11

English for Academic and

Professional Purposes
Quarter 4 – Module 1
Academic Texts

1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module
First Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Module

Authors: Goldie C. Rafa, Jeffaersan A. Mondia, Julie Anne T. Vital, Lorreine G. Bonafos, and
Ormon Angel L. Andes
Editor: Katrina C. Calderon
Reviewers: Annabelle H. Nava, EPS, English
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Layout Artist:
Management Team: Joel T. Torrecampo, CESO VI
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 11
English for Academic
and Professional Purposes
Quarter 4- Module 1

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public schools. We encourage teachers
and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments,
and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP)
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM).

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.

To the parents:
As parents, you play a vital role in educating your child’s life; hence, you may also
help provide the support and stimuli that your child needs to make sense of the world.
Since we are currently facing the coronavirus pandemic, now is the perfect time for you
to make your home a school and act as a teacher to your child.

For the learner:

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
The module is divided into nine lessons:
• Lesson 1 - Analyzing arguments
• Lesson 2 - Defending a stand on an issue by presenting an
argument
• Lesson 3 - Writing position paper
• Lesson 4 - Determining structures and objectives of various
reports
• Lesson 5 - Designing, testing, and revising survey questionnaires
• Lesson 6 - Conducting surveys, experiments or observations
• Lesson 7 - Gathering information from surveys, experiments, or
observations
• Lesson 8 - Summarizing findings and executes the report through
narrative and visual/ graphic forms
• Lesson 9 - Writing various reports

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In this module, you are expected to:
• analyze the arguments used by the writer/s in manifestoes;
• defend a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments
supported by properly cited factual evidences;
• write various kinds of position papers;
• determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of
reports;
• design, tests and revises survey questionnaires*;
• conduct surveys, experiments or observations*;
• gather information from surveys, experiments, or observations*;
• summarize findings and executes the report through narrative
and visual/graphic forms; and
• write various reports.

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 Lesson
Analyzing arguments
1
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Have you ever experienced arguing, or proving a point to someone to justify your
stand? Stating ones claims does not mean dominance of voice nor of stature.
To have a strong and effective argument needs facts, and valid evidences that
will support your claims.
After this lesson, you are expected to:
1. determine the claim in the argument;
2 identify claims and analyze ways the author support claims in academic
texts; and
3. decipher the conclusion of the arguments based on the premises.

WHAT IS IT
An argument in formal writing means expressing one’s ideas and stand on issues
formally. It has two parts;
1. A claim or statement of the main idea.
2. Reasons why the claim is true and/or evidence to support the claim.

In analyzing an argument, identify first the main argument and then the details that support
it. Look for the evidence presented in the text and ask the following questions;
• Based on the evidence, is there a different explanation or claim possible?
• Is the evidence convincing and sound?
• How does the argument/evidence compare with others you’ve read?

Source: Identifying and analyzing arguments

https://library.wlu.ca/sites/default/files/pdfs/tutorials/identifyingarguments.pdf

WHAT’S MORE
Read the paragraph carefully and determine the main point the author is
trying to make.

1. This paragraph best supports the statement that .

Today’s high school students spend too much time thinking about trivial and distracting matters
such as fashion. Additionally, they often dress inappropriately on school grounds. Rather than
spending time writing another detailed dress policy, we should make school uniforms mandatory.
If students were required to wear uniforms, it would increase a sense of community and harmony
in our schools and it would instill a sense of discipline in our students. Another positive effect
would be that teachers and administrators would no long have to act as clothing police, freeing
them up to focus on more important issues.
Source: Logical Reasoning: Analyzing Arguments
https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/analyzing-arguments/032002

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 A. inappropriate clothing leads to failing grades.
B. students who wear school uniforms get into better colleges.
C. teachers and administrators spend at least 25% of their time enforcing the dress code.
D. school uniforms should be compulsory for high school students.
2. This paragraph best supports the statement that victims of a crime should .
The criminal justice system needs to change. The system could be more just if it allowed
victims to opportunity to confront the person who has harmed them. Also, mediation between
victims and their offenders would give the offenders a chance to apologize for the harm they
have done. This paragraph best supports the statement that victims of a crime should
.
Source: Logical Reasoning: Analyzing Arguments
https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/analyzing-arguments/032002

A. learn to forgive their offenders.

B. have the right to confront their offenders.
C. learn the art of mediation.
D. insist that their offenders be punished.
3. This paragraph best supports the statement that .
It is well known that the world urgently needs adequate distribution of food, so that everyone
gets enough. Adequate distribution of medicine is just as urgent. Medical expertise and medical
supplies need to be throughout the world so that people in emerging nations will have proper
medical care.
Source: Logical Reasoning: Analyzing Arguments
https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/analyzing-arguments/032002

A.) the majority of the people in the world have never been seen by a doctor
B.) food production in emerging nations has slowed during the past several years
C.) most of the world's doctors are selfish about giving time and money to the poor
D.) many people who live in emerging nations are not receiving proper medical care
4. This paragraph best supports the statement that .
There are no effective boundaries when it comes to pollutants. Studies have shown that toxic
insecticides that have been banned in many countries are riding the wind from countries where
they remain legal. Compounds such as DDT and Toxaphene have been found in remote places
like the Yukon and other Arctic regions.
Source: Logical Reasoning: Analyzing Arguments
https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/analyzing-arguments/032002

A.) toxic insecticides such as DDT have not been banned throughout the world.
B.) more pollutants find their way into polar climates than they do into warmer areas
C.) studies have proven that many countries have ignored their own anti-pollution laws.
D.) DDT and Toxaphene are the two most toxic insecticides in the world.
5. This paragraph best supports the statement that .
Most reality TV centers on two common motivators: fame and money. The shows transform
waitresses, hairdressers, investment bankers, counselors, and teachers, to name a few, from
obscure figures to house-hold names. A lucky few successfully parlay their fifteen minutes of
fame into celebrity. The luckiest stars of Reality TV also reap huge financial rewards for acts
including eating large insects, marrying someone they barely know, and revealing their
innermost thoughts to millions of people.
Source: Logical Reasoning: Analyzing Arguments
https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/analyzing-arguments/032002

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 A. the stars of Reality TV are interested in being rich and famous
B. Reality TV is the best thing that has happened to network television in a long time
C. for Reality TV stars, fame will last only as long as their particular television show
D. traditional dramas and sitcoms are being replaced by Reality TV programming at an
alarming rate

WHAT I CAN DO
Analyze the political cartoons below. Determine the claims/main idea and the
evidences that support them.
1.

