. No. 1 .

Page No.

Aim - tudy bads of a camtaund miaoscope

Materials haquined - Combaund michoscobe.

Procad - Potks :

BASE

Llo bottorn þiee that ubperts the mienoscohe

9. SUbSTA GE LIGHT
Lp docated at the loaas e michoscope ,pasaes fha

3. STAGE
L Ihe on which tha aide hests.

cONDENSER

Lb the small ubstage de that concertoates he on the

. COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNO>

mhe nto the
b Alouo to ocus en the heimun maqritjo
fINE ADJUSTMENT KNOS
6.

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 Paye lo.
7. HED DR BoDY TUBE
lp subpbonts the objective dens
8. LENS

L an çs mounded on the mawable noe

pieu .
9. ARM
L shun
diking a michoscapa up, ore hanol cannies th ann
the othui hand us wndoaneath the bae.
I0. EYE PIECE
Ly his ws aa þat
bat whwe
wh a wen places his| hen onu to vie
the shecimen

06JECTIVE LENS

Ib Adhustable deno thuuimen at

magnilieatian
lo Ihoe au louw housen, hiah þouseh Bal emenion dunmes (1003,

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 Page e

Aim un calls of ehidumis.

Materialo suquned - Glas slide , onion scale deak camþaund micno scope.
nuade,
Nall saln toncas.

Phocaduu - he scale deat [outen cwae ehidemn] is

þealed at a emsad
un con cantated Nacl solh
Ater ab@ut 0-IS minutes, the hael placad an the side an a
solh CoUehad with cOUeh
t is then obahved wnden a micho scae
slip.
fiast LOx then 40x.

Obawatian - We abaewe that thu colla ahibit the baosa oy

became oacid plaamalysa
Cancluaian - Plaamolyis io sbaenved uhan
when plant ella are ubmenged in a
concantihated sat saln
Uhe water hasaeA thhouh the coll membran into the exteanal
medium.
Jhis acws as the cancanthaisn o Hyo inaide the cull o
than the aut ioe ot the cal. Hene, th photoplaam
hiha
shinks a cphunical hase
takeo a

Pcautions not det the ebidenal beel dy out

dhne cheuld bi any a dnap d madium ton maunting
thu heel.

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 Call uall ytajlaam Cell mambhane Jooing its csntat
Rdoama call membrane Nacleus uith call wall (Paamdlyais stasts]

(aNua cel [al cantens n contot ith ul wol].

Cell mmbhane
Vcontot

(c) Shrinkd bnotlaam lmotolant],

salt sol
collo un 107.
t. No. 3.
Page No.

Aim - Jo
Jo study thu diatibution stomata on a duaf
tomata

Mabeialo huguind - daal af Rhoeo, lohabs, ateh lass. pethidich, buah

nosde side CoWen sib comþard mucho scapl

talken
oth ham the ubpen
þrauided daf
Jhu haols an tranatend into tuo dlloent wekeh
(ablld ao ußhen &louer ehidonio.
tAana<snd on' two dilleunt dides with þhabea
tabelo, ie. , ehidsnmis
Jhu exes midum o um aved with th
Ghaswe thee slides undn

Gbatwadian - tpidemal a stomatal calls au cdianly disting uiehd

The no tamata ae cal cubted 4oi both the eidmis
No. stomatas ane mone in the lasen ehideamio than thu
utpn efi dlannio.
Reaults

No stamata Nul I5

Prueautio- hu Jaok pel ch auld nat

Hloling pahen to sumoNe erceas amaunt o madium
Slid shoud be clean Bcollo shaud be carted hhohey.

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Epidanmal cllo.

Subsidiay
Stema
Nucug

Guand
calls

chlonclat
 Date

Expt.No. 4, Page No. 5

TEN NGNEN SIVDLFS

|Am - Jeectaon of sugan, stanch. taks 2 pnoleino in given yoad samgles
Mateialo qined -henedctt But solh, teat tube, test tubu holdeh,
jodina solh SOwc

EXPERIMENT ObSERVAT ION INFERENCE

ust ton stGAR STARCH :

* The saluton tusns blue-+ Staneh conliomud.

samble. black
dnshs c iodine saln.

SUGAR :

Jo the given tood soln,

add bondit's saln
heot

Jeat yor PROTEINS :

| the gien tod Solh, add Pusple colaun soluian Rootein caniom
|biunet sal &Koap 4o somtime. yomad.
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 Berdlicd's
Sdutin

Jeot
tube

Food stut
sdion
 Date

Expt. No. Page No.

sol must
Ihe so
Phecautions - Uhe vehy de
mut be v quantity
tHealing must
muat be doriu un an incind poatian so that the
Suls dbes et ehul a t
Bwneh

-0nonge ud
 Date

Expt. No., 5.
Page No.

