Prefeasibility of Tourism Area at Proposed Rohini Dam Site

PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR
THE PROPOSED TOURISM

AREA AT ROHINI RIVER DAM
SITE AT DEVDAH
Submitted by:
SHRESTHA CONSULTANT P. LTD. Ekantkuna, Lalitpur
Pre-Feasibility Study of Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site in Ward Number 2 of Devdaha Municipality
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 The Project........................................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective of the Consulting Services..............................................................................................................1
1.4 Scope of the Consulting Service......................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2: SITE ANALYSIS........................................................................................................3
2.1 Tourism Development Site..............................................................................................................................3
2.2 Connectivity......................................................................................................................................................3
2.2 Land Use and Land Ownership......................................................................................................................4
2.3 Land Use Pattern..............................................................................................................................................4
2.4 Social Infrastructure........................................................................................................................................4
2.5 Soil Description.................................................................................................................................................4
2.6 Regional Linkage..............................................................................................................................................4
2.7 SWOT Analysis................................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY....................................................................................7
3.1 Policy, Legislation, Guidelines and Institutions............................................................................................8

3.1.1 Policy, Legislation and Guidelines.............................................................................................................8
3.1.2 Institutions...................................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Potential Environment Impact........................................................................................................................9

3.2.1 Construction Stage......................................................................................................................................9
3.2.2 Operation Stage.........................................................................................................................................13
3.3 Mitigation Measures......................................................................................................................................15

3.3.1 Construction Period..................................................................................................................................15
3.3.2 Operational stage......................................................................................................................................17
3.4 Advice..............................................................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 4: ENGINEERING SURVEY AND MAPPING.........................................................19
4.1 Scope of Survey work.....................................................................................................................................19
4.2 Bench Mark Survey.......................................................................................................................................20

4.2.1 Available Information and Data................................................................................................................20
4.2.2 Manpower.................................................................................................................................................20
4.3 Baseline/Traverse Survey..............................................................................................................................21
4.4 Topographical Survey....................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 5: CONCEPTUAL PLANNING...................................................................................24
5.1 Conceptual Planning......................................................................................................................................24
CHAPTER 6: COST ESTIMATES..................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................34
ANNEX A: CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN...................................................................................
ANNEX B: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP AND CROSS SECTIONS/PROFILES..............................
ANNEX C: D-CARDS...........................................................................................................................
ANNEX D: PHOTOGRAPHS..............................................................................................................
List of Figures:
Figure 1 Google Map of Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini River Dam Site........................................3
Figure 2 Topographical Survey of the Project Site..............................................................................20
Figure 3 Survey Map of Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site.................................................23
Figure 5: Meeting with the Municipal Officials...................................................................................24
Figure 4: Site Visit with Municipal Official and Local Representatives..............................................24
Figure 7 Google Map of Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site................................................25
Figure 8 Conceptual Plan of the Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site....................................28
Figure 9 Proposed Reservoir for Fisheries...........................................................................................29
Figure 10 Proposed Water Reservoir for boating services with the Tourism park...............................30
List of Tables:
Table 1 Details of Social Infrastructure.................................................................................................4

Table 2 SWOT Analysis of Proposed Site.............................................................................................5
Table 3: List of Bench Marks at Project Area......................................................................................21
Table 4: Traversing for control point fixation using Total Station.......................................................22
Table 6: Brief Summary of components of Master Plan......................................................................27
Table 7: Salient Features.....................................................................................................................31
Table 8: Cost Summary of the Development of Tourism Area............................................................33
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Devdaha Municipality is located 35 km Northeast of Lumbini and has many important sites of
historical and religious significance. The municipality has a great potential for tourism development
as it is connected with the proposed Greater Lumbini Buddhist circuit. The Devdaha Municipality and
the Tourism Master Plan has identified Rohini river dam site as one of the potential tourism
development sites in the municipality having historical and cultural importance that dates back to
Buddha’s time. Despite having potential of a tourism destination, Rohini River dam site has not
gained attention due to the lack of publicity and required tourism infrastructure development. In this
context, Devdaha Municipality has given high priority and allocated budget for the Recreational
Development of Rohini Dam site area located in Petbania Tole of Ward 2 in Devdaha Municipality.
The project intends to develop recreational activities for culturally diverse community while
preserving the culture, history and environment of the site. The recreational development of Rohini
dam site area will not only help to boost tourism and local economy, but the integration of green space
and water bodies will also help to improve quality of life and health of the people. There is a need of
development of this site in terms of making it inclusive and accessible to all including the children
and senior citizens.
1.2 The Project

The proposed assignment is for “Pre-Feasibility Study of Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site in Ward
Number 2 Of Devdaha Municipality”.
1.3 Objective of the Consulting Services

The main objective of the work is as follows:
 Pre-Feasibility Study of Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site in Ward Number 2 Of Devdaha
Municipality
1.4 Scope of the Consulting Service

The Consultant, under the Terms of Reference (TOR) and in close coordination with Devdaha
Municipality, will carry out activities and deliver the services. The scope of Consultant's services
during the Consulting Period will include, but is not necessarily limited to, providing advice and
assistance that reasonably falls within Consultant's knowledge and expertise including without
limitation patent and technical matters.
Shrestha Consultant Pvt. Ltd. 1

The main aspects or specific scope of service (Key Considerations) of the study are:
A. Collection, Review and analysis of information of Rohini Dam Site. An assessment is done
mainly on the basic of the profile of municipalities, pattern of settlement, market
characteristics, expected economic activities and potential of site location, environmental
assessment etc. Consultants are required to visit the project site, discuss with municipal staff
and concerned stakeholders not only to understand the local context but also to collect various
information and data, required for different types of assessments.
B. Conduction of Detailed Topographical Survey of the Rohini Dam Site, 1.7 km upstream from
the existing dam and 0.3km downstream of the dam, 100m left and right of the existing
embankment of the river.
C. Conduction of Local Stakeholders Meetings and Municipality Level Meetings, Meetings with
the Irrigation Office of Rupandehi District.
D. Conduction of SWOT Analysis for the feasibility of the proposed tourism area.
E. Preliminary Socio-economic analysis of the site.
F. Environmental Study
a. Collect Baseline Information.
b. Identify and analyze potential impacts.
c. Outline major/relevant mitigation measures.