Argument No. 1
Claim: Politicians use their power and privilege to
cut in line for vaccines/testing.

Evidences: Politicians are the first to get vaccines

and they get multiple COVID tests a month (almost
weekly) while normal Filipinos have to wait for a
vaccine and can’t afford to have multiple COVID
tests (some even can’t afford it at all).

Conclusion: Even in a pandemic, politicians still

yield for their own personal needs, interests, and
endeavors than of the country’s using their privilege
and power.
2.

Argument No. 2
Claim: China uses their big status/power to assess
their dominance over territories, especially
Philippines, which they are sure of is in lack of
power/money to counter them.

Evidence: China sends ships of all sorts in

Scarborough Shoal and scares Filipino fishermen
and marine away from the area even though the
territory is declared to be of the Filipinos.

Conclusion: China refuses to play fair with the

issues regarding the territories they are claiming
from the Philippines. They continue to use their
power, money, and status to assert dominance over
said territories and don’t cooperate whenever they
are being offered to settle the matter peacefully.

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Lesson Defending a stand on an issue by
2 presenting an argument
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Words can be convincing or demotivating. So, how do you prove your point
to your audience? For arguments to be strong and convincing, your stand
must be backed up with logical reasoning, valid evidences and persuading
delivery and diction.
After this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments
supported by properly cited factual evidences
a. writes a stand, claim and thesis statement on the given issue

WHAT IS IT
In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a
“claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the
idea.
Source: How to write a good argumentative essay
https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-write-a-good-argumentative-essay#quiz-0

A good argumentative essay follows this structure:

1. Introductory paragraph.
- Outlines the topic,
- provides background information of the context
- outlines the evidence to be presented in the thesis statement
2. Thesis statement
- Part of the first paragraph
- concise, one sentence summary of your main point and claim
3. Body paragraphs
- explains the reasons why you support your thesis
- presents the back up of your claims with examples, research, statistics, studies
and text citations
4. Conclusion
- One paragraph that restates your thesis and summarizes all the arguments
made in the body
- Appeals to readers’ emotions that may be through the use of personal anecdote

Five types of Argument Claims

1. Fact: whether the statement is true of false.
e.g. While some pundits have framed a four-year college education as something
necessary for adult success, this notion should not be treated as a given.
2. Definition: the dictionary definition of what you’re arguing, plus your own personal
interpretation of it.
3. Value: the importance of what you’re arguing.

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 e.g. The student debt crisis is one of the most serious problems facing the
country today.
4. Cause and effect: what causes the problem in your essay and what effects it has
e.g. Federal student loan policies have contributed to widespread growth in
college tuition.
5. Policy: why the reader should care and what they should do about it after reading.
e.g. Rather than encouraging all students to attend four-year colleges, we should
instead emphasize the validity of two-year colleges, technical schools, and \
trade schools as well.
Three Main Types of Arguments and how to use them
1. Classical/ Aristotelian
o Present the main argument.
o State your opinion.
o Convince the readers why your stance is the right one.
o Effective when your audience doesn’t have a lot of information or strong
opinion about your topic

2. Rogerian
o Present the problem.
o Acknowledge the opposing side of the argument.
o State your point of view.
o Explain why yours is the most beneficial to the reader.
o Effective in polarizing topics
o Acknowledges both sides and presents the middle ground.
3. Toulmin
o Present your claim.
o Present grounds to back up that claim.
o Justify that the warrant/ grounds are linked to the claim.
o Rather than presenting both sides, it presents one, hinging particularly on
facts presented in a way that makes the claim difficult to argue with.

Source: How to write a good argumentative essay: Easy step-by-step guide

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-to-write-a-good-argumentative-essay#how-to-outline-an-
argumentative-essay-in-4-steps

WHAT’S MORE
A. Read the following sentences and write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following thesis statements DO NOT express the best claim/
stand that is debatable?

A. Pollution is bad for the environment.

B. At least 25 percent of the federal budget should be spent on limiting
pollution.
C. Philippines's anti-pollution efforts should focus on privately owned
cars.
D. The government should prohibit the use of plastic in the country.

2. Which of the following statements DO NOT express a specific or focused thesis/

claim?
A. Drug use is detrimental to society.
B. Illegal drug use is detrimental because it encourages gang violence.

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 C. At least 25% of the government’s budget should be spent on helping upgrade
business to clean technologies, researching renewable energy sources, and
planting more trees in order to control or eliminate pollution.
D. Philippines’ anti-pollution efforts should focus on privately owned cars
because it would allow most citizens to contribute to national efforts and care
about the outcome.
Source: Argumentative essays
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/essay_writing/argumentative_essays.html

B. Directions: Match the claim to its evidence.

1. Video games help kids learn. B A. Studies show that if we consume too
much, it can cause health problems like
obesity and diabetes.

2. Kids who are 12 and over should be B. Some studies have shown that certain
allowed to vote for the president. E types of games can help kids learn problem
solving skill.

3. Not all junk food is bad. D
C. It’s been proven that diversity in wildlife
helps maintain a healthy ecosystem.
D. Doctors agree that it is okay to eat sweets
in moderation, as long as you have a
balanced and healthy diet overall.
E. We will be more interested and involved at
school if we get to make our own choices.