Aim - Study the spacirnano | elides thain idunkilicakon.

Makerialo heguind - saenved plort animal sheimeno.
OSCILLATORIA :

k io unbnanchad ilamertous alga.

uunshus ulo ananged Gnu ab We the anotheh. t
uo called torichoi.
we 4ood materialo
Pioments , und in the claund þontten o the ell
(onsmablasm], Nuclus io abaurt
AGARICUS [comman name- Muahoam] :

* Aqaius o a sabnaahuyt.
conaiat ot untrulla ike thuctue eallad piles. Uhden ut ae
qillo with shone phoducing Hcaue. th stalk halding fileua
vorticaly hongin
al toum baaidibcanb.
Th trutuu visible aboue the soil oh uhsthatum is caed baaicio canb [ huitig
body].
LICHEN

Jchen s a ghauh ot plants eanaialing dioaimla Jonts -a ungua analgo

nabnodueu by vegetnive (Hhagomntatin,icidta &sonudiaJ,aauxual exual moans
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 Sthanatcn
dioc

-Hormogsnia

Sefanaion
disc
Gelainaus
shaath
1. 0SCILLATORIA

Pileus

Gullo

-Ans

2. AGARICUS

3. FOLIOSE (Paameia]
 Date

Expt. No. Page No.

DRYOPTERIS camman namne - Fen]:

Ih main plant dillenntiated rto aoct, stem &

eawes
Ihe stem us uwndenghaund
wndenghaund yauing obiquely. t is nlled hizame. tt has
basvs uae iveo aut odventious noots.
bhodued Uhu deawes ane bihinnately eanþaurd
& atachad to th hachis.
n paodued by ahonangia wtich ane preaent on unden in
Jaaes. uch onkile abnd ane' calld
5.
PINUS [ camnan name - Påne]:

PRants ane manseci uo. huy bean bth male female anes [ &thobi| an sam
Hant but en diteurt brnces
Male cos ane brsdueed ealie,
malle
(I-4] bigen a take 3yians to matu.

HYDRA vULGARIS
6.

yindieal tube. his body oun ço called

end has an calld higpoom
6-10 thhead- ke tentales.
by

the basal hont haduncla .

P.T.O

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 Rachis
pihnules
Ranrta

-Cincinate

Rhizome
-Rocts

4. DRYOPTERIS - FERN

Male coans

-Dwant
shost

-Shost

MALE CONES

Tentoes

Mouth
Gantic

Adut
Stallk

-Pedal
dioc
Yeung
6. HYDRA VOLGARIS
 Date

Page No.
Expt. No.

FASCI DLA HEPATICACoMan namu - liven Hluke] :

anci ela hepatica io Jea- k, solt &lattened onganism.

Uhu mouth us suaunded by an ßnal artei soolkan.
acotabuum is bhasent on
Anothen sucken ealled vertal on poteien o
. Jhese suckes helb to atach it to its hoat
venthal sunface at the body
ASCARIS LUMRICOIDES Conmah nor - Roundwon]:

dangakd. namw, ylindhical finlith en hal

at both ndo
Femal
Male wUnA ae shote un dength [ 15- 30um] & 3-5 mm un width.
Congh (20-40em] n & 6-8 mm un width.
Mal J hawe a cuwed toil end witth 2small nudl -ike þerial
cahulatony utas coming ut doaeal apte.
Raproducti an takes lae un the intestine ot man

HIRUDINARIA GRANULDSA non nam Catte daach]?

t sucles blood om thu catte atBaching itll with its suckeh to the hoat's

tubdividd
Hnd onganiam with $3 tugmurls. Each cagmark apuana
t has aunteis eucker anaund s tinadiak mouth. At the other end io boaterio
Suelken
These
locomotian.
uclns hel the
ongunicn to attach ituly to tha hont body

P,T.0

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Muth Oral sucker
Ghhalie dobe
-Gonchsre
Atabuum

Excrtoy
7. FASCIOLA HEPATICA

Mauth
-Exouoy
Mouth
-Gonohon

Perial co -datoo
Jine
Clsac
Mol

Anus
2. ASCARS LUMARICOIDES ( aundum]
Expt. No.
Page No.

I0.
APIS |N DICACammon nme Hony be] :

Apis indica io a bee that modues hany. Hene, called haney hee .
ts body o diviced into - head, thoax a abdoman. Huad ha a
Cambound y untenna.

