Anatomy

(Anatomical structures – 2)
Dr Adil M Mahmoud
MBChB, FRCS (Glasg), FRCR (UK)
Consultant Radiologist
Email: Adil.Mahmoud@uod.ac

28 Nov 2021

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The basic anatomical structures

The structures that are

met during dissection
in almost every region
of the body.
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• Skin.
• Fascia.
• Muscles.
• Blood Vessels.

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• Skin.
• Fascia.
• Muscles.
• Blood Vessels.

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 Skin
Epidermis

The superficial layer that is avascular (no blood

or lymphatic vessels). Some area are thick to
withstand wear and tear like palms, soles and
back, elsewhere its thinner like in lips and
eyelids.

Dermis
Is the deeper thick vascular layer and also
contains the nerves that supply the skin. It
consists of dense fibrous tissue rich with
collagen fibres that are arranged in parallel
lines known as the tension or cleavage lines (of
Langer’s) which are important to make surgical
incisions. 5
The epidermal appendages are structures derived from
the epidermis but are invaginated into the dermis

Nails.

Sweat glands secrete

excess water and
Hairs.
electrolytes from the
body.

Sebaceous glands are

Erector pilli muscles
related to hairs and
(cause hair erection in
secrete an oily material
response to cold or
(sebum) that
fear).
moisturizes hair.
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• Skin.
• Fascia.
• Muscles.
• Blood Vessels.

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 Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds the body
:and all its inner structures and divided into

Is also called subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis because

Superficial fascia it is immediately deep to skin but not part of it, composed
of loose areolar connective tissue rich with fat, so its
function is to store fat, insulate the body temperature and
connect the skin to the deep fascia. In male it accumulate
at abdomen and thighs but in female it is evenly
distributed

Is a membranous connective tissue that surrounds

Deep fascia and invests inner structures and takes its name
according to the structure it surrounds, like
epimysium surrounding muscle and septum
between them, ligament from one articulating bone
to another around the joint but over it is
retinaculum and around bone is periosteum.
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• Skin.
• Fascia.
• Muscles.
• Blood Vessels.

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Muscles:
There are 3 types of muscles

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 Skeletal Muscles

These are voluntary striated muscles that have at least one

attachment to the skeleton (bone or cartilage).
The origin of a skeletal muscle is the attachment that move
the least while the insertion is the attachment which move
the most.
The belly is the fleshy part in between origin and insertion.
The tendon is the fibrous band which attaches the muscle
to the bone.
These muscles are made up of bundles of striated fibres
where the power of the muscle depends on the number
and diameter of these bundle.
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 Skeletal muscle are named according to

Position like pectoralis in chest.

Shape like deltoid = triangular.

Size like major = large.

Depth like profundus = deep.

Bellies number like biceps = two heads.

Action like extensor = extends.

Attachment = sternocleidomastoid = to sternum, clavicle

and mastoid.

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 Smooth Muscles
These are involuntary non-striated muscles related to
internal structures like arteries, gut, urinary bladder and are
controlled by autonomic nerves and/or hormones. The
arranged in either of two forms:
• Circular and longitudinal fibres producing a combination
of constrictive and propulsive action. This acts to produce
pulsation in arteries and peristalsis in the gut and urinary
tubes.
• Interlacing fibres in the wall of a hollow organ like uterus,
urinary bladder; having an evacuatory function.

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 Cardiac muscle
this is an involuntary
striated muscle that
contracts on its own
but under
autonomic nervous
control.

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• Skin.
• Fascia.
• Muscles.
• Blood Vessels.

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 Arterie
s
Are blood vessels that carry blood from heart
to tissues. According to their diameter,
arteries may be large, medium or small, most
of which have rich smooth muscles in their
walls making them capable of constriction
and dilatation (pulsation). All arteries branch
and re-branch as they run in the body;
decreasing in diameter each time they
branch. At diameter of <0.1mm, they are
called arterioles which in turn break up into
capillary network.
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Each major artery has a point of beginning, ending,
.course and a number of branches
Arteries usually communicate freely with
each other through connecting channels
called anastomosis, which provides blood
supply for tissues from an alternative
path if one or more of the supplying
arteries are blocked. This called collateral
circulation. Arteries that not
anastomosing called anatomical end
arteries, other that anastomose with
each other but too weak to provide a
sufficient collateral circulation called
functional end arteries.
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 Capillarie
s

Are microscopic vessels of 7-9µm in

diameter, arise from precapillary
arterioles into capillary network. They
are drained by post capillary venules.

Its function is to make exchange from

blood to the tissue of nutrients and O₂
then take up waste products and CO₂
from the same tissue to the blood.
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 Veins
Are the blood vessels that drain blood from the
tissue back to heart. Started at the post-capillary
venules (<0.1mm) which join other venules and
receive tributaries along the way to form small,
medium-size and finally large veins. They do not
have much smooth muscles in there walls so
there is no pulsation in them. Below the level of
the heart the blood may flow retrograde, that is
why they have valves. Usually major artery has
corresponding vein (which is the deep vein and
not the superficial) and sometimes has
accompanied vein named venae commitantes.
They also communicate with each other through
venous plexuses.
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 Point of beginning

Point of ending
Each vein studied in
anatomy has the
following:
Course

Number of
tributaries it
receives along its
course 27
Next Lecture:

Surface Anatomy

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