WHAT I CAN DO
Directions: Write an argumentative essay about the given topic. Decide to
the structure below:be for or against this topic. Have at least 250 words in
your essay. Follow
TOPIC: When choosing a career, a person should seek self-
fulfillment rather than money. It is more important to ‘live one’s dream’
than to earn a good salary.
1. Introductory paragraph.
- Outlines the topic,
- provides background information of the context
- outlines the evidence to be presented in the thesis statement
2. Thesis statement
- Part of the first paragraph
- concise, one sentence summary of your main point and claim
3. Body paragraphs
- explains the reasons why you support your thesis
- presents the back up of your claims with examples, research, statistics, studies
and text citations
4. Conclusion
- One paragraph that restates your thesis and summarizes all the arguments
made in the body
- Appeals to readers’ emotions that may be through the use of personal anecdote

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WHAT I CAN DO

As senior high students, the pressure is on for us to choose our future career for we are a few
steps from college. There may be some of us who are already set to go but there may be some of
who are still struggling to find which path suits them the most.

There are a few things to acknowledge when choosing your career path. These may include
financials, what school you’re getting into, etc. However, the most important factor for us to
consider is your very own self-fulfillment. Statistically speaking, majority of students who let
others choose their career drop out by their second year due to unsatisfaction (Keller, 2004).
There may be some of us who are forced by our parents to become a doctor for it is higher paid
but we want to become a writer— in cases like these, you must always remember: the guilt of
not choosing what others want for you outlives the guilt of choosing for yourself.

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 Lesson
Writing Position Papers
3
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
In writing a position paper, the principles of argumentative writing should be
followed. Remember that you are declaring your own thoughts and beliefs;
hence, the skills for argumentation should be used.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Write a various kinds of position papers.
a. Write a sound and valid arguments.

WHAT IS IT

A Position Paper is a more complex version of a persuasive essay. A

persuasive essay is a position on a certain issue, and it is presented in paragraph
forms. However, a position paper is not an essay, but it has various parts just like the concept
paper. A position paper can be likened to a debate, but you are presenting your arguments in a
written form. Presenting an argument implies that you are favoring one side of the issue. The
primary goal of a position paper is to declare a “position” on a certain matter or an issue. Its
secondary goal is to convince or persuade others to take that side of an issue or matter. In writing
a position paper, the principles of argumentative writing should be followed. Remember that you
are declaring your own thoughts and beliefs; hence, the skills for argumentation should be used.
Principles of Argumentative Writing
1. Audience – Consider your audience. What is the best possible way to communicate to them?
How can you convince them to side with you in case they have a different stand?
2. Viewpoint - You have to know the issue and the side that you have chosen. To do so, you
should do basic research to gain knowledgeable information about the issue. You should ask
yourself questions such as the following: Is the issue worth pursuing? What is my position or
stand on this issue? What support do I have (from books, Internet, and field research?)
You must make sure that you can back up your position with supporting
information from secondary sources such as books, journals, and the Internet. Your position
should not be merely a reflection of personal preference, but it should be a personal preference
strengthened by credible and reliable support.
3. Organization - Organize your arguments in the most persuasive or convincing manner.
Here is a suggested outline of the presentation.
A. Introduction – Your introduction should present the topic and the issue at hand. It
should also be very clear from the beginning what your position is. Provide a
background on the issue or the matter. Highlight your personal stand in a clear thesis
statement. Your introduction should also clearly show the importance or significance of
your position to he readers. In short, tell why it is worth reading all the way.
B. Opposite Arguments – Present the strongest arguments of the opposition. Choose
at least three of their strongest arguments. You may use other data such as statistics,
illustrations, and figures from your sources.

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 C. Your arguments – Assert your arguments to counter the opposition. You should
also think of at least three arguments that would counter the argument of the opposition
that you have previously presented. Again, you may use data from other sources to
support your arguments.
D. Conclusion – Restate your position. Summarize your main points. Conclude your
paper with a resounding statement that will definitely bring the opposition down.
4. Writing Style – In argumentative writing, you should also choose your words carefully and
write with style and clarity. Choose strong words and vary them. Use synonyms so that you
don’t have to repeat a terminology again and again. Your arguments should be separated in
small chunks so that it is easier for the reader to understand and remember them. Remember to
use transition words effectively so that you can move from one thought or idea seamlessly and
smoothly.
WHY WRITE A POSITION PAPER?
• To summarize your research
• To improve your writing skills
• As a VERY helpful guide for your speech at the conference
•
IN ORDER TO BEGIN WRITING YOUR POSITION PAPER, YOU MUST:
• Have all the necessary research on your country and topic
• Have a specific and focused research questions
• Continue looking for useful information and good sources

WHAT’S MORE
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer to understand further the idea
about Position Paper. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following does NOT include in the introduction of the position paper?
A. Counter argument
B. Importance of the topic
C. Background of the topic
D. Thesis of the position paper
2. Which part of the position paper you “refute” the counterclaim?
A. Introduction
B. Your argument
C. Conclusion
D. Counter argument
3. Which part of the position paper that you have to restate the main points and final comment?
A. Introduction
B. Body: your argument
C. Counter argument
D. Conclusion
4. How can you make your position paper strong?
A. Be sure to annotate your paper
B. Apply citations and references in the introductory part of the paper
C. Give an educated and informed opinion with supporting evidence
D. Record your observations and post them in YouTube
5. What part of the essay do we restate the argument of the paper?
A. Body C. Introduction
B. Conclusion D. Discussion

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 WHAT I CAN DO
Directions: Write a position paper about any of the following topics. Use the
following structure as guide in writing your paper. Have at least 250 words in
your paper.
Topics:
• Should animals be used for research?
• Juveniles should be tried and treated as adults
• Universal Healthcare system should be prioritized by the government
• Livable Wage rate appropriated to the current situation
• Is cancel culture in social media justifiable?
• Internet providers inefficient services should be considered as criminal act
Structure of the position paper:
-An introduction
• Identification of the issue
• Statement of the position
• The body
• Background information
• Supporting evidence or facts
• A discussion of both sides of the issue
• A conclusion
• Suggested courses of action
• Possible solutions

Topic: Is cancel culture in social media justifiable?

