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Motion Potentials of Cardiomyocytes, The Mechanism of Cardiomyocytes in The Heart
Motion Potentials of Cardiomyocytes, The Mechanism of Cardiomyocytes in The Heart
Volume 6 Issue 3, March-April 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
lies a muscle-elastic layer consisting of elastic fibers cell along the concentration gradient results in a loss
and smooth muscle fibers. of total intracellular positive charge. The anions do
not coexist with K 4 ions, so an electric potential is
The thickest layer of the heart is the myocardium,
generated and the inner surface of the cell membrane
which is made up of the heart muscle. Cardiac
is negatively charged relative to the outer one. Thus,
muscle cells are called cardiomyocytes. They are
the resting membrane potential is formed under
arranged in series to form the heart muscle fiber. In
conditions of equilibrium between two opposing
the myocardium, typical and atypical muscle fibers
forces: the motion of K + along the concentration
are distinguished. Typical muscle fibers contract and
gradient and the electric attraction of the negatively
atypical muscle fibers conduct impulses.
charged intracellular cavity of positively charged ions
The muscle fibers are connected to each other by K”.
intermediate plates. Interstitial plates act as trophic
Typically, the resting membrane potential of
and impulse conductors.
ventricular cardiomyocytes varies from -80 to -90
Cardiac conduction system. The conduction system mV. If the membrane potential is less negative and
of the heart includes atypical muscle fibers. They reaches the limit value, then in the cardiomyocyte, as
generate impulses and transmit them to typical in the cells of other excitable tissues (nerves, skeletal
muscle fibers. The conduction system of the heart is muscles), the action potential appears, that is,
composed of the sinus node (Kis-Flak), the depolarization occurs will be. The action potential
ventricular atrioventricular node (Ashof-Tovar), and up to +20 mV leads to a temporary increase in the
the interventricular tuft (GIS tuft) and its fibers. The membrane potential of the cardiomyocyte. In contrast
gis tuft splits in two to form 1 pair of Purkinje fibers. from the action potential of the neuron comes the
You can better imagine this in the image below. plateau phase, which lasts 0.2-0.3 s after the peak in
The epicardium is a connective tissue covered by a the action potential of the cardiomyocyte. The action
single layer of epithelium (mesothelium). Connective potential of skeletal muscle and nerves is related to
tissue contains adipose tissue, blood vessels and nerve the opening of the membrane as a rapid sodium
fibers. channel opening, the action potential of
cardiomyocytes is also related to the opening of fast
The conduction system of the heart sodium channels (initial rapid repolarization phase)
Function: The heart muscle, like other muscles, is and slow calcium channels. (plateau phase). In
excitable, permeable, and contractile. However, the addition, depolarization is accompanied by a
heart is also characterized by automation. temporary decrease in membrane permeability for
Excitability is the occurrence of biochemical and potassium. Membrane permeability for potassium is
biophysical changes in a tissue as a result of impulses then restored, sodium and calcium channels are
(action potentials). Conductivity is the distribution of closed, and membrane potential returns to its original
the action potential generated in one cell to another. level.
We have already considered the conduction system of
the heart. Contraction manifests itself in the form of It is mainly determined by the transmembrane
a response to the action potential generated in the concentration gradient of K + ions and ranges from
heart muscle. The process of contraction of the limbs minus 80 to minus 90 mV in most cardiomyocytes
by impulses that occur without external influences is (except sinus nodes and AV nodes). When excited,
called automation. cations enter the cardiomyocytes and their temporary
depolarization occurs - the action potential.
We often hear that the heart does not use the blood in
the heart chambers. However, the blood that enters The ion mechanisms of the action potential in
the aorta is the first to supply blood to the coronary working cardiomyocytes and in the cells of the sinus
arteries. The heart is supplied with blood through 1 nodes and AV nodes are different, so the form of the
pair of coronary arteries. action potential is also different.
The cardiomyocyte membrane is permeable to K 4 The cardiomyocytes of the His-Purkinje system and
ions, but not relatively permeable to Na ions. higher the working myocardium of the ventricles are divided
than in the extracellular space. The concentration of into five phases in the action potential. The rapid
“Na”, on the contrary, is higher than in the depolarization phase (phase 0) occurs as a result of
extracellular space. cell. The relative impermeability the infiltration of Na + ions through fast sodium
of the membrane to calcium maintains a high gradient channels. Then, after a short phase of early rapid
of calcium concentration between the extracellular repolarization (phase 1), a slow depolarization phase
space and the cytoplasm. The release of K + from the or plateau begins (phase 2). This is due to the
simultaneous entry of Ca2 + ions through slow
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49861 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2022 Page 2019
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
calcium channels and the release of K + ions. The direction (i.e., along the myocardial fibers) is higher
late rapid repolarization phase (stage 3) is associated than in the transverse (anisotropic permeability).
with the predominance of K + ions. Finally, stage 4
During the action potential, the excitability of
is the resting potential.
cardiomyocytes decreases sharply - until complete
Bradyarrhythmias can occur as a result of a decrease excitability. This property is called refractoriness.
in the frequency of occurrence of exposure potentials During absolute refractoriness, no stimulus is able to
or a violation of their conductivity. excite the cell. In a period of relative refractoriness
The ability of some heart cells to generate References:
spontaneous action potentials is called automatism. [1] https://mymedic.uz/
This ability is possessed by sinus node cells, the atrial
[2] Propaedeutics of internal diseases: / A.
conduction system, the AV nodes, and the His-
Gadayev, M. Sh. Karimov, H. S. Akhmedov;
Purkinje system. After the automation effect
Ministry of Health of the Republic of
potential is exhausted (i.e., in stage 4), something
Uzbekistan, Tashkent Medical Academy.
called spontaneous (slow) diastolic depolarization is
Tashkent: Muharrir Publishing House, 2012,
observed instead of the resting potential. This is due
708 p.
to the influx of Na + and Ca2 + ions. As a result of
spontaneous diastolic depolarization, the action [3] Hans-Holger Ebert,, Simple ECG analysis:
potential occurs when the membrane potential reaches interpretation, differential diagnosis ”2010
the limit. [4] Sekrety_kardiologii_Oliviya_V_Edey.djvu
Conductivity, i.e. the speed and reliability of the [5] Propedevtika_vnutrennix_bolezney.pdf
drive, in particular, depends on the specific
characteristics of the action potential: the lower its [6] Tsimmerman_Klinicheskaya_Elektrokardiograf
slope and amplitude (in phase 0), the higher the speed iya.pdf
and reliability of the conduction will be low. [7] Belenkov_Yu_N_,_Oganov_R_G_Kardiologiy
In many diseases and under the influence of a number a.pdf
of drugs, the rate of depolarization decreases in phase [8] Murashko_V_V _, _ A_V_Strutynskiy_El.pdf
0. In addition, permeability also depends on the
passive properties of cardiomyocyte membranes [9] Chazov_E_I_Bolezni_serdtsa_i_sosudov.pdf
(intracellular and intercellular resistance). Hence, the [10] T,me/kasallikUZ
rate of conduction of excitation in the longitudinal
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