Some waxes are considered food safe and are used to co

other items that comes in contact with foods.

Paraffin wax is used in making chocolate covered sheets.
cuting boards and
CARBOHYDRATE
Carbohydrates are widely distributed both in plant and animal tissues Chemically they contain
the elements carbon and oxygen. Carbohydrate may be defined chemically, as aldehyde
ketones derivatives of polyhydroxy (more than one hydroxyl group alcohols on compounds that
yield these derivatives on hydrolysis. Sources of energy for living beingslis gluteuse. The
storage
form of energy is glycogen in animal tissues and starch in plants Non-digestible carbohydrates
like cellulose, agar, gum and pectin serves as dietary fibre. Carbohydrates are commonly
referred
to as sugars. Starch and sugar are the most important carbohydrate in human dict.
Sugars, starch, and fibres found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products Some includes
whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Carbohydrates known as saccharides are sugar oristarch
major source of energy. The saccharides are divided to four chemical groups:
Monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide Mongsaccharide being the
simplest (lowest molecular height) on the basis of the number of formung units, three major
classes of carbohydrate can be defined: monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and polysaccharide
The three categories of carbohydrates are.
1. Monosaccharides or simple carbohydrate or simple sugar. The terin lugar is referred
to carbohydrate that are soluble in water and sweet which are majoriy acose, fructose, and
las Tel
galactose. It is any class of sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simple sugar
feridose. The Botiga
Non-digestible carbol ydrates
Depending upon the number of carbon atoms they possess, c.g.
- Trioses.
telare corticel etend
- Tetroses
- Pentoses
- Hexoses
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- Heptoses
Depending upon the functional group: (aldehyde (CHO) or ketones (CO) group presenty, the
are categorized as:
Aldoses or Ketoses.
vel acluer
Examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Monosaccharides.
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19
2. Disaccharides-(also called a double sugar or bivose is the sugar formed when tw
monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage Like monosaccharide
disaccharides are soluble in water.
forty
Oligosaccharides: they consist of instruction of monosaccharide units joined together by
characteristic Bond called glycosidic Bond which on hydrolysis gives 2 to 10 molecules of
simple sugar units a typical example is ravenous decompose small number of monosaccharide
units from in fruit and starchy vegetable

Polysaccharides; they are polymers consisting of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide

units they are called glycans are complex carbohydrates give me by the linear is cellulose or
branched into glycogen in structure food satellites of a molecular weight and especially soluble
in water in the code they are colloidal solutions which when heated with water they are not
sweet and do not exhibit any properties of aldehyde or kittens group.
few example of available carbohydrates include sugars lactose milk sugar glucose blood sugar
sucrose table sugar and fructose fruit sugar.
Notes two monosaccharide form that second ride and 3210 form oligosaccharides while 11 or
more from the polysaccharide.

sugar is maltose glucose sucrose lactose and fructose and glucose starch glycogen glycerol.
The glucose formula of any carbohydrate is ch2ox. where x is any number between 3 and 8 the
most common monosaccharides rx06 which are glucose fructose and galactose.

D&l forms
Monosaccharide can appear in either d (dextrans) or (level) from which are the mirror images of
each other. Most naturally occurring monosaccharides are in d phones and most synthetically
produced are in form. The Angel form of different properties.

Common naturally occurring monosaccharides

1. Glucose or dextrose
2. Fructose galactose
3. Mannose
4. Ribose and deoxyribose

Maltose
Glycogen it is sometimes called animal starch. Glycogen is a condensation product of glucose
units hydrolysis by dilute acid or by diastasis. proceed via destrins and maltose to glucose. It
can readily be extracted from minced fresh liver and purified as a white soluble powder it is not
reducing. Recording is an important storage substance in the liver and muscles of vertebrates. It
is found also in many invertebrates, plants only the cyanobacteria. Some fungi and maize seeds
are found to contain it. It synthesis stage in the animal involved in the formation of excess
phosphate and finally The separation of glycogen from the phosphate group.
Starch start can be extracted as a white powder which form is solution with hot water, this set to
a gel cooling when heated to above 200 degrees Celsius is partially converted into a mixture of
dexterous. Buy cooling with dilute acid, it is hydrolyzed via dextrin to maltose and finally 2
glucose showing that it consist mainly of glucose units however hydrolysis is never quiet
completed because where is tosh Plano which consists of recall of amylase and closed by a ring
of amylopectin all within a membrane-bound amyloplast.

Protein definition and classification

protein are macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptide chain each with a
characteristic sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Classification
protein has been classified in several ways. They are most conveniently classified on the basis
of their:
Function molecular shape composition

Classification of protein based on function

Of all the molecules and counted in living organisms, protest at the most diverse function. In a
functional classification they are grouped according to their biological role or function does
protein serve an example of specific functional protein as follows;
Catalytic proteins are enzymes
Catalytic Wilton call the enzyme accelerate thousands of biochemical reactions in such process
of digestion and metabolism eg
Glucokinase
Dehydrogenases
Transaminases
Hydrolytic enzymes pepsin trypsin e.t.c

Some protein have the ability to contract and function in the contractor system of skeletal
muscle e.g acting myosin.

Structural protein
Many proteins serve as supporting filament or sheet to biological structure strength or
protection.
Collagen a fibrous protein of tendon
Cartilage elastin of ligaments
Keratin of hair and nails.

Defence protein
menu for 10 defend against invasion of foreign substance such as viruses bacteria and cells
from other organisms examples of different proteins are
Immunoglobulins or antibodies
Fibrinogen and thrombin are blood clotting proteins that prevent loss of blood when the vascular
system is injured.
Regulatory protein

Some protein regulates cellular or psychological activities e.g

Cellular receptors that recognise hormones and neurotransmitters are proteins.
Insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones Castle regulate blood glucose levels. Growth
hormone stimulates cell growth and division.
Growth factor such as platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor has
polypeptide as control cell division and differentiatin
Stress response protein
The capacity of living organisms to survive a rising stress is mediated by setting.

Classification based on molecular shapes of the

In this type of classification
Fibrous protein are also called sclera proteins. They are insoluble in molecular weight fibres.
The fibres are long and thin. They have a share ratio (length/breadth) later than.

Collagen found in cartilage and tenders

real estate fund in elastic tissue such as tendons and arteries.
C
Keratin, does a mammals are called a-keratins, then almost entirely a helical in structure and
contracts to b-keratin