Cancel culture is one of the most traumatic things that can happen to someone on social media. As
its name implies, you are almost quite literally being cancelled. It may range from something
someone said in the past, to harder, grieve actions.
Now, is this method of ostracization in the digital age really doing good? For me, I don’t think so.
Social media is pretty much used by everyone. As a teenager, I’ve seen my fair share of people
cancelling others on social media. Imagine thousands to millions of anonymous people hiding behind
screen names drag your name in the mud—that’s brutal. The damage done by cancel culture is
something that I don’t think anyone can handle well and I’ve seen some individuals even lose their
will (to work, to create, and even to live) because of it. Not to mention, there are even cases where
people are cancelling someone when they aren’t even in the right.
If there is someone who needs to be called out, it can be resolved by talking it out in a healthy way. It
can be done in a civil way where there is no almost inhuman ostracization of an individual and
making them lose sense of their individuality. The use of cancel culture is not the solution.

15
 Lesson Various Kinds of Reports
4
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
Reports are official documents that contain information necessary for any
transactions. These are kept and filed for future reference.
1. It serves as internal communication within an office.
Example: memorandum, narrative report, minutes of the meeting
2. It helps in the planning process.
Example: Survey reports, Personnel Evaluation, Financial Report
3. It keeps new information for reference.
Example: Accident report, source data

After this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Determine the objectives and structures of various kinds of reports.

WHAT IS IT
Reports follow different structures depending on the need and purpose. The
common parts include the data and time the report is created and the name of
the persons behind it.

Types of Reports in various fields:

1. Survey Report
2. Field Report
3. Laboratory/ Scientific Report
4. Technical Report

Survey Report Field Report Laboratory/Scien Technical Report

tific Report
Objective To communicate To describe To document your To convince the
survey findings an observed findings and reader of your
person, communicate their position;
place, or significance
event and to To persuade them
analyze that to act;
observation Inform them of
data in your findings
order to
identify and
categorize
common
themes in
relation to
the
research
problems

Structure • Front page • Introduction • Title page • Title page

16
 -Includes title, - specific - name of • Summary
date of objective, experiment • Table of contents
publication, theories or - names of lab • Introduction
author concepts partners and date • Body
• Table of contents -nature of org. • Abstract • Figures, tables,
• Executive or setting where - summarizes equations and
summary the observation the purpose of formulae
-summary of is conducted the experiment, • Conclusion
methods, key -type of key findings, • Recommendatio
results, observation, significance and ns
conclusions or date, methods major • References
recommendation -review of conclusions
• Appendices
s pertinent • Introduction
• Background and literature -objective
objectives • Description of -background of Source: Technical
-provides the activities the experiment report writing
context of the -Five Ws of • Methods and https://students.unim
investigative elb.edu.au/academic-
survey Materials/ skills/explore-our-
- reasons of reporting: What, Equipment resources/report-
research Where, when, • Experimental writing/technical-
- states how the who, why Procedure report-writing
research result is • Interpretation -process in
intended to be and Analysis chronological
used • Conclusion and order
• Survey method Recommendati • Results
-indicates the ons -dominated by
respondents and • Appendix calculations,
why they were • References tables and
chosen figures
• Survey results Source: Writing a • Discussion
field report
• Appendices https://library.sacre • Conclusion
-includes the dheart.edu/c.php?g • References
survey =29803&p=185952 • Appendices
questionnaire • Further
-technical info. Reading
About
methodology, Source: The Lab
technical terms, Report
glossary and list https://advice.writin
g.utoronto.ca/types-
of figures of-writing/lab-report/

17
 WHAT’S MORE
A. Directions: Read an excerpt of the summary reported by the DOH to the World
Health Organization on June 23, 2020 regarding the Coronavirus Disease 2019 in
the Philippines, then answer the questions that follow.

A. Out of the total 31,825 confirmed cases reported in the Philippines until today, 56% are male, with the
most affected age group 30-39 years (23.1%) followed by 20-29 years (21.2%)
B. 50.4% of cases reported from National Capital Region (NCR), followed by Central Visayas (19.4%),
CALABARZON (7.4%), and Central Luzon (2.6%). Largest increase in new cases from Central Visayas
C. Department of Health (DOH) emphasizing the need for increased control of proper implementation of
guidelines at LGU level
D. Many new cases reported among repatriated Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) and Locally Stranded
Individuals (LSI) due to poor adherence of proper prevention measures during mandatory quarantine
period
Source: Philippines Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report #41. Situation Summary. World Health Organization. June 23, 2020. HYPERLINK
"https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/countries/philippines/emergencies/covid-19/who-phl-sitrep-41-covid-19-23jun2020.pdf?sfvrsn=72a76e19_2"
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/wpro---documents/countries/philippines/emergencies/covid-19/who-phl-sitrep-41-covid-19-23jun2020.pdf?sfvrsn=72a76e19_2

1. Which statement states a recommendation? C

2. Which statement shows the cause of having additional cases among OFWs and LSIs? D
3. Which statement states the number of cases by gender? A
4. Which statement shows the region with the highest percentage of COVID-19 cases? B
B. Directions: Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.

Source: Meralco Online

1. Based on the diagram, which month has the lowest electricity consumption?
August.
2. What do you think is the reason behind it?
August is a rainy season. Since it is rainy season, there is less use of electric fans and air conditioning.
3. What is the difference between the months of April and May electricity consumption?
April is just the beginning of summer, meaning that the heat waves are still not that high. It peaks i May, and this is about the
time people start to use their electric fans and air conditioner all day to battle the heat.
4. Is this report important? Why?
Yes. It allows us to view which months we spend the most on electricity which allows us to allot money for it and prepare well for the
months where we spend a lot (and find ways to save to!).
5. What type of report is this?
I believe this is called a usage report, which is a field report.

