organelles like mitochondria }

J V MM
so do

RY
chloroplasts hv their re prod process
.

they go thrubinary fission in cell?

in their DNA in cell nucleus or in their own
organelle ?

main idea : the cells we can observe today in organisms have all arisen from the first living cells
on earth .

↳ from process of division

cell theory ; new cells only come from pre -
existing by a
i.
⇒ similarity in genetic code of all cells
all cells come from one ancestor
↳ 64 Code terms codons) observed in all studied cells today i
all of the codes observed in cells have the same
meaning except a few minor
change
2s common beginning in all cells
-
SLIGHT changes in DNA are explained by mutations i structural changes occurring in DNA .

→ DNA is the hereditary material of life [ molecule does not change often )
; when change occurs ⇒ called a mutation

mutations occur at constant rate ; move time elapsed btwn first cells on earth
{ current cells = move mutations • directly proportional
⇒ very closely related cells REDUCTION 's 7 APPROACH
= v little change in DNA
VS SYSTEMS APPROACH

ORIGIN OF CELLS
.
major part of cell theory explain how very first cells appeared on earth
to

all cells arise from pre existing cells ; where did the very first cells come from then ?
-

one of the defining features of life is reproduction p

stated that life cld appear frm dust .

Louis PASTEUR 'S EXPERIMENTS DISPROVING airs other factors

SPONTANEOVSGENERATIONTHEOM-f.no
.

n living material]
→ hypothesised that cells must come frm ie
-

ng
un boiled nutrient booth in 3 Swan neck flasks
1) break neck of one flask to allow air to enter
2) tilted flask to expose broth to microbes in neck of Swan flask
3) Unbroken flask cloudy
1) microbial growth ; microbes carried to broth in the air grew + multiplied } booth
2) microbial growth; exposed to air containing microbes that are trapped in neck of
broth flask
3) no microbial growth ; broth remained clear, microbes firm air trapped in neck of flask
e-
proved that spontaneous generation of cells do not occur on earth
7 HE FIRST CELLS [ON EARTH ]
.
one theory : life in form of cells transported to earth film extra -
terrestrial Places .

evidence
→ no
•
another theory i first cell come from non -

living materials [ supported by MILLER UREY experiment]

MILLER UREY EXPERIMENT
→ recreated conditions of early earth in closed system
reduced atmosphere 40W 02 levels>

2g
or
conditions found in early earth .

☐ high radiation levels

v7 high temperatures
or elect vial storms
some simple amino acids { complex oily hydrocarbons found to be formed aft a week !
→ nonliving synthesis of simple organic molecules was possible
CONDITIONS FOR EMERGENCE OF LIFE ⇒ MILLER UREY EXP HELP US FIND .

D simple organic molecules [ e. g. amino acids , fatty acids , carbohydrates ] must be formed
2) larger organic molecules [ e. g. Phospholipids RNA DNA ] must be formed frm simpler , .

3) organisms reproduce V0 replication of nucleic acids must be possible molecules

4) biochemical reactions veoquive set conditions [e. g. PH ] thus, self contained structures .

⇒ membranes
necessary
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
.

.
Origin of cells can be explained by endosymbiotic theory which states how a
eukaryotic
complex compartmental ised cell might arise from a simple non compartmentalis ed cell .

↳ we understand evolution of eukaryotic cells better cos of this .

-.
EVIDENCE : double membrane structure of organelles .

chloroplasts E mitochondria
V7 e. g
i. comparison of DNA of organelles W that of
Prokaryotic cells
MAJOR POINTS OF ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY endocytosis
→ u simple non compartment alive d cells existed 2 billion Years ago fiby
y÷;;;;;;; ;;;
aerobic

engulfed by IAVAEV existing { survived

respiration { cld provide

→ smaller prokaryote cell

ymbÑiAtinÉiÉ neficial to both
[ anaerobes moan
Or ]
→ two cells formed ✓ → evolve into mitochondria
prokaryotic cells tht cld convert

→ as time progress , positive relationship ttt and benefits

light energy → chemical energy
ttt cusano bacteria ,
→ evolve into chloroplasts {

M Ut N G) j f M
A [ mitochondria t chloroplast
Pass sugar prod dung pts to cell
.

MAJOR EVIDENCE SUPPORTING ENDOSYMBIOTIC ME opy ]

→ have
double membrane → abt same size as bacterial cells
→ have circular naked DNA like
prokaryotes S divide independently of cell
→ DNA formed as single → hv their own PNA similar to bacterial DNA
chromosomes
shave 70s ribosomes like
prokaryotes
→ divide by binary fission like prokaryotes