CHAPTER 2:
SITE ANALYSIS
2.1 Tourism Development Site

The proposed tourism site is located in ward no. 2 of Devdaha municipality at the Rohini River Site
Dam. The area bounded on west by Tilottama Municipality, on the North, East and South by Devdaha
municipality. The sagrahawa community forest lies in the south west and petbaniya community forest
in the east direction. The site is 2.5 km far from the proposed Gautam Buddha International Peace
Park. The proposed site lies amidst the Rohini river.
The geographical location in latitude is 27°35'23.04"N and 83°32'56.92"E. The area is easily
accessible through Gautam Buddha International Airport at about a distance of 20 km in South West
direction.
Figure 1 Google Map of Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini River Dam Site
2.2 Connectivity
The East-West Highway is around 4.2 km in North direction from the proposed site. The nearest
airport is Gautam Buddha International Airport, which is at 20 km from the proposed site in
Southwest direction. One can easily access the telephone, internet and mobile connectivity at the site.
Transportation facilities to access various markets are readily available. Both skilled and unskilled
labors are easily available in the area.

The proposed site is well connected with the historical site of Bhawanipur/ Devidamar, Devadaha
(pond), Khayardada, Kanyamai Temple, Bairimai Temple, Pakadi Tree of Devdaha municipality. The
proposed Gautam Buddha International Peace Park and Museum is also close to the site located at
2.5km north. Therefore, the pilgrims/devotees visiting the above historical places and pilgrim sites are
more likely to visit the proposed site.
2.2 Land Use and Land Ownership

The facilities to be built will be on the river land designated for this project. All of the land are public.
2.3 Land Use Pattern

The area for the tourism site is amidst the Rohini river, stretched from Rohini dam site at downstream
side to Rohini bridge at upstream side covering 293,376 Sqm. And it is plain area. The area is covered
by 3-4m thick layer of grey to yellow sandy and silty soil.
2.4 Social Infrastructure

The following are the infrastructure facilities available nearby the site-
Table 1 Details of Social Infrastructure
SN. Particular Distance
1. Hospital Present within 4 km radius.
2. Hotel
3. College
4. School
5. Medical Shop
6. Temple
2.5 Soil Description

The soils encountered at the proposed site mostly comprise sand with traces of gravels.
2.6 Regional Linkage

The Greater Lumbini Area (GLA) covers an area of 5260 sqkm and includes Rupandehi,
Nawalparasi and Kapilvastu districts in the southern plains of western Nepal. The area is a home to
many archaeological and religious sites relevant to Lord Sakyamuni Buddha’s life, including his
birthplace Lumbini. Besides Lumbini, which is in UNESCO World Heritage list, the Greater Lumbini
Area (GLA) includes three other important Buddhist sites; Tilaurakot, Devadaha and Ramagrama.

Rupandehi: Lumbini in Rupandehi district of Nepal is the epicenter of the Buddhism. In addition to
Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Sakyamuni Buddha, other Buddhist heritage sites worth to visit in
Rupandehi district include Devadaha, the maternal hometown of Buddha’s mother Mayadevi and
Sainamaina, an archaeological site considered to be of Buddha era. Similarly, major interesting
cultural, historical and natural sites in Rupandehi district are the surrounding rural villages with rich
Tharu cultures and Viraha song; historic site of Jitgadhi fort at Butwal; religious sites such as
Paryowa Dham at Sainamaina and Siddhababa temple and beautiful wetlands and rivers such as
Gaidahawa lake, Gajedi lake, Dano river, Telar river etc. There are other beautiful sites with mild
climate in the Siwalik range including Nuwakot Durbar, and recreational and educational parks
including Mani Mukunda Sen Botanical Garden.
The major gateways to Lumbini; the immigration check point at Belahiya, Sunauli and the only
airport in the region, Gautam Buddha International are located in the Rupandehi district. Bhairahawa
and Butwal are two bustling cities of the district with several business, tourism and entertainment
activities. Butwal also serves as a gateway to popular mountain tourism destinations such as Tansen,
Pokhara and Mustang.
Devdaha: Devdaha, the ancient capital of the Koliya Kingdom is identified as the maternal hometown
of Queen Mayadevi, Prajapati Gautami and Princess Yasodhara, the mother, stepmother and consort
of Lord Sakyamuni Buddha respectively. It is believed that Prince Siddhartha had spent few years of
his childhood with his stepmother/aunt Prajapati Gautami in Devadaha.
After seven years of attainting the enlightenment, Lord Sakyamuni Buddha visited Devadaha and
ordained the follower of Jain Sadhu Nirgrantha Nathputra. Present day Devadaha area has been
identified as ancient Koliya Kingdom with the reference of distance and direction from Lumbini and
other Buddhist sites and various early Buddhist scriptures and archaeological excavations.
2.7 SWOT Analysis

The following is a summary of analysis of various status and conditions.
Table 2 SWOT Analysis of Proposed Site
Description Characteristics of Rohini Dam Site
Strength  Located near the Buddha’s birthplace

 Adjacent to major pilgrim sites such as Lumbini, proposed
International Peace Park and Museum, Mayadevi Temple
 Easy development of circulation-type visit course due to existing
roads around the Rohini river, dam and bridge.
 The locals are positive toward the project, therefore, no social issues

Description Characteristics of Rohini Dam Site
from different ethnic groups, castes, religious or political parties.

 Since the land belong to the Rohini river, there is no need for the
acquisition of private land.
 The employment opportunities of local and adjacent municipality’s
people will be generated with the establishment of market in the
proposed location. With this, there will be income tax collected
from the employed workers.
Weakness  Located amidst the Rohini River

 Since the proposed tourism park is in the middle of the river, a huge
quantity of earwork is needed for the land development of the site.
 The tourism park site is surrounded with rivers. Therefore, an
additional technical and financial concern has to be made to
mitigate the hindrances which are arising or which may arise at the
vicinity of the proposed location.
Opportunity  Social consensus on useful values for dams and activities within the
tourism site
 Sharing culture among families or generations
 Increase in tourism demand
 Fisheries
Threat  River Flood

 The proposed tourism site may cause environmental degradation to
the rivers alongside. Thus, requiring prevention of such problems.
 Financial uncertainty. The budget of Municipality alone may not be
sufficient to fund the project.

CHAPTER 3:
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
The proposed Tourism development area in the identified site when constructed is likely to step up
sharp increase in movement of vehicular traffic which would encourage road side settlement and other
development. This, if unplanned, would lead to various environmental problems. The environmental
degradation around the area after the development of Tourism area would have to be watched and if
necessary remedial measures would have to be taken. In order to control human activities leading to
aggravation of environmental problems planning of human settlement and their movement may have
to be done.
Moreover, controlled and uncontrolled influxes of population groups such as labors and employers
from neighboring countries (India) or nearby district might take more advantages from the proposed
project economically causing more environmental problems, mainly air pollution, noise pollution, soil
pollution, water pollution to the local area.
There will be an increased possibility of water pollution and air pollution due to development of the
project. Under chapter 3 of the Environment Protection Act 2019, industries or any other
development projects owners are required not to discharge, emit or dispose waste, sound, radiation
or any such acts which will cause pollution or to allow pollution to be caused in a manner which
likely to have significant adverse impact on the environment or to harm human life or public health.
So, the project therefore has greenery surrounding as well as buffer zone which reduces the air
pollution and noise pollution impact to the environment. In addition, maximum green open spaces
have been created to reduce the air pollution in environment.
The construction techniques applied shall be comprehensive with respect to environment, like
excavation of the construction and earthen materials from the appropriate quarry site, natural water
sources should not be disturbed due to construction etc.
The construction site should necessarily be cleared before construction and post construction period.
Each and every hazardous material and byproducts, as well as, those transported to site for use has to
be safely utilized during construction and transported back to safe destination from the site.
The environmental management Plan (EMP) identifies key issues likely to arise from project
implementation and proposes mitigation measures, including monitoring schedule and
responsibilities. The EPR suggests including mitigation measures and a proposal for monitoring in as
IEE study. The EMP gives emphasis to mitigation measures and the monitoring schedule and
responsibilities. In the preceding sections of the study key environmental issues were identified and
appropriate mitigation measures were suggested for corresponding issues. The EMP guides project

implementation (construction and operation) in such a way that the proposed mitigation measures are
implemented, and their effectiveness is monitored .
3.1 Policy, Legislation, Guidelines and Institutions

As per the mandatory provision of Environmental Protection Act 2076 and Rules, extensive review of
act and policies were performed for the conducting the study. The major reviewed legal documents
related to the project are as follows:
3.1.1 Policy, Legislation and Guidelines
Environmental Policy
Nepal Government (NG) has started to integrate environmental aspects in development planning and
administration since 1980s. Onwards from Sixth Periodic Plan (1980-1985), NG formulated policies
to encourage the proponent carry out IEE study of major projects. The commitment was re-enforced
in the Seventh Plan (1985- 1990) and the Eight Plan (1992- 1997), which included the requirement of
environmental assessment (NPC, 1985 and 1992) for the development projects. The effort has been
continued by the NG to internalize environmental assessment system through policy enunciation in
the Ninth Plan (1997-2002), which clearly spells out the need for participatory environmental
assessment and for internalizing this tool in Sectoral development projects and programs (NPC,
1997). In order to avoid or minimized likely environmental impacts on natural resource base,
particularly the forest, land and water bodies, the periodic environmental policies clearly focus the
need for carrying out IEE study of the project(s) in the prescribed sectors.
Environment Protection Act (EPA) 2076 & Environment Protection Regulation (EPR) 2077
The Environment Protection Act (EPA), 2076 was enforced by the government which became
effective with the enforcement of Environment Protection Regulations (EPR) in October 2019. The
Act requires any development project, before implementation, to pass through environmental
assessment, which may be either IEE or an EIA depending upon the location, type and size of the
projects. The EPR, 2077 obliges the proponent to inform the public on the contents of the proposal
twice in order to ensure the participation of stakeholders. The proponent should issue a public notice
to seek comments and suggestions on the proposal to include all relevant environmental issues in the
scoping report before submission for approval. The proponent is also obliged to disclose the draft
IEE/EIA report to the public concerned before it is finalized. The environmental laws stipulate the
requirements and procedures for the approval process of the Environmental Study Sections 3 to 14 of
the EPA, 2076 and Rule-3 to 9 of the EPR, 2077 contain such provisions. Rule 10 of the EPR,
requires the proponent to comply with the matters mentioned in the report and other conditions, if
any, prescribed by the approving agency or concerned agency, while Rule 11 and 12 are related to
environmental monitoring and environmental auditing (MOPE).

Some of the other related Policies and Guidelines have to be reviewed during the detailed
environmental study:
 Forest Act, 2076

 Building Act, 2055
 Nepal Health Infrastructure Development Standards, 2017
 Water Resources Act, 1992
 Local Government Operation Act, 2074
 Forest Regulation 2075
 Land Acquisition Act, 2034
 Land Acquisition Regulation, 2071
 Land Use Regulation, 2075
 Land Act, 2075
 Land Use Act, 2076
 National Water Resource Regulation, 2077
 National Urban Development Strategy 2017
3.1.2 Institutions
The roles and responsibilities of various institutions involved in various environmental management
activities are summarized as follows:
Devdaha Municipality is the coordinating and facilitating institution, responsible for implementation
of the project.
3.2 Potential Environment Impact

The construction and operation of Tourism Development Project is likely to produce impacts on local
environment, both adverse and beneficial. Several such impacts have been identified based on-site
observation, field survey, and information obtained from the stakeholders. Each environmental issue
has been examined in terms of its current condition and likely impacts during construction and
subsequent operation phases. The impacts have been predicated in terms of their magnitude, extent
and duration of different type at different stages.
3.2.1 Construction Stage
Physical Environment
Earthwork Excavation and Disposal
Earthwork is a one of activity associated with construction, which involves excavation and excavated
materials need to be disposed. Since the Tourism park are is situated in the Rohini River, a huge

quantity of earthwork is required to develop the land. The common likely problems from the
inappropriate disposal of spoils cause gullying and damage to farm lands.
 Damage and destruction of existing vegetation,

 Damage to irrigation systems, drinking water schemes and crops through direct deposition or
indirectly as result of mass flow,
 Water pollution and degradation of water quality.
Change in Land Use
The total land required for the construction of the proposed Tourism site changes of land use.
Therefore, land acquisition required for the implementation of the project is minimal.
Quarry
The construction of the project particularly foundation, sub structure, supper structure, and other
structures will require boulders, sand and aggregates. The quarry site for these materials will be
largely on the surrounding rivers which will be adequate to meet the requirement. The extraction of
materials from inappropriate places or in excessive amount can cause serious damage to the local
environment. Hence, the appropriate planning for quarrying borrowing of materials will be made
during construction.
Impact on community infrastructure
There is not existed any community infrastructures like school, Health Post, Agricultural Service
Center etc. around the vicinity. Proposed project will not affect any adverse impact on these
community infrastructures at all.
Cultural Environment
The project area will be an overall disruption of the traditional cultural way of living of the people in
and near the vicinity of the project area. The disruption of social life will also be due to the influx of
labor force. Some changes in ethnic and community solidarity, changes in occupational patterns etc.
can be expected. These impacts are expected to be significant but for the short term.
Chemical Environment
Air Quality
Although the air quality data of the project area is not available at present, the air does not appear to
be polluted. This is primarily due to the low traffic and industries as sources of pollution. During the
construction of the project with involvement of equipment, there is a strong possibility of dust
emission. The emission will be intense along the construction site. This may affect the local people
and workers as well as agricultural crops. In addition, the construction work will be carried out during
the dry season when the emission is likely to be significant. This may affect the health of the RBG

members and people living in the nearby areas and production of the crops. With proper planning and
appropriate way to reduce the impact on air quality will be significant.
Noise Level
The project area at present does not experience high levels of noise. However, during construction,
the increased construction activities may increase the noise level to some extent. The impact of road
construction on the noise level will be very insignificant and of short term nature.
Water Pollution
The water quality data within the project area is not available. Nevertheless, the quality of water in the
water bodies, within the project area appears to be fairly good, as is proven by the fact that they are
widely utilized for irrigation, household use and drinking for cattle and wildlife without any ill effect.
During construction these water bodies are likely to be affected due to the disposal of excavated
materials and disposal wastes by the workers if adequate care is not taken. Water quality may be
affected due to the reduction in water flow area. Since large number of construction workers will live
nearby the project site during the construction period, the quantity of solid wastes produced will also
be significant. If proper sanitary conditions are not maintained in the workers’ camps, water may
become contaminated and water borne diseases may appear. The impact will also be short term and
reversible in nature.
Biological Environment
Loss of agricultural land
During the construction phase due to the excavation and other construction works, the loss of the
agricultural production is difficult to predict without knowing the construction schedule. This impact
is low, local and short term.
Removal of vegetation by temporary dwellers
The construction of camps would affect the forest as the workforce utilizes fuel wood and timber for
temporary dwellings.
Increase in pressure of Forest products
With the increase in population, increase in the needs of forest products like fuel wood and timber.
Concentration of large number of labors during the construction of project, create high demand of the
forest products i.e. timber for making tent, fuel wood for cooking food, which increase pressure in
forest products of the adjoining area.
Socio-Economic Environment
Employment Opportunity and Increase of Income

The construction will be primarily labor based. The approach also includes the involvement of local
labor forces more particularly poor and disadvantaged section of the society to the utmost possible
extent. This action of the project will generate large employment opportunities to the local people
including poor and disadvantaged section of society. This will directly enhance the income level of
people and eventually contributes positive impact on local economy. Furthermore, the local people
will invest the increased earning on health, education and other social sectors. This is one of the
significance impacts of the project but it is of short-term and local in nature. However, Skill and
experience gained from this project can be useful in another project in the future and can be helpful in
enhance employment opportunity to the local people.
Trade and business
The increased income of the local people from the project from direct employment for project
construction will increase the demand of goods and services particularly in terms of food and other
items. It will enhance the business opportunities to the local people by opening the shop/restaurant.
This will also provide the opportunities to generate income to other section of local people, who do
not earn from direct employment. This impact is also of short terms and local in nature.
Enhancement of technical Skills
Although many people in the project area are unskilled at present, the construction of project is likely
to enhance their skills in construction, and large number of people will get practical or hands on
training for industries also. Furthermore, the project will also organize various skilled oriented and
capacity building training to the local mason, Facilitator (Sahajkarta) and supervisors etc. This will
enhance the technical skills of local people. The skill and knowledge acquired from the project during
construction will enhance employment opportunities such as trained manpower can earn livelihoods
from similar project in futures. This is a significant beneficial of long-term nature.
Occupational Health and Safety
The labor involved in construction activities will be exposed to different levels of risk. The potential
impacts to health are the occurrence of respiratory and eye diseases due to the exposure to dust. The
risk of accident during work may also be high. The proposed project construction requires all workers
to adopt proper occupational health and safety standards during working hours. This impact is quite
significant and hence, proper measures must be adopted to mitigate it, which is mentioned in
Mitigation Measures.
Property loss and damage
The proposed site is not connected with the settlement. During the construction phase, there is no any
chance of suffering due to loss and damage of the property of the local people by construction works.
Children

Despite the band on child labor, it remains a potential temptation in an economically poor region such
as the proposed project area. Children and their families will show their temptation for any kind of job
and willingly accept even a small job whereas the contractors/man power agencies could easily assign
children to some profitable job options. This impact is expected to be of local in extent and low in
magnitude and of short term.
Community Services and Institutions
Some community services such as school building is expected to be indirectly affected by the project
activities. Therefore, the existing pressure on them can accelerate the negative impacts such as
pollution of the environment, forest degradation, etc. Wage laborers will have more to spend, and,
therefore; prices within the project area will inflate. This impact is expected to be low in magnitude,
site specific and for a long duration.
Health, Sanitation and Safety
During the construction phase, the labor involved in the construction activities may expose to
different level of risks. The potential impacts to health are respiratory and eye diseases due to the
exposure on dust, risk are accident during works. The impacts are low, short term and local.
The proper sanitation system should be developed to reduce the air and water pollution otherwise the
surrounding environment may be polluted. It affects the health of local people.
The lack of proper sanitary measures and increase in waste and water pollution can lead to an
outbreak of epidemics, diseases as jaundice, typhoid etc. The most vulnerable will be women and
children. This impact is considered to be of the low in magnitude for the short term and localized.
3.2.2 Operation Stage
Safety Measures
Inadequate provisions of safety measures such as provision of warning sign and lack of enforcement
of traffic rules during operation period may invite accidents. The impact of this kind will be
insignificant if adequate care taken by Engineering, Education and Enforcement i.e. 3 E's principal.
Cultural Environment
After completion of the construction works, the outsiders will eventually go back to their respective
home lands, and the impacted region will slowly return to its normal social values. But the
establishment of the tourism site can also attracts the outsiders for employment.
Air Pollution

During operation period, a number of vehicles will play along the road and will emit gaseous
pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air along the road corridor. At the same
time, as it is an earthen road, the air pollution is likely from the dusts emitted from the road surface
due to movement of vehicles and also from wind. This will also increase air pollution level, which in
turn, may cause adverse health impact to the people living in the vicinity. The overall impact of air
pollution will be insignificant.
Noise Level
As stated, earlier noise level during the operation period will increase due to the movement of
vehicles. However, due to low traffic volume, the impact due to noise pollution will be insignificant.
Water Pollution
During operation period, the disposal of gases and liquid pollutants from vehicles and industries into
water bodies may cause water pollution. The disposal of spoil and other construction materials and
wastes into water bodies may also degrade the water quality. The impact of this kind will be
insignificant.
Increase in plantation for reduction of pollution through industries
The development of the tourism site will produce air pollution through the visitors and maximum
open spaces are planned. This would be important factor in the promotion of plantation.
Reduction in hygienic condition of the forest flora and fauna
Vehicular movements, noise, vibration, dust and smoke, garbage disposal by hotels, teashops as well
as from passengers not only deteriorates the local natural settings but also affects wild fauna by
creating new but unhealthy feeding sites. These feeding sites may be the suitable place for poachers.
Increase in accident and casualties
Operation of road after construction of Bridge may increase in sudden accidents between wildlife and
vehicles, ultimately results casualties and death of wild-fauna.
Increase in value of land
As soon as project is completed or comes under operation, land values in the adjacent area increase by
many folds, particularly in potential commercial area. Landowners within the area benefit greatly.
Similarly, the land price of the agricultural land located in the zone of influence will also increase due
to improved infrastructure facility. This will be a significant impact and long term in nature.
Promotion of Small Scale Industries

The increased in the flow of visitors/ tourists in the zone of influence and improved tourism
infrastructure facilities like park, bazaar, fisheries etc. also can promote establishment of hotel, lodge,
home-stay in vicinity area. This will increase the employment opportunities and income level.
Enhancement of Social Services
Increase in productivity and subsequent increase in income level, it is expected that there will be
improvement in social service such as education, health, government offices, saving and credits, the
improvement can also be expected with more frequent visit of domestic and foreign tourists.
This will have significant and long-term impact of the proposed project.
Withdrawal of income
After the completion of construction works the income of the local people will be decreased to some
extent. But, in the long run, the project will significantly contribute in improving the economic
condition of the local People.
Health, Sanitation and Safety
After construction of the project, the Vehicular movement will be increased which may cause road
accident. The rate of accident directly related to the speed of vehicle, condition of the road,
performance of driver and the traffic volume. So proper safety measures should be adopted to avoid
such impacts. Due to the increase of traffic, the air and noise pollution at the site and nearby will be
increased. It may introduce the new diseases in the project area. This impact is low in magnitude,
local in extent and short term in duration.
Other socio-economic issues
During the operation phase, socio-economic and other impacts will generally include loss of
employment of porters, girl trafficking, and intrusion on local culture. The education programme will
help to reduce this impact. Thus, such impacts due to the proposed road will not be very significant.
3.3 Mitigation Measures

Application of the design standard and specification on effective implementation of proposed
mitigation measures would avoid and minimize the adverse impact on the environment. The predicted
adverse environmental impacts can be minimized, if not avoided, by implementing the proposed
mitigation measures. Even after mitigation, it is envisaged that there will be some amount of residual
impacts and they will be under tolerable limit.
3.3.1 Construction Period
Safe Disposal of Spoils

The following mitigation measures will be adopted:
 Surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and depressed areas etc.
 After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper river training works, drainage,
vegetation and adequate protection against erosion.
Minimize the Use of Construction Equipment
Since the project intends to execute the construction work by mobilizing Local People, use of heavy
construction equipment will be avoided as much as possible.
Re-installment of Physical Infrastructures
Despite careful planning and survey, irrigation canals and natural water springs are likely to be
disrupted by the proposed project. In order to avoid such impacts, the following mitigation measures
are suggested:
 Restore all disturbed infrastructures to the condition before disturbance or improve where
appropriate,
 Avoid contamination of water resources systems during construction
Quarrying
This project does not require quarry and large borrow pit operations. However, the project
construction requires boulders and other type of construction materials. Following mitigation
measures will be adopted:
 Unstable sites, erosion prone area, fertile farm land will be avoided for quarry operation.
 After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local
landscape.
Air Dust, Noise and Water Pollution
The following mitigation measures will be adopted:
 Use of face mask by the workers to minimize air pollution due to dust generation
 Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in the water bodies
Use of Forest Product
The forest product can be utilized for meeting timber and fire wood demand of work force and local
people. It may also be marketed with suitable price useful for community development. The loss

cannot be minimized but it can be compensated by planting trees on the spoil banks and encourage the
local communities in conservation of forest.
Limit the activities near the wildlife habitat
Labor camps, quarry sites and dumping sites shall be restricted for establishment in the area identified
as habitat for some wildlife and birds.
Organize skill training
Skill training shall be provided to the affected population so that they can get employment during
construction as well as during operation and maintenance of the system.
Provide first aid health and safety
There must be a provision of first aid health facility and necessary information on rescue during
emergency.
Occupational health and safety
The project shall erect and display warning signs and signals in hazardous areas. These signals must
be visible from long distance. The construction workers will be made adequately aware about health
and safety hazards and will be provided with helmets, boots, gloves, masks, and safety goggles
depending upon the nature of work.
3.3.2 Operational stage
Air quality
The extent and intensity of dust may be minimized through the careful use of spot measures such as
speed bumps, or improvements in the form of stone soling. The local traffic regulating agencies
should take responsibility for encouraging the use of good condition vehicles.
Water quality
The environmentally sound DCC approach uses minimum construction material such as cement,
paints, bitumen, fuels, or lubricants and explosive materials. The concerned municipality must control
haphazard cleaning of vehicles and the leakage of fuels and lubricant into these water channels. User
committees for drinking water and irrigation may be helpful in informing the concerned municipality
of problems in these respects.
Depletion of Forest Resources

The pressure on forest to local communities during road operation is very likely. The mitigation
measures suggested to overcome such impacts are:
 Provide support to local communities for preserving their forests, especially the community
forests,
 Promote replacement of firewood by non-forest energy such as micro hydro, solar, biogas,
and
 Encourage and support local communities and authorities in controlling illegal
 harvesting of forest resources.
Accidents
After the operation of tourism services, there are likely chances of accidents. In order to mitigate these
impacts, the safety measures suggested by DoR and restriction on speed must be adopted by providing
3E’s principal i.e. Education (through publicity about road safety to road users), Engineering and
Enforcement (legal action).
Ribbon Settlement along the Road
During the operation phase of the project, ribbon settlements are likely to grow. This will cause
congestions in the road and increase accidents. The mitigation measures for this are to discourage
such settlements along the road, plantation of trees, and assist the local organizations to plan proper
settlements.
3.4 Advice
Since the tourism area have to developed in the middle of the Rohini river by raising the bed level of
the river, the development of the tourism site may affect the course of river flow. The flora and fauna
and other habitants present in the river may also get affected. Hence IEE/EIA of the regions needs to
be conducted and approved before implementation of the project.

CHAPTER 4:
ENGINEERING SURVEY AND MAPPING
4.1 Scope of Survey work

The survey team conducted detailed engineering survey at the site for determining the topography of
the proposed identified site. The survey was performed to produce the map of 1:5000 and 1:2500
scales at 0.2m and 1m contour interval. All features of the land were detailed out in the field. Since
co-ordinates of all the required points were observed by using the total station and data were
processed by using the AutoCAD 2007 in the field, thereby reducing the volume of work in the
office. All the data were arranged in memory drives and processed using the mapping software.
Finally, the topographic map was prepared in AutoCAD 2007, AutoCAD Land Development
format with the help of DTM-2006 Softwel programmed.
Engineering survey for the proposed Site has consisted of the following:
 Bench Mark Survey

 Traverse Survey
 Topographical Survey and prepare detailed topographical map of the proposed Site in 1:5000
and 1:2500 scale.
The detailed field survey work for the proposed project was conducted from 21st March, 2022 to
26th, 2022. No obstruction of any kind from the local stakeholders, politicians and adjoining
landlords were found during the topographical survey works.

Figure 2 Topographical Survey of the Project Site
4.2 Bench Mark Survey

4.2.1 Available Information and Data
The information available for carrying out the pre-feasibility study Project is as follows:
 Topographic Maps from the GoN, Department of Survey, Topographic Survey Branch.
 Scale: 1: 25,000
 Sheet No: 2783- 7C
4.2.2 Manpower
 The senior surveyors and the group carried out the detailed topographical survey of the
selected schemes. The team consists of the following manpower's that are both skilled and the
non-skilled.
 Senior Surveyor
 Assistant Surveyor
 Survey Helper
 Bush Cutter
 Runner
 In order to obtain the detailed topographical information about the project site, the positional
coordinates and levels were obtained by direct measurement in the field. To achieve the
required accuracy, Topcon Total Station with a least count of 1” were used in the field.
Benchmark survey has been carried out by running a double run second order split-level circuits. All
closing errors will be kept within the acceptable limits of second order accuracy. The GPS device has
been used to located the coordinates and reduced level.

Table 3: List of Bench Marks at Project Area
S.N. Easting Northing Elevation Remark
1 749614.8845 109.005 349, BM1
10
The D-Cards of these control points are attached in the Appendices. The maximum control points, ten
in number, are established with marking on permanent structure or by embedding concrete pole into
the ground. Therefore, as per the surveyor’s remarks, there was no necessity for referencing of the
control points.
4.3 Baseline/Traverse Survey

A closed traverse survey of baseline stations and traverse points has been carried out starting from
accepted primary control points using total station. To achieve the required accuracy, Topcon Total
Station with a least count of 1” were used in the field. Reciprocal linear measurements and two sets of
angular measurements have been taken between two consecutive baseline stations/traverse points. The
traverses surveys are also provide horizontal control for surveys. In order to enable a single coordinate
system, the baseline stations and traverse points has been connected with national survey grid, if
available in the area. Altogether 10 control points were established with in project area. The survey
data are provided in the compact disc in the digital form. Accuracy: After computing the coordinate
from the traverse method following accuracy was observed while calculation the data.
X=0.030 meter
Y=0.020 meter
Z=0.020 meter

Table 4: Traversing for control point fixation using Total Station
S.N. E N Z Remark
10
4.4 Topographical Survey

Topographical survey has been carried out around the proposed site to show necessary details for
design and to prepare plans. A total of 8,813 points were surveyed for the entire area of 89.8 Ha.
The survey has been carried out by tachometric method. It provided topographic details as well as
the reduce levels. It produced the data for preparing topographic map. The Topographic map
shows the following:
 Contours at 0.2m and 1m intervals.

 Traverse lines, benchmarks reference lines and/or points with respect to which the present
topomap is prepared.
 Other information relevant to development of the tourism infrastructure.
Features such as house, cultivated lands, roads, canal, boulders, tree, etc., were observed and recorded
using the total station instrument by referencing at a permanent control station.

Figure 3 Survey Map of Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site

CHAPTER 5: CONCEPTUAL PLANNING
5.1 Conceptual Planning

The area surveyed for the project has covered 89.8 ha. of land in the vicinity of the project. Out of this
16.35 ha. of the area has been proposed for the development of Tourism infrastructure. The consultant
has visited the site and confirmed with the local people and ward officials that the site is situated at
the Devdaha Municipality of Ward no.2.
The consultant visited the dam site

with the team of experts, local
representatives and Municipal
officials to collect the existing
baseline information of the local area
and views from the local people
regarding the tourism area
development. Moreover, the meetings
were conducted in the Municipality to
know the requirements of the Tourism
Area infrastructures which were later
Figure 4: Meeting with the Municipal Officials
used in developing the conceptual
master plan. As per the meeting conducted in the presence of the respective Mayor, Chief
Administrative Officer and other Officials, the concept of ponding the dam site was put forwarded
where an island would be made for the establishment of Buddha Statue, and other activities such as
fishery, boating and shop development to be done to attract the local as well as visiting tourists.
During the preparation of

conceptual plan of Tourism project,
the site has been studied in detail
before the planning consideration.
The past few decades of google
earth image of the site location was
studied using the Google Earth to
study the changing course of the
river and its embankment.
Furthermore, the existing
embankment on both the Rohini
Figure 5: Site Visit with Municipal Official and Local
Representatives

River were studied along with the level of river bed and existing dam to develop the more
representative master plan of the tourism area.
Figure 6 Google Map of Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site
The area of 3.70 ha. at the confluence of Kahariya Khola and Rohini, approximately 400m upstream
far from the Rohini river site dam has been proposed to raise approximately 3 to 4 m from the existing
bed level to the elevation of 105m. The raised flat platform in the middle of river has been proposed
to developed as the main tourism park hosting the Statue of Buddha and other infrastructure such as
Boating station, Pathway, Cycle Lane, Parking, Garden/Greenery etc.

At the section CX8 upstream of the proposed area, the existing channelize width of the river is 115m
approximately. During the development of the tourism park, the offsets of 60m from the both sides of
the site has been left to channelize the natural flow of the river. Hence a total space width of 120m has
been left so that the project couldn’t hinder the direction of the flow of river.
As shown in the proposed conceptual plan (Figure 5), a strip of 60 to 75m wide surrounding of the
Tourism Park will be developed as a Reservoir with a bed elevation of 98m facilitating the boating
services. The reservoir shall have a water depth of 1.5m or more for the movement of boat carrying
the visitors without any disturbance.
For the conceptual plan of Tourism Area, the following components and the concept behind the
design has been mentioned below in detail-
Table 5: Brief Summary of components of Master Plan
S. No. Components Design Concept

1 Wooden Bridge 70 & 83m long span of Two Wooden Bridge (for two-wheeler
vehicle) has been proposed to access the Tourism park from the

S. No. Components Design Concept
either sides of the River bank.
2 Parking (for two- The Cycle/Bike parking is planned in the north part of the park.
wheeler vehicle)
3 Pathway Pathway has been proposed to access the park/shops/restaurants
by pedestrians.
4 Cycle Lane A separate cycle lane surrounding the park has been planned.
5 Space for The space has been allocated for the Shops/Stall/Restaurants.
Stall/Shops/Restaurant The Shop has proposed at the periphery of the park.
6 Garden The space for garden has also been provided.
7 Buddha’s Standing The Buddha’s Standing Statue has proposed in the center of the
Statue park and it will be tall enough so that it can also be observed
from the bank of the river.
8 Water Reservoir There have been planned to developed two separate reservoirs
connected through the spillway. First Reservoir will have bed
level of 99m and it may be used for the fisheries. Another
reservoir has been purposed surrounding the park with the width
of 60 to 70m and has bed level of 98m. This reservoir will have
facilities of boating services.
9 Spillway/Check Dam A spillway/check dam type hydraulic structure has been
proposed on both upstream and downstream of the tourism park.
This structure will act as spillway and also will accumulate silts
if any.
10 Boating Station A Boating station has been proposed in the west of the proposed
tourism park.
The conceptual proposed master plan has been presented below-

Figure 7 Conceptual Plan of the Proposed Tourism Area of Rohini Dam Site

Figure 8 Proposed Reservoir for Fisheries

Figure 9 Proposed Water Reservoir for boating services with the Tourism park

Silent Feature of Proposed Conceptual Master Plan
The silent feature of proposed conceptual master plan can summarize as below-
Table 6: Salient Features
S. No. Description Space Allotted (Approx.)
1. Tourism Park 3.32 Ha.
i Buddha’s Standing Statue area 25m dia (490 Sqm.)
ii Stall/Shop/Restaurants 50 units, each of 10m X 20m
iii Parking (For Cycle and Motorbike) 0.239 Ha.
iv Pathway (paved) 0.35 Ha. (Length-600m

Approx.)
v Cycle Lane .143 Ha. (Length-580m

approx..)
vi Gazebo 9 units (4.9m X 4.9m)
vii Garden/Greenery 1.50 ha.
2. Reservoir-1 (For Fisheries, Water Fountain etc.) 160m X 134.25m (21480.00

Sqm)
3. Reservoir-2 (For Boating Services) 5.5 ha.
4. Hydraulic Structure (Apron, Spillway, Check Dam) 3 units
(2 units- length 134.25m and
1 unit- length 185m)
5. Wooden Bridge (To access the main park via cycle or 2 units
bike)
(Having length of 70m and
83m)

CHAPTER 6:
COST ESTIMATES
Based on the approved technical specification from Experts, the consultant has prepared cost
estimates for infrastructure establishment, equipment installation and human resource wages works of
the project. This includes the estimation or calculation of the total floor area required and expenditure
likely to be incurred in the development of the site. For land development, river training works and
other infrastructure, estimation has been prepared based on the unit rate basis and as per the
experience of the consultant in the similar type of works such as DPR of SEZ Haraiya, SEZ Bardiya,
Tribenidham Tourism Area of Putalibazar (Syangja) etc. The cost estimate is based on government
norms and unit rate per square meter of floor.
For the purpose of rate analysis, the following points shall be considered in the DPR phase-
 Details about all the operations involved in carrying out the work
 Quantities of materials required and their costs
 Number of different categories of laborers required
 Capacity of doing work per labor
The rate of a particular item of work depends on the following: -
 Specifications of works and materials, quality of materials proportion of mortar method

of constructional operation, etc.
 Quantities of materials and their rates, number of different types of labor and their rates
 Location of the site of work and its distances from the sources of materials and the rate of
transport, availability of water.
 Profits and miscellaneous and overhead expenses of contractor.
The project’s cost-estimate will provide all financial requirements and it will be realistic too. In the
project's cost-estimate, it will be ensured that all
 the work items are carefully listed.

 the quantities are determined to a reasonable degree of accuracy, and
 the rates provided are workable.
 a general abstract of cost for each major activity.
The tentative cost of the major works for the development of the Tourism infrastructure has been
presented in the following table.

