Program Studi Teknik Kimia

Institut Teknologi Bandung

TK2081 Termodinamika Dasar B

Psychromeric Chart – Pengkondisian Udara

Semester I – 2020/2021
 Air temperature Relative humidity Air movement
+100

-5
Air quality (IAQ) Surface
temperatures

75 degrees
Acoustics
Lighting

65 degrees •quality
•quantity
Security

Building Envelop -The Third Skin

The 3rd. skin moderates the differences between the
natural environment and the built environment
 Pengkondisian Udara
3

Komposisi Udara

❑ Udara kering (Dry air) — 77% nitrogen, 22% oksigen, 0.04% karbon dioksida, 0.96%
gas lain
❑ Uap air, dari evaporasi dan transpirasi
❑ Pengotor ( Asap, debu, serbuk sari, bakteri, , dust, pollen, bacteria, gas berbahaya
lain)

In 1903, Willis H. Carrier completed the world's first scientifically based air
conditioning system for Sackett Wilhelm Lithographing Company situated in Brooklyn,
New York., which was designed to control humidity.

Willis Carrier coined the term- Air Conditioning System as:

“Air Conditioning is the control of the humidity of air by either increasing or
decreasing its moisture content. Added to the control of humidity are the control of
temperature by either heating or cooling the air, the purification of the air by
washing or filtering the air, and the control of air motion and ventilation.”
3
 Psychrometrics
4

Psychrometrics = ilmu fisika yang mempelajari sifat-sifat dan proses dari kelembaban
udara.
Psychrometry = kajian hubungan udara, temperatur, dan uap air, disajikan dalam
Psychrometric chart

Sifat-sifat udara
Predicting Air’s Behavior
❑ Hukum Boyle — volum gas menyusut ketika ditekan pada temperatur tetap
❑ Hukum Charles — gas mengembang ketika dipanaskan pada tekanan konstan
❑ Hukum Tekanan Parsial Dalton — Tekanan total campuran gas merupakan
penjumlahan dari tekanan masing-masing gas

Uap air di udara — Panas laten penguapan

❑ 970 Btus/lb
❑ Penambahan panas menyebabkan penguapan air
❑ Pengambilan panas menyebabkan kondensasi air

4
 Definisi dan Metode Pengukuran Kelembaban
5

Definisi Kelembaban (Humidity)

❑ Humidity — kelembaban (absolut) di udara
❑ Specific humidity — berat uap air dalam udara kering
❑ Relative humidity — persentase saturasi kelembaban di udara, jumlah uap
air yang terkandung dibandingkan jumlah uap air maksimum yang dapat
ditampung udara pada temperatur tertentu
❑ Dew point — titik ketika kelembaban relatif mencapai 100%

Pengukuran kelembaban
❑ Wet bulb temperatures
❑ Dry bulb temperatures
❑ Sling psychrometer
❑ Wet bulb thermometer
6
 Pembacaan Garis di Psychrometrics Chart
7

Enthalpy
BTU / lb Dry Relative
Blub Humidity

Dew
Point Grains of
Moisture

Specific
100% Volume Wet
Saturation Blub
 Psychrometric chart
8
sederhana

Change in quantity of water in the air

Dry Bulb Temperature Reading
9
 Human Comfort Zone
10
 Human Comfort Zone
11

A dry bulb temperature of

approximately 75-85 F, a
wet bulb temperature of
approximately 55-65 F, and
a relative humidity of
approximately 30-70%
 Definition of Relative Humidity
The amount of moisture in the air
expressed as a percentage of the
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maximum amount of moisture the air can
hold at the given temperature.
Example: at dry bulb temp. of 77 and wet
bulb temp. of 63, the air is holding 50% of
it’s maximum capacity at 77 degrees.

Enter wet bulb reading

50% RH
v

Enter dry bulb reading

Dew point
13

Adding
moisture

cooling warming

drying
 Energy efficient zones
14 Winter: higher humidity off-sets
lower furnace thermostat setting

Summer: lower humidity off-sets

higher AC thermostat setting

Adding
moisture
Winter
Cool &
Humid

cooling warming

Warm &
Dry

drying Summer
 The saturation curve
15

Air is 100% saturated

with moisture and
condensation begins
50% RH
16 What if cooling
continues ?

Air is 100% saturated

with moisture and
continues to cool

50% RH
Moisture removed
by condensation
17

Air is 100% saturated

with moisture and
continues to cool

50% RH
Moisture removed
by condensation

Same air is reheated to 70 degrees

and no moisture added – RH of the
room goes down (dryer)
 Proses-Proses Psychrometrics
18

Sensible Heating or Cooling Dehumidification

Humidification & Cooling Humidification & Heating

 Sensible Heating Process
19

• Sensible Heating Process is a

process during which the dry-
bulb temperature of air is
increased.
• The process occurs at constant
moisture content.
• The air passes over a hot and dry
surface which might be pipe coil
using steam or hot water,
electrical resistance or an air-to-
air heat recovery unit.
• The load on the heater is:

Q = m air  (hB − hA )
 Sensible Cooling Process at Constant Moisture Content
20

• Sensible cooling process at

constant moisture content is a
process during which the dry-
bulb temperature of air is
decreased.
• The air passes over a cooling coil
which uses chilled water or
direct expansion of some
refrigerant into the pipe coil.
• The load on the cooling coil is:

