Organic Molecule: Carbohydrates

Prepared by:
MR. KEVIN FRANCIS E.MAGAOAY
Faculty, SHS Biology Department
Learning Objectives:
 Define carbohydrates
 Enumerate and describe the four subtypes of
carbohydrates
 Characterize monosaccharide, disaccharide,
polysaccharide and oligosaccharide
 List examples of each subtype of carbohydrates
Overview:
 Definition of carbohydrates
 Four subtypes of carbohydrates
 Classification of monosaccharides (aldose and
ketose)
 Classification of polysaccharides
 Carbohydrates
 Are macromolecules that
provide energy to the
body, particularly through
glucose
 Composed of C, H and O
atoms
 Molecular Structure
 Carbohydrates can be represented by
stoichiometric formula (C𝐻2O)𝑛 which explains
the origin of the term carbohydrates
 Subtypes of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Simple Sugar

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides Complex Sugar

Oligosaccharides
 Monosaccharides
 The number of carbon usually ranges from 3 to
6
 Most of the name of monosaccharides end with
the suffix –ose
 Can either have aldehyde group (aldose) or
ketone group (ketose)
Aldehyde Ketone
Classification Monosaccharides
NAME Number of CARBON -ose NAME

Aldotriose
Triose 3
Ketotriose

Aldotetrose
Tetrose 4
Ketotetrose

Aldopentose
Pentose 5
Ketopentose

Aldohexose
Hexose 6
Ketohexose
Classification Monosaccharides
 Isomers in Monosaccharides
 Isomers are compounds that have the same
chemical formula but different structural formula
 Variation in the configuration of –OH and –H on
carbon atoms
Structural Isomer
Geometric Isomer
 Enantiomer

Each of a pair
of molecules
that are mirror
images of each
other
 are carbohydrates which vary
Epimers in one position for the
placement of the -OH group
Important Monosaccharides
Name of Sugar Description

Glucose Blood sugar

Galactose Milk sugar

Fructose Fruit sugar

 Disaccharides
 Formed when two monosaccharides undergo
dehydration synthesis
 Covalent bond forming glycosidic linkages
Important Monosaccharides
Name of Sugar Description

Maltose Malt sugar/Grain sugar

Sucrose Table sugar

Lactose Milk sugar

 Polysaccharides
 Are complex sugars
made up of chains and/or
branches of
monosaccharides bonded
by glycosidic linkages
Two Types of Polysaccharides
Starch

Storage

Glycogen

Polysaccharide

Cellulose

Structural

Chitin
 Starch
 Is a plant carbohydrate storage
that is composed entirely of
alpha glucose molecules
 Can be an amylose or
amylopectin
 Amylose is simple and outer
layer of starch
 Amylopectin is more complex
and is the inner layer of starch
Starch
 Glycogen
 Serves as animal
carbohydrate storage
and can be easily broken
down into glucose
molecules when needed
 Cellulose
 Is the most abundant
biopolymer
 Found in the cell wall of
plants and is highly
insoluble as it provides
structural support to the
cell
 Chitin
 Is the major component
of fungal cell wall and is
also found in the outer
coverings of
crustaceans and insects
for protection and
support
 Oligosaccharides
 Combination of
monosaccharides and
disaccharides or two
monosaccharides and
disaccharides
 Raffinose: Galactose +
Glucose + Fructose
 Stachyose: Galactose +
Galactose + Glucose +
Fructose
Summary
END