PILA GLoSOSA eomumon nan Aphla SnaiA] :

bady is enload ithùn a spinal chell which

ich apheass ike
the name
afpla. tHence
* Monte cOVes the visceha
t eahina by dngs en lard a by gls oalld cteridium in wat
Ventonal Aoat Vhelo in toeomotian - he
koat
Locamotion
shell is eanied aue its body dning

ASTERIAS RUBENS eman name

12
skanfahj:
adially oymmthieal body
4 has wade vasulan systein thugh ashiuch the waten
cihculates un thu boc
un exenetion, seahaan locomotien
io coVed withspino

13. LABEO
ROHITAmmon name - Rohu]:

ts bedy a spinoe hahd, dodtally latened. do ghasnich blaclk un colauh

s mauth s teminally docated.
t has a bo ot Jateal eyes, noatoio an its enaut
edy scales an 'ig, uenlahing &ctenoid.

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 Page No.
Expt. No.

shorculun cowehs the gllo t4 þaina ] an each tide.

datenal din of sunae ongan is pheAnt
RANA TIGRINA Cormn name sndian og]

ts haad io
uo taiangulan body io bilateally tymntieal. Neclk uio abaurt
baid taiguu which ehoats eut ra the mauth to cateh inaect
ingidu tha meuth
naling
Tth a eent un ubhen
ant un iaw., dawen jaw dake t
Auhind the yes uo a jatth a thanouant membhan ealld tyom anu
| t hbo un heaing.
Fou mbs au th sebhed tings B
sin, buccal eauity ngs
Mali haga ha have
cofpulakeny þada.
15. HEMIDACTYLUS comman name- Wall Ji2a4d]:

* uo dividd unto had, thunk toail

h, with nicitatirg rmembran, nstilo a can
* Jimbs hawe adhaivk vacun þado hich hlb t to
uilings, windeujanus Igosaul. mavenan usalls,

l6. COLUMSA LIVIA conmnan nanme

Pigcon
ts body io boat shahad t has head
tail a cawed biak , neek , ings, thonax abdamn
Neck
hagien has shiny uoneseant band
gani ah
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 Study of Mitosis Cell Division
1. MITOSIS IN ONION ROOT TIP" CELLS
*Can be sludied (rom apermanent sllde or from alemporary sllde.

AIM

Tostudy mitosis in onion root tip cells from a permanenl slide.

YOUNEED
slide of onion root tip cells, 2. Microscope.
1. Permanent
HOW TO DO IT
1. Observe the spcimens.
2. Compare the comments mentioned.
3. Draw the diagram in your record file and write comments for each spot.
Spot No. 1. Observation of Slide Under Microscope
ldentiication: It is a slide of mitosis in onion root tip.
Different stages of nitosis cell division are as shown in Fig. 5.1.
COMMENTS
1. Interphase (nter - in between). This stage is identified by -
() It is a non-dividing phase/stage of the cell.
(i) Nucleus is large and distinct.
(i) Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
(iv) Nucleolus is seen.
(v) Chromatin material is not differentiated into chromosome.
2. Prophase (Pro-first). This stage is identified by -
() Nucleus is enlarged and occupies most of the cell volume in early
prophase stage.
(i) Long inclined thread like structures (chromosomes) appear inside
the cell.
(iin) Nuclear membrane starts disappearing, later disappears.
(io) Nucleolus disappears. Spotting Fig. 5.1 Onion root tip showing different
3. Metaphase (Meta-between). This stage is identified by - stages of cell division (under the microscope)
free as the nuclear membrane has
() The chromosomes are set
disappeared. of the equator of the cell.
(n) The chromosomes become arranged at the centre
(spindle fibres are not visible).
(i1) The chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres they are deeply stained.
(iv) The chromosomes are shorter and thicker, hence cell. (Spindle fibres attach to centromere.)
(v) The centromere of each chromosome is on the equator of the
4. Anaphase (Ana-back). Thisstage is identified by -
chromosomes split and two sister chromatids are separated.
() The centromeres of
(i1) The wodaughter chromosomes are pulled or pushed apart.
They appear in shapes of J, V, U.
() The daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles.
(iv) Their arms are towards the equator.
identified by -
5. Telophase (Telo-end). This stage ischaracteristic
) The chromosomes lose their shape.
like network as it was during non- dividing stage.
(1) The chromosomes become a jumbled massmembrane starts appearing.
(i) Around the chromatin material a nuclear
(i0) Two daughter nuclei are thus formed.
(v) Spindle fibres disappear. cells.
(i) Nucleoli reappear in each daughter and forms two daughter plant cells.
(Din) A cell plate is formed in the centre of cell
 B. Early Prophase C. Early Prophase
A. Interphase