Table 7: Cost Summary of the Development of Tourism Area
SN Description Qty. Unit Rate Amount

(NPR)
1 Earthwork Excavation 228095.8 cum 36.01 8,213,729.03
2 Back filling 139055.8 cum 174.71 24,294,433.75
3 Apron/ Gabion wall 9820.0 cum 4,500.00 44,189,975.66
4 Pathway 2390.0 sqm 3,256.62 7,783,321.80
5 Cycle Lane 1413.5 sqm 3,256.62 4,603,232.37
6 Walkway 465.6 sqm 3,256.62 1,516,282.27
7 Parking 2390.0 sqm 4,097.00 9,791,830.00
8 Flat part (Spillway) 1.0 job 6,576,264.00 6,576,264.00
9 Gazebo 9.0 units 430,000.00 3,870,000.00
10 Stall/shop 50.0 units 50,000.00 2,500,000.00
11 Greenery 11206.6 sqm 250.00 2,801,650.00
12 Buddha's Statue 1.0 job 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00
13 Boating Station 1.0 job 500,000.00 500,000.00
14 Water Fountain 10.0 nos Ls 5,000,000.00
Miscellaneous works (Including Shear wall/
15 Retaining struuctures etc.) Ls 10,000,000.00
Total (A) 133,640,718.88
Vat @ 13% of (A) 17,373,293.45
Physical Contingencies @ 10% of (A) 13,364,071.89
Price Adjustment Contingencies @ 10% of (A) 13,364,071.89
Work Charge Staff Expenses @2% of (A) 2,672,814.38
Miscellaneous Other Works @2% of (A) 2,672,814.38
Grand Total 183,087,784.87

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The consultant has prepared the pre-feasibility study reports necessary for the successful planning and
implementation of the proposed Tourism Area of Rohini river dam site. The Pre-feasibility study for
the development of the site has been conducted proposing the necessary infrastructure with their
specific functions.
The consultant has prepared the preliminary cost estimate for the development of the tourism
infrastructure for the project. The infrastructures include tourism park, reservoir, boating station, river
training and allied works. The total cost for the development of the project has been estimated as
18.30 crore NPRs approximately.
The Tourism development project, after the study conducted by the Consultant, seems robustly
feasible from the tourism perspective. The scope of the work couldn’t cover the detailed hydrological,
geotechnical investigation and environmental impact study. Hence after the detailed examination of
such study it can be concluded weather the proposed plan is feasible or not. Therefore, the consultant
is recommending to carry out the following activities/study during the DPR phase to ensure the
viability of the project-
 The final design of the proposed Rohini river dam and headworks should be such that it will
be acceptable with the proposed tourism development plan, for which the Devdaha
municipality should coordinate with the Irrigation department.
 After the completion of the proposed Dam at the Rohini River Site, it should be ensured that
the headworks are working properly.
 A pit of 5mx5mx1m have to be made in the proposed site and ensure that the pit is holding
the water and the surplus water is efficiently flowing through it.
 The detail hydrological and geotechnical investigations have to be carried to confirm that the
propose project is feasible.
 The proposed area demands the approval of IEE/EIA for it to be environmentally viable for
the project’s implementation since the area belongs to Rohini river and a community forest is
also present nearby.

ANNEX A: CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN
ANNEX B: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP AND CROSS
SECTIONS/PROFILES
ANNEX C: D-CARDS
ANNEX D: PHOTOGRAPHS

Prefeasibility of Tourism Area at Proposed Rohini Dam Site

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PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR

THE PROPOSED TOURISM

1.2 The Project........................................................................................................................................................1

1.3 Objective of the Consulting Services..............................................................................................................1

1.4 Scope of the Consulting Service......................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER 2: SITE ANALYSIS........................................................................................................3

2.1 Tourism Development Site..............................................................................................................................3

2.2 Land Use and Land Ownership......................................................................................................................4

2.3 Land Use Pattern..............................................................................................................................................4

2.4 Social Infrastructure........................................................................................................................................4

2.5 Soil Description.................................................................................................................................................4

2.6 Regional Linkage..............................................................................................................................................4

2.7 SWOT Analysis................................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY....................................................................................7

3.1 Policy, Legislation, Guidelines and Institutions............................................................................................8

3.2 Potential Environment Impact........................................................................................................................9

3.3 Mitigation Measures......................................................................................................................................15

CHAPTER 4: ENGINEERING SURVEY AND MAPPING.........................................................19

4.1 Scope of Survey work.....................................................................................................................................19

4.2 Bench Mark Survey.......................................................................................................................................20

4.3 Baseline/Traverse Survey..............................................................................................................................21

4.4 Topographical Survey....................................................................................................................................22

CHAPTER 5: CONCEPTUAL PLANNING...................................................................................24

5.1 Conceptual Planning......................................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER 6: COST ESTIMATES..................................................................................................32

CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................34

ANNEX A: CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN...................................................................................

ANNEX B: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP AND CROSS SECTIONS/PROFILES..............................

Table 1 Details of Social Infrastructure.................................................................................................4

1.2 The Project

1.3 Objective of the Consulting Services

1.4 Scope of the Consulting Service

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a. Collect Baseline Information.

b. Identify and analyze potential impacts.

c. Outline major/relevant mitigation measures.

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2.1 Tourism Development Site

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2.2 Land Use and Land Ownership

2.3 Land Use Pattern

2.4 Social Infrastructure

Table 1 Details of Social Infrastructure

SN. Particular Distance

1. Hospital Present within 4 km radius.

2.5 Soil Description

2.6 Regional Linkage

Shrestha Consultant Pvt. Ltd. 4

2.7 SWOT Analysis

Table 2 SWOT Analysis of Proposed Site

Description Characteristics of Rohini Dam Site

Strength  Located near the Buddha’s birthplace

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from different ethnic groups, castes, religious or political parties.

Weakness  Located amidst the Rohini River

Threat  River Flood

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3.1 Policy, Legislation, Guidelines and Institutions

3.1.1 Policy, Legislation and Guidelines

Shrestha Consultant Pvt. Ltd. 8

 Forest Act, 2076