WHAT I CAN DO
Interview at least 2 online sellers that you know and ask the following questions.
1. What products does he/ she sell?
2. How does he/she advertise?
3. How much does each product cost?
18
4. How much does he/she gain for every product?
5. How does he/ she deliver the products?
6. How often does he/ she have customers?
Based on the results of the interview. Complete the table below and provide a brief summary of
the report.
Name of
Selling Mode of Frequency
Online Products Unit price Profit
price delivery of delivery
Seller
1. Gracia’s Crocheted Bucket 400 PHP 500-700 PHP 100-300 PHP Lalamove Once a week
Crochet Hats
Creations Crocheted
Mats
Table 2000 PHP 2500 PHP 500 PHP Mr. Speedy Once a week

Name of
Selling Mode of Frequency
Online Products Unit price Profit
Seller price delivery of delivery
2. Thiccooki Cookies 7 PHP 37 PHP/each 28 PHP/each Lalamove 2-6 times daily
es Bread 100 PHP 450 PHP/dozen 110 PHP/dozen Mr. Speedy For special
occasions,
around 15-20
Summary: Since Gracia’s Crochet Creations is non-food, they sell less in a week as Thiccookies is food
and is consumed by customers almost daily. GCC’s products are also harder and more expensive to
make as Thiccookies’ products are less time consuming and cheaper to make. Hence, GCC’s products
are more expensive and Thiccookies’ is cheaper.

Prepare a report about your family on any of the following topics:

A. Daily Expenses
B. Use of electric appliances
C. Distribution of house chores
D. Nutritional needs / Dietary needs

19
 Lesson
Survey Questionnaires
5

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

A questionnaire is a set of questions with choices for a purpose of survey or
statistical study.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Designs, tests and revises survey questions

Survey questionnaires present a set of questions to a subject who with his/her responses will
provide data to a researcher. There are two different types of questions that can be used to
collect information.
1. Structured (fixed response) questions are questions that offer the respondent a closed set of
responses from which to choose. Example:
Do you have a driver's How many hours a day do you
license? Which subject do you enjoy the spend doing homework?
( ) Yes most at school? ( ) 0 to 1 hour
( ) No ( ) Math ( ) Government ( ) 2 to 3 hours
( ) Science ( ) Art / Music ( ) 4 to 5 hours
( ) English ( ) History ( ) more than 5 hours
( ) Foreign Language

2. Non-structured questions, or open-ended questions, are questions where there is no list of

answer choices from which to choose.
Example:
What do you like best about the Science Buddies Classroom Scientists Program?

Source: https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/references/how-to-design-a-survey

WHAT IS IT
Survey questions can use formats to collect answers from individuals. Here are
the types of survey questions:

1. Multiple choice questions allow your respondents to select one or

more options from a list of answers that you define. They’re intuitive, easy
to use in different ways, help produce easy-to-analyze data, and provide mutually
exclusive choices. Because the answer options are fixed, your respondents have an
easier survey-taking experience.

20
2. Rating scales (sometimes referred to as ordinal questions) display a scale of answer options
from any range (0 to 100, 1 to 10, etc.). The respondent selects the number that most
accurately represents their response.
3. Likert scales are used to gauge respondents’ opinions and feelings. The questions give
respondents a range of options—for example, starting at “not at all likely” scaling all the
way up to “extremely likely”.
4. Open-ended questions require respondents to type their answer into a comment box and
don’t provide specific pre-set answer options.
5. Demographic questions are used in gathering information about a respondent’s
background or income level. These are tools to segment your audience based on who they
are and what they do, allowing you to take an even deeper dive in on your data.

WHAT’S MORE
Now, you are going to identify what type of questionnaires each item shows. Choose
your answer from the box and write it on the space before the number.

Likert Scales Open-ended Multiple Choice Demographic Rating

Multiple Choice 1. How would you rate your experience with our product?
Very satisfied Satisfied Dissatisfied Very dissatisfied

Rating 2. How likely is it that you would recommend this company to a friend or
colleague?

Likert Scale 3. I am not satisfied with the investment my organization makes in education
Strongly agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Demographic 4. Demographic questions are used to gather information about a

respondent’s background or income level.
Example: Which of the following best describes your current relationship status?
Single Widowed Separated
Married Divorced
Source: https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/survey-question-types/

WHAT I CAN DO
.Directions: Write your survey questions on a topic of your choice. Make sure that
the questions help address the objectives of your research. You may use a
separate sheet for your answer.
1. Factors that Influence Students’ Anxiety in Studying
2. Effects of Social Media to Learners’ Study Habits
3. Learners’ Situation in Distance Learning
4. Effects of Quarantine Implementation to the Family

21
Topic: Effects of Quarantine Implementation to the Family
Rate your level of agreement with the statements below. Put a checkmark on your desired answer.

4- Strongly Agree
3- Agree
2- Neutral
1- Disagree

4 3 2 1
1. You keep a close relationship with the members of your family.
2. The pandemic had an effect in your relationship with others.
3. You like being alone.
4. You enjoy others’ company.
5. Being quarantined with your family amidst the pandemic brought
you joy.
6. Being quarantined with your family amidst the pandemic brought
about positive changes in your relationship as a family.
7. Quarantining with your family allowed you to know each other
even better.
8. You fought/disagreed a lot with your family whilst being
quarantined together.
9. You had a hard time getting some alone time whilst being in
quarantine with your family.
10. Your family respects each other’s personal spaces.

22
 Lesson Conducting surveys,
6 experiments or observation
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

In dealing with academic papers, we may be able to encounter reports that are
scientific in nature. Scientific, in such a way that before we arrive at any
conclusion, there must be a process of discovery that needs to be done first. This
discovery may be done in several ways, such as conducting surveys,
experiments and observations.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Conduct surveys, experiments or observations.
1.1. Understand distinct uses of survey, experiments and
observations.

WHAT IS IT

Survey are one form of discovery process, wherein certain information will be
collected from a specific group in order to learn something about them. A survey may focus on
opinions or factual information depending upon the purpose of the study.

In an Observational study, the sample population being studied is measured, or surveyed, as

it is. The researcher observes the subject and measures variables, but does not influence the
population in any way or attempt to intervene in the study. There is no manipulation by the
researcher.

Experiments have the purpose of having to influence the results in a particular study. Unlike
survey and observation, there is a conscious effort to alter the outcome of a particular study.

The above mentioned may sound scientific but know that we can apply these processes
even in the language areas. For example, we may conduct a survey about the most liked popular
song among Grade 11 students. On the other hand, we may observe how students behave in
front of a strict teacher. Lastly, we can try having social experiments about honesty and other
important human virtues.

23
 WHAT’S MORE
A. Directions: Identify the processes being described in each number.

Study 1. It is perhaps the easiest process of all, because the researcher

would not apply any manipulation or interaction on the subject(s) being studied.
Survey 2. This process requires an interaction with the subjects. The subjects
may be asked to answer in written or verbal form.
Experiment 3. This process can be the most challenging yet exciting of all because there
will be a manipulation of the outcomes. There is usually an assumption that may either be
proven or refuted.
B. Directions: Choose the type of process that best fits the given scenarios.
Survey 1. You would like to know about the benefits of knowing how to speak English fluently.
Experiment 2. You would like to see how addiction from online games affect
the students’ performance in school.
Observational Study 3. You would like to verify if socioeconomic status
contributes to the academic performance of a student.
Survey 4. You would like to know the reaction of classmates regarding a controversial law.
Survey 5. You would like to find out whether early romantic relationships contribute to
teenage pregnancy.

A. Directions: Write three (3) topics that you wish to research about on particular research
method.

Survey: Example: Most used social media platform by Senior High School students
1.
2.
3.

Observation: Example: Behavior of SHS students in Facebook after experiencing lockdown

in the community
1.
2.
3.
Experiment: Example: Animal testing in beauty products
1.
2.
3.

24
 WHAT I CAN DO

A. Directions: Conduct a Likert Scale-type of survey with your family

members about the importance of English language in our society. Come up
with five (5) more statements. Remember that the sentences should be in
affirmative form. An example is done for you.

Statement Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree
1. Knowing how to speak English fluently
helps a lot in getting a job.
2.
3.
4.
5.

B. Directions: Watch the primetime news report. Observe how the news stories are
arranged for broadcast. Jot down what you have observed. Make inferences out of the
observations you have made. An example is already done for you.

Description of the Newscast Inference(s)

News Story: The DOH informed the public about the latest The most important news
Covid-19 statistics related to Covid-19 pandemic. The topics like Covid-19 update
update highest number of cases was recorded today. was discussed first.
News Story
1:
News Story
2:
News Story
3:
News Story
4:
News Story
5:

25
 Lesson Gathering information from surveys,
7 experiments or observations

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

How is data in research collected? What is the best way to gather data in
research?
The term gathering information is the systematic approach to gathering
and measuring information from a variety of sources to get a complete and accurate picture of an
area of interest. There are few standard ways of collecting data: use of already existing data,
survey a sampling of the population, design an experiment, and conduct observations.

After this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Gathers information from surveys, experiments, or observations;
1.1.Determines the type of method in gathering data.

WHAT IS IT

Observational Study can be used to determine whether an existing condition,

called a factor, in a population is related to a characteristic of interest. For
instance, an observational study might be used to find the incidence of heart
disease among those who smoke. In the study, being a smoker is the factor, and having heart
disease is the characteristic of interest.

Surveys measure characteristics of interest about a population using a sample selected from
the population. A sample needs to be representative of the population in order for the
measurements obtained from the sample to be accurate. Random sampling is generally the
best way to ensure representation.

Even when random sampling is used for a survey, the survey’s results can have errors. Some of
the sources of errors are:
• Biased questions: The wording of questions in a survey can influence the way people
respond to the questions. Survey questions need to be worded in a neutral, unbiased way.
• Interviewer effect: If the questions in a survey are being asked by an interviewer, the
person being interviewed may give inaccurate responses to avoid being embarrassed. For
instance, if the questions involve sensitive issues, the person may not tell the truth, or if the
questions involve complex or unfamiliar issues, the person may resort to guessing.
• Nonresponse: Some people may be difficult or impossible to contact, or they may
simply refuse to participate once contacted. If nonresponse rates are higher for
certain subgroups of a population, such as the elderly, then those subgroups will be
underrepresented in the survey results.
Experimental Study – the condition is created by imposing a treatment on the sample. For
instance, an experiment might be conducted by having a group of people with eczema
take a vitamin E pill daily, and then observing whether their symptoms improve. In the

26
experiment, taking the vitamin E pill is the treatment, and improvement of symptoms is
the characteristic of interest.

Whether a study is observational or experimental, it should be comparative in order to

establish a connection between the factor or treatment and the characteristic of interest

While a comparative observational study can suggest a relationship between two

variables, such as cell phone use while driving and car accidents, it cannot establish a
cause-and-effect relationship because there can be confounding variables (also called
lurking variables) that influence the results. For instance, perhaps people who talk on cell
phones while driving are more likely to drive aggressively, so it is the aggressive driving
(not the cell phone use) that leads to a higher rate of car accidents.

In an experiment, randomization can remove the problem of a confounding variable

by distributing the variable among the groups being compared so that its influence on
the groups is more or less equal. Therefore, the best way to establish a cause-and-effect
relationship between two variables is through a randomized comparative experiment
where subjects are randomly divided into two groups: the treatment group, which is
given the treatment, and the control group, which is not
Source: Surveys, Experiments, and Observational Studies – 27JSchools
https://www.sd27j.org/cms/lib/CO01900701/Centricity/Domain/572/8.3%20Practice%20set%202.pdf

WHAT’S MORE
Directions: Identify whether the situation must apply survey, observation, or
experiment. Write before the number S for survey, O for observation and E for
experiment

O 1. John records the sleeping habits of the lion at the zoo for a month
E 2. A park ranger plants 10 trees on the park and 10 trees of a similar species and
age further than half of a mile in the park. He then measures the growth of all trees over a
month.
S 3. 50 parents in a school district were asked, “Are you willing to pay a small fee for
each school sport that your child participates in?”
O 4. The teacher lists all the behavioral problems issues all other teachers note about
Kevin and make a report.
S 5. All the students were asked to evaluate the teacher performance by giving them
scores every day, 5 as the highest and 1 as the lowest.

WHAT I CAN DO
A. Directions: Explain why the results of each survey are likely to be
inaccurate and then suggest a way to improve the accuracy of the survey. Use
another sheet of paper for your answers.
1. Mrs. Cruz, the manager of the company, conducts one-on-one interviews with a random sample
of employees to have them rate how satisfied they are with different aspects of their jobs.

2. In a random sample of homeowners, a survey asks, “Are you in favor of an additional

homeowner’s association fee to create a village playground?”

27
B. Directions: Evaluate the article about the effect of a doctor empathy on the duration and
severity of a cold.
Caring Doctors Shorten and Ease the Common Cold Researchers have found that among
patients with colds, those who gave their doctors perfect scores on a questionnaire
measuring empathy had colds that did not last as long and were less severe. Empathy on
the part of doctors included making patients feel at ease, listening to their concerns, and
showing compassion. A total of 350 subjects who were experiencing the onset of a cold were
randomly assigned to one of three groups: no doctor-patient interaction, standard interaction,
and enhanced interaction. Only subjects in the third group saw doctors who had been
coached on being empathetic.
Source: Surveys, Experiments, and Observational Studies – 27JSchools
https://www.sd27j.org/cms/lib/CO01900701/Centricity/Domain/572/8.3%20Practice%20set%202.pdf

1. Is this article, an observational study, or an experiment? How do you know?

This article is an observational study since it did not require an intervention. Additionally, the subjects
were divided into groups.
2. Was randomization used in the research? If so, how?
Yes. The patients with onset of a cold were randomly assigned to the observation groups.
3. Does the report include details of the research? If not, what information is missing?
This report gave us the general idea of the research and is not detailed. The exact statistics of the data
were not disclosed as well as what was the effect of the doctors on the condition of the patients in their
group.
B. Directions: Explain whether each situation is an experiment or an observational study. The
first problem has been completed for you. Use another sheet of paper for your answers.
1. A school nurse measures the change in height and weight of students every semester. Half
of the number of students had significant gain in weight and increase in height while the other
half had small gain in weight and increase in height.

Answer: Observational study; the school nurse gathers data without controlling the students
weight and height or applying a treatment.

2. A school nurse conducts feeding program with healthy meals in breakfast and lunch to a
group of students and measures the change in height and weight of students and their health
conditions every month. She compares it to another group of students who are not under the
program.

Adapted from: Surveys, Experiments, and Observational Studies – 27JSchools

https://www.sd27j.org/cms/lib/CO01900701/Centricity/Domain/572/8.3%20Practice%20set%202.pdf

28
 Lesson Summarizing findings and writing
8-9 various reports

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

As a researcher you need to present and discuss the results of your study
or investigation. This is the aspect when you will interpret your data and
discuss the analysis to your readers.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Summarize findings and execute the report through narrative and
visual/graphic forms;
2. Write various reports.

WHAT IS IT

Types of Reports in various fields:

1. Survey Report
2. Field Report
3. Laboratory/ Scientific Report
4. Technical Report

Parts of a Lab Report

1. Title Page
This includes the variable under investigation
2. Abstract (write this last)
This provides a concise and comprehensive summary of a research report. The style
should be brief. It should aim to explain very briefly (about 150 words) the following:
- Start with a one/two sentence summary, providing the aim and
rationale for the study.
- Describe the participants and setting: who, when, where, how many,
what groups?
- Describe the method: what design, what experimental treatment, what
questionnaires, surveys or tests used.
- Describe the major findings, which may include a mention of the
statistics used and the significance levels, or simply one sentence
summing up the outcome.
- The final sentence(s) outline the studies 'contribution to knowledge'
within the literature. What does it all mean? Mention implications of
your findings if appropriate.

29
3. Introduction
This should explain where your hypothesis from. It usually follow a funnel structure: start
broad then become specific.
Highlight the broader topic

Explain the theoretical framework

Summarize previous studies

Rationale
Hypothesis

4. Method
This includes the participants, design, materials, and procedure.
5. Results
This usually present the descriptive statistics followed by inferential statistics. It report the
means, standard deviations and 95% confidence intervals (Cis) for each IV level. If you have
four to 20 numbers to present, a well-presented table is best, APA style. Name the statistical
test being used.
6. Discussion
-Outline your findings in plain English
- Compare your results to background materials from the introduction.
- How confident can we be in the results? Acknowledge limitations, but only if only they
can explain the result obtained. If the study has found a reliable effect be very careful
suggesting limitations as you are doubting your results.
- Suggest constructive ways to improve your study if appropriate.
- What are the implications of your findings?
- Suggest an idea for further researched triggered by your study, something in the same
area, but not simply an improved version of yours.
7. References
This is the list of all sources cited in the essay. References need to be set out APA
style.
Source: McLeod, S. (2019). How to write a lab report.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/research-report.html

How to write Survey report?

Survey Report Structure:
1. Front Page

This includes the title, date of publication/release, and author.

2. Table of contents
3. Executive summary
This should summarize all the main points discussed in the report, including the methods,
Key results, conclusions/ recommendations.
4. Background and objectives
This provides the context to understand the background to the survey, and the reasons
for which the research has been conducted.
5. Survey Method
This discusses who has been included in the survey and why, the source material or list
of which respondents from the target population were drawn.

30
6. Survey Results
7. Appendices
Source: Presenting survey results – report writing
https://www.qgso.qld.gov.au/issues/671/presenting-survey-results-report-writing.pdf

WHAT’S MORE
A. Directions: Match the sections with its descriptions.

A. SECTIONS B. DESCRIPTIONS
1. Title D a. Presents and interprets the results
2. Abstract C b. Contain tables of raw data and detailed
calculations
3. Aim H c. Provides an overview of the report
content
4. Introduction/ Background F d. Precisely reflects the focus of the lab
5. Method G e. summarizes findings and makes
recommendations
6. Results and Discussion E f. explains the topic, problem or
hypothesis and theory
7. Conclusions A g. describes the equipment, materials and
procedure
8. References I h. concisely states the objective/s of the
experiment
9. Appendices B i. lists the publication details of all sources
cited

B. Directions: Circle True or False for these sentences.

1. Your writing should have an introduction, main body TRUE FALSE

and conclusion.
2. You should include your opinion about the results of the TRUE FALSE
survey.
3. You should try to mention or summarise all the TRUE FALSE
information given.
4. You should use a variety of expressions for describing TRUE FALSE
percentages and proportions.
5. You don't have to use connectors or link ideas together. TRUE FALSE
6. In your conclusion, you should focus on the most TRUE FALSE
important figures or trends.

31
C. Directions: Read the context below, then answer the questions that follow.
In a survey for Northern Ireland Teen Time magazine, 100 teenagers were asked the question:
‘Do you do anything else while you are watching TV?’ The pie chart below shows the results of
the survey.

Summarize the information in the chart by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
THINGS I DO WHILE WATCHING TV
I read I listen to music
1% 2% I do exercise
I use my mobile
3%
phone or tablet
27% I talk to my family
8%

I do my homework
8%

I only watch TV
and do nothing
else
I have breakfast, 23%
lunch or dinner
28%
Source: www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglishteens

Tips for writing:

1
This pie chart shows teenagers’ answers to a survey for Start by saying exactly what the
Northern Ireland Teen Time magazine, which asked them pie chart shows.
if they do anything else while they watch TV. 2 It can be The second sentence in the intro.
seen that over three-quarters of those surveyed do other Should summarize the single most
things simultaneously. important thing from the chart.
3
Over half said that they either ate or checked their In the second paragraph, describe
4
mobile phone or tablet while they were watching TV the survey results in detail. Use a
while, perhaps unsurprisingly, 3 only a few teenagers said variety of language to describe
they read, did exercise or listened to music while proportions, fractions and
watching TV. 3 Eight per cent talked to their families and percentages.
another 8% said they often did homework and watched Use expressions for comparing
TV at the same time. It is not clear from the pie chart if like while… however…
they did more than one additional activity at once.
5
In conclusion, it is evident that a large proportion of
families watch TV while they are eating, while almost a 5. In the conclusion, summarize the
third of young people divide their attention between bigger picture and mention the most
several screens at the same time. 5 These figures may significant percentages or trends.
reflect a general trend towards less formal family
mealtimes and greater levels of multitasking. However, a
5
significant number of teenagers still focus fully on the
television when they are watching.

32
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. The text summarizes teenagers’ answers to about their TV viewing habits.
A. One question C. Three questions
B. Two questions D. Four questions
2. The proportion of teenagers that did something else while watching TV was .
A. More than 50% C. More than 80%
B. More than 75% D. More thank 90%
3. We don’t know from the survey results while watching TV.
A. What percentage of teenagers read
B. If teenagers talk to their families
C. If teenagers do more than one other activity
D. What frequency do they do the stated activities
4. The most common activities to do while watching TV were .
A. Chatting to families and reading
B. Eating and checking phones or tablets
C. Eating and chatting to families
D. Doing exercise while listening to music

Source: Writing skills practice: Writing about survey results –exercise

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/sites/teens/files/writing_about_survey_results_-_exercises.pdf

WHAT I CAN DO
A. Directions: Write your description, interpretation and analysis on the bar
graphs below.

COVID 19 PANDEMIC AND THE ECONOMIC SHUTDOWN

The survey was conducted from May 4 to 27, 2020 and reached 3,144 poor and
vulnerable households from 10 cities in Metro Manila and 4 cities in Cebu.

HUNGER INCIDENCE

Source: A Pulse on poverty: Application of Citizen-centered innovation

file:///C:/Users/Owner/Downloads/COVID%20Pulse%20-%20Working%20Paper%20-%20Wave%201.pdf

33
 During May 4-27, 2020, a total of 3,144 poor and vulnerable households from 10 cities in
Metro Manila and 4 cities in Cebu participated in a survey to find out the effect of the
COVID-19 pandemic on the income of the respondents and how it has incited hunger
among them. For their statistical data, they analyzed the incidence of skipping meals vs
the baseline income of the respondents using a bar graph. With this, we see that with
lesser income groups, there are more people who skip meals. For those with higher
income, there are higher levels of people that don’t skip meals.

COPING STRATEGIES INCIDENCE

Source: A Pulse on poverty: Application of Citizen-centered innovation

file:///C:/Users/Owner/Downloads/COVID%20Pulse%20-%20Working%20Paper%20-%20Wave%201.pdf

For this bar graph, they analyzed the different coping strategies of those who have a
hard time keeping up with the living demands with their current income. In order to have
more money, most (around 1000+) of the respondents turned to seeking other income
resources. Other relied on cheaper food, borrowing money/food, or help from relatives.
Fewer of the respondents reduced their food intake, sold assets, and did other activities
with income resources to make ends meet.

B. Directions: In groups of 5, write a survey report on your choice of study. The

following phases must be followed before the writing of the report. Each group shall
have particular schedule for presentation to the teacher as guidance in writing the
survey report. Google Meet, FB messenger and Text Blast may be used for the
meetings in writing the survey report project.
I. Day 1 of Week 8: Submit Title Proposal
II. Day 2: Submit Research questions
III. Day 3: Design your survey questions
IV. Day 4: Conduct your survey
V. Day 5: Analyze the survey and create a graphical representation or table/s
VI. Day 6: Interpret the graph or table
VII. Day 7: Write the results
VIII. Day 8: Write the Executive Summary
34
IX. Day 9: Write the first draft of the complete survey report
X. Day 10-12: Write the final paper of the Survey Report

35