D. Late Prophase E. Metaphase

F. Early Anaphase

G. Lale Anaphase
H. Telophase I. Daughter calls
Spotting Fig. 5.2A Stage of mitosis cell division in plant
cell(Singlelindividual cell magnitieo)
wati Lab Manual Biology-XI
BE CAF under the objccu 'marked' area. (This area has the s focus it. (Take the
slides
Pe
1.
the
microscopelens on the objective(45X). Very carecfully
the
Focus powver
high
useslide.
2.
7Cently lens tothe
shitt thebreak
novementcan slide before focusing.
cleanthe ANIMAL CELLS
4 Gnthv
2. MITOSIS IN

AIM permanent slides.

animalcells from
.-bdy nitosis cell division in
YOUNEED 2. Microscope
-mitosis cell division in animal cells,
1.Cvtologicalslides- stages) in the marked /ringed area.
specified
Obseve the slide (for
COMMENTS
identified by
This stage is
1 Interphase non-dividing phase/stage of the cell.
) It is a large and distinct.
(in) Nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear
membrane.
(iin) Nucleus is
(u) Nucleolus is seen. not differentiated intochromOsome.
material is
() Chromatin
cOMMENTS
stage is identified by- stage.
volume in early prophase
2. Prophase: This enlarged and occupies most of the cell appear inside the cell.
(i) Nucleus is thread-like structures (chromosomes)
(ii) Long inclined disappears.
starts disappearing, later inside the cell.
(ii) Nuclear membrane
thread-like structures appeared poles along with astral rays.
(ie) Long uncoiled and shifts to the opposite
(u) The centriole divides
daughter centrosomes and a pair of
centrioles.
(v) Each aster has a

COMMENTS
3. Metaphase: This stage is identified by membrane has disappeared.
chromosomes are set free as the nuclear of the cell.
(i) The
become arranged at the centre of the equator visible).
(ii) The chromosomes attached to spindle fibres (spindle fibres are not
(iii) The chromosomes are shorter and thicker, hence they are deeply stained.
fibres attach to centromere).
(iv) The chromosomes are chromosome is on the equator of the cell (spindle
() The centromere of each
cOMMENTS
identified by separated.
4. Anaphase: This stage is chromosomes split and two sister chromatids are
centromeres
(i) The of
daughter chromosomes are pulled or pushed apart. of J, V,U.
(ii) The two
daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles. They appear in shapes
(i) The equator.
(iv) Their arms are towards the
on the sides of the cell.
() Slight depression is seen
COMMENTS
by
1. Telophase: This stage is identified characteristic shape.
() The chromosomes lose their mass like network as it was during
non-dividing stage.
(ii) The chromosomes become a jumbled
nuclear membrance starts appearing.
(i) Around the chromatin material a
SaraswatiLab Manual Biology XI 1
 (i) Two daughter nuclei are thus formed.
(i) Spindle fibres disappear.
daughler cells.
( ) Nucleoli reappear in cachfrom forming a furrow and forms 2daughter animal cells.
the side
( ) The depression deepens Controsomo Astral rays, Splndlo Centromere
Chromalids
Nucleus Nucleolus

Dupllcated Late Prophase

Duplicated 2. Early chromalin
1. Interphaso chromatin
Prophase fibres
fibres

Melaphase Attachment Nucleouls

plate spindle fibres Nuclear
membrane
Diploid
daughter
Cell cells
furrow

5. Early Late Telophase

3. Metaphase 4. Early Late
Anaphase Telophase
Anaphase
magnified and nucleus is focused)
Spotting Fig. 5.2B Mitosis in animal cell-(Single/lndividual cell
Note:
divisions till the 'embryo' is fo
1. The life of an organism starts with asingle cell. The cell undergoes repeated cell
which later develops into an adult like individual.
2. This whole process involves celldivision called mitosis. The process of producing 2 or more
daughter cells is
cell division or cell reproduction.
3. There are two types of cell divisions - mitosis and meiosis. Both these cell divisions involve.
(a) Karyokinesis - division of nucleus - completed in four phases - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telop
(b) Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm, interphase.
4. In mitosis the chromosome number remains the same as that of its parent cell.

Daughter
2nd Parent cells
1st Cell 1
division cell
Interphase
1st Parent 2
cell (2n) 2
Diploid
2nd cell cells
Daughter cells (2n) division
(2n) (2n)

VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS