cycle process?
 For growth
 For cell differentiation
 For repair and healing of damaged tissues
 For replication of genetic materials
 For reproduction of species
 Cell Division

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Binary Fission Mitosis

Meiosis
Binary Fission Mitosis and
Meiosis
Cell Cycle
 Interphase
Centrioles
 G1, S, G2 Chromatin

 Non dividing phase ( “decision-making

step”)
 Longest stage of cell
cycle
 The cell grows and copies its
chromosomes in preparation
for cell division Plasma Nuclear
membran envelope
e Nucleolus
 𝐆𝟏Phase
Centrioles Chromatin
 First Gap Phase
 Cell increases in volume
 Cell preparing all the
chemicals necessary for
DNA synthesis
 Duplication of organelles
Plasma Nuclear
membran envelope
e Nucleolus
S Phase
Centrioles Chromatin

 Synthesis Phase
 There is an active synthesis of
histones
 Genetic material of each
chromosome is replicated
Plasma Nuclear
membran envelope
e Nucleolus
 𝐆𝟐Phase
Forming mitotic spindle Centrioles

 Second Gap
 Start of mitotic spindle Centromere

formation
 Chromatin fiber starts to
fold to form a chromosome
Chromosome,
consisting of two
sister
chromatids
M Phase

 Cell division proper

 Dividing phase
 It is a multistep process for
the formation of two new
identical daughter cells
 Can be divided into two
types
 Cell Division

Mitosis Meiosis
 𝐆𝐨Phase

 Cells in 𝐆𝐨phase are not actively preparing to

divide
 There has to be an external signal to trigger the
onset of first gap phase
Cell Division:
MITOSIS
Mitosis

 Also known as karyokinesis

 Divided into a series of
phases: PMAT
 Prophase
Centrioles
 Chromatin condenses to form
Forming
Spindle
microtubules
Centromere

chromosomes mitotic
spindle

Centromere
 Chromosomes thickened and
become shortened
 Centrioles are duplicated
 Nuclear envelope breaks Chromosome, Spindle
Fragments of
down consisting of two
sister
chromatids
nuclear envelope pole
 Metaphase
 Centrioles are on the
Metaphase plate
opposite ends of the nucleus
 nuclear envelope is
completely absent
 Chromosomes are
completely attached to the
spindle fibers and move
toward the equator
Spindle Sister chromatids
Metaphase
Metaphase plate

Spindle Sister chromatids

Anaphase
 Sister chromatids start to
separate
 Two identical sets of
chromosomes move toward
the opposite poles
 Spindle fibers begins to
disappear
Daughter
chromosome
s
Telophase
Nucleolus
forming
 Chromosomes in there
respective poles
becomes enclosed in a Cleavag
nuclear membrane e furrow

 Nuclear membrane
forms Nuclear
envelop
 Start of cytokinesis e
forming
 Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm of the cell
split into two, making two
new cells
pinch the cells into two
parts
Cell Division:
MEIOSIS
 Meiosis
Special type of cell division in which the chromosomes
number of the daughter cell is reduced into half
(haploid)
Exclusively for gametes ( sperm and egg cell)
Composed of two successive cell division (Meiosis I and
Meiosis II)
Differences between mitosis and meiosis
1. Meiosis allows the exchange of genetic material between
homologous chromosomes when they line up side by side during
prophase I (synapses). This exchange of genetic material is called
crossing over which can occur between non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes.
2. The independent assortment of the chromosomes increases the
genetic variability among the daughter cells produced during
meiosis.
3. Alleles of the same gene separate during meiosis.
 Meiosis

Meiosis I Meiosis II

 Reduction Division  Equational Division

 Homologous  Sister chromatids of each
Chromosomes come in chromosomes separate
leading to the formation of
pair
four (4) mature sex cells
 Composed of four (4)
 Composed of four (4)
stages
stages
Prophase I

There are five events taking place in

this phase

L Z P D D
Leptotene Zygoten Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis
e

Formation
Almost of spindle
Synaps
similar to Disintegratio fibers
i s
the early Crossing n of nuclear
occurs Spindle
stage of over envelope
forming fibers starts
prophase in
TETRA to be
mitosis
DS attached to
the tetrads
 Metaphase I
 Nuclear membrane
completely disintegrated
 Spindle fibers are now
completely attached to the
tetrads
 Tetrads move to the
metaphase plate
 Anaphase I

Chromosomes
move from the
center of the cell to
the opposite poles
 Telophase I

 Cytoplasm divide and the

nuclear membrane is formed
 Cytokinesis I

 The cytoplasm of the cell split into two, making

two new cells (46n)
 Prophase II

Similar to the mitotic prophase

except that it contains haploid
chromosomes
 Metaphase II

 Formation of spindle fibers

 Chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate
 Anaphase II

 Daughter chromosomes move toward the

opposite poles
 Telophase II

 Reappearance of nuclear envelope

 Formation of four (4) haploid daughter cells
 Cytokinesis II
 The cytoplasm of the cell split into two, making
four new cells (23n)

END
Thank You!