Q = m air  (hA − hB )
 Adiabatic Humidification Process
21

• In this process, air enters a duct

(which is assumed to be perfectly
insulated in order to satisfy the
condition for an adiabatic process) at
dry-bulb temperature T1 and moisture
content w1 and leaves the duct at dry-
bulb temperature T2 and moisture
content w2.
• The latent heat gained by the air is
equal to the sensible heat loss by the
air. i.e.
• If hfg is the latent heat of water.
T2

h2 − h1 = h fg  (w2 − w1 ) = −  C p ,air dT
T1

•If the water tank is infinitely long, the air at the outlet will be 100% saturated.
•The temperature at this condition is known as adiabatic saturation temperature.
 Adiabatic Humidifier with Recirculation of Spray Water
22

• In this system, the water is

recirculated through the pipes to
nozzles.
• That part of water which is not
evaporated into the air stream,
returns to the tank for recirculation.
• This process can be assumed as an
adiabatic process with good
approximation.
• The required make-up water
supplied to the tank is:

m w = m a ( B −  A )
 Spray Water with Recirculation and Heating
23

• Spray-type humidifiers may use

heating or cooling equipment to
achieve the desired air condition.
• When the heat is supplied to the
system, the ADP (Apparatus
Dew-Point Temperature) will be
higher than the adiabatic
process.
• The heat supplied to or gained
from the system is:

Q = m air  (hB − hA )
 Spray Water with Recirculation and Cooling
24

• In some cases the increase in

moisture content is accompanied
by sensible cooling
• When the heat is gained from the
system, the ADP (Apparatus Dew-
Point Temperature) will be lower
than the adiabatic process.
 Steam Humidifiers: Direct Steam Injection
25

• Steam can be directly injected to air

stream for air conditioning
purposes.
• In this process, all the latent heat
necessary for evaporation of water
is added outside the air stream.
• The supply of water vapor increases
the enthalpy of the air.
• The temperature increase in this
process is negligible and it can be
assumed as an isothermal process
with good approximation
 Steam Humidifiers: Direct Steam Injection
26

• A Pan Steam Humidifier uses a heating

element inside a water tank. The tank
is mounted at the bottom of the air
duct.
• The air flowing over the water surface
will cause some evaporative cooling
which results in drop of air dry-bulb
temperature.
 Simple Heat Pump As A/C System
27
 General Air Conditioning System
28

A typical all weather air

conditioning system is shown
diagrammatically here.
Some of the air is recirculated
and mixed with a quantity of
fresh air.
 Flow Chart for Humid Summer Air-Conditioning System
Fan

1 Room 2

Recirculated air

6
5
4
Fresh air
3

Heater Cooler Mixer

h3 − h4
Energy balance in mixing: xh2 + (1 − x )h3 = h4 x=
h3 − h2
 Cooling and Dehumidification

In a cooling coil the air can undergo sensible cooling and dehumidification.

Let Tc be the temperature of cooler surface: TC

T4 T5
T5 is usually larger than Tc as the most of the air
leaving is at some state between C and 5.

The efficiency of cooling coil is defined as Coil By-pass

Factor or Contact Factor.
 Winter Air-conditioning System

1 Room 2

Recirculated air

5
6
4 Fresh air
3

Pre Heater Mixer

Heater Washer
Sequence of Psychrometic Process in Winter A/C

2
x
6 7 1
4 5
1-x

3
 Gas Refrigeration Systems

❑ The gas power cycle can be used as refrigeration cycles by simply reversing them.
❑ Of these, the reversed Brayton cycle, which is also known as the gas refrigeration
cycle, is used to cool aircraft.
❑ Further Modification this cycle is used to obtain very low (cryogenic)
temperatures.
❑ The work output of the turbine can be used to reduce the work input
requirements to the compressor.
❑ Thus, the COP of a gas refrigeration cycle is

qL qL
COPR = =
wnet , in wcomp , in − wturb , out
 Air Standard Refrigeration Cycle for Aircraft Cooling

Human Comfort 1
conditions: Aircraft cruising at 10 km.
101 kPa & 25C Local Ambient conditions:
-49.9 C & 26.5 kPa
Air Craft Engine Bleed for Refrigeration System
Air Craft Engine Refrigeration System

Air to Cabin
 Exercise 1
Assume that the outside air temperature is 32°C with a relative
humidity φ = 60%. Use the psychrometric chart to determine the
specific humidity ω [18 gm-moisture/kg-air], the enthalpy h [78
kJ/kg-air], the wet-bulb temperature Twb [25.5°C], the dew-point
temperature Tdp [23°C], and the specific volume of the dry air v
[0.89m3/kg]

37
 Exercise 2

Assume that the outside air temperature is 8°C. If the air in a

room is at 25°C with a relative humidity φ = 40%, use the
psychrometric chart to determine if the windows of that room
which are in contact with the outside will become foggy.

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Exercise 3

Outside air at 35°C and 60% relative humidity is to be conditioned by

cooling and heating so as to bring the air to within the "comfort zone".
Using the Psychrometric Chart neatly plot the required air conditioning
process and estimate (a) the amount of moisture removed [11.5g-
H20/kg-dry-air], (b) the heat removed [(1)-(2), qcool = 48kJ/kg-dry-air],
and (c) the amount of heat added [(2)-(3), qheat = 10kJ/kg-dry-air].

39
 Exercise 4

Hot dry air at 40°C and 10% relative humidity passes through an
evaporative cooler. Water is added as the air passes through a series of
wicks and the mixture exits at 27°C. Using the psychrometric chart
determine (a) the outlet relative humidity [45%], (b) the amount of
water added [5.4 g-H2O/kg-dry-air], and (c) the lowest temperature that
could be realized [18